“Lynching of Frazier B. Baker and Julia Baker”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Frazier B. Baker was an African-American teacher who was appointed as postmaster of Lake City, South Carolina in 1897 under the William McKinley administration. He and his infant daughter Julia Baker died at his house after being fatally shot during a white mob attack on February 22, 1898. The mob set the house on fire to force the family out. His wife and two of his other five children were wounded, but escaped the burning house and mob, and survived.

Frazier Baker had been appointed postmaster of Lake City in 1897, but local whites objected and had undertaken a campaign to force his removal. When these efforts failed to dislodge Baker, a mob attacked him and his family at night at their house, which also served as the post office.

Background

After the 1896 Presidential election, the Republican William McKinley administration appointed hundreds of blacks to postmasterships across the Black Belt during his remaining tenure, as part of patronage jobs to build local networks.^[1] These recess appointments were resisted by local whites, who resented any black Republican officeholders, and especially appointments made by an outgoing administration. They claimed to fear that the increased political power of black postmasters would embolden them to proposition white women.^[1]

Frazier B. Baker, a married 40-year-old schoolteacher, who was the father of six children, was appointed postmaster of Lake City, South Carolina in 1897. He immediately encountered fierce opposition from local white conservative Democrats.{{sfn|Dray|2007|loc=116}} While the surrounding Willamsburg county was 63% black, Lake City was overwhelmingly white, with fewer than a dozen black residents,.^[3] Whites initiated a boycott of the Lake City post office, and circulated petitions calling for Baker's dismissal. {{sfn|Dray|2007|loc=116}}

One complaint was that Baker, a member of the Colored Farmers Alliance, had cut mail delivery from three times a day to one after threats against his life were made.^[3] A postal inspector arrived to investigate the complaints and recommended that the post office be closed; in response, a white mob burned it down with the expectation that no one would rent space for use as a post office while Baker remained postmaster.^[3] The government obtained space on the outskirts of town, however, and a lessening of racial tension led Baker to send for his family in February 1898.^[3]

Threats against Baker's life were made as whites remained hostile to his presence. Baker communicated these threats to his superiors in Washington.

Lynching

At 1:00 AM on February 21, 1898 the Baker family awoke to find their house (which also served as the post office) on fire.^[3] Frazier Baker attempted to put out the fire without success, and sent his son, Lincoln, to find help. As soon as Lincoln opened the door, he was met with gunfire, and Baker pulled him back into the house. Baker cursed the mob and began to pray. As the fire grew, the heat intensified, and Baker turned to his wife, Lavinia, saying that they, "might as well die running as standing still," and started for the door. Before he could open the door, a bullet struck and killed his two-year-old daughter, Julia, who was held by Lavinia. Realizing that his youngest daughter had been killed, Baker threw open the door and was cut down in a hail of gunfire.

Lavinia, wounded by the same bullet that had killed her daughter, rallied her family to escape the burning house, and they ran across the road to hide under shrubbery in an adjacent field.{{sfn|Fordham|2008|p=70}} After waiting for the flames and gunfire to subside, Lavinia made her way to a neighbor's home, where she found one daughter waiting. They were later joined by the oldest, Rosa. Rosa had been shot through the right arm and fled the house as an unidentified armed white male pursued her.{{sfn|Fordham|2008|p=72}} Only Sarah (age 7) and Millie (age 5) escaped unscathed. The survivors remained in Lake City for three days, but received no medical treatment.^[3]

Aftermath

Reactions

The lynching was met with widespread condemnation, including across the South. The lynching was defended by those who agreed with South Carolina Senator Benjamin Tillman, who said the "proud people" of Lake City refused to receive "their mail from a nigger."^[3]

Journalist Ida B. Wells-Barnett denounced the lynching, and noted that the lynchers had not even pretended that Baker had committed a crime, as mobs often did.^[13] At a mass protest in Chicago, she mocked the lynchers as southerners "whose proud boast is their chivalry toward womanhood."^[14] In order to present the resolutions passed at that meeting, she met with President McKinley, arguing that Baker’s murder "was a federal matter, pure and simple. He died at his post of duty in defense of his country’s honor, as truly as did ever a soldier on the field of battle."{{sfn|Dray|2009|loc=312.2}} McKinley assured her that an investigation was underway. While in Washington Wells-Barnett also urged Congress to provide support to the survivors. Legislators were unable to overcome the opposition of the Democrats and nearly Solid South block to authorize such support.^[14]

While the lynching of the Bakers had to compete with the sinking of the USS Maine and the escalating tensions between the United States and Spain for the attention of the press, coverage of it was widespread.^[14] In South Carolina, white newspapers condemned the murder as "dastardly" and "revolting."^[3] The Williamsburg County Record called the lynching "the darkest blot upon South Carolina's history." It said that the McKinley administration was also to blame for "thrusting venal negro henchmen into Southern offices of trust."^[14]

Investigation and trial

A grand jury was convened in Williamsburg County, but failed to return any indictments. The McKinley administration conducted a robust investigation of the murder, initially offering a $1,500 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|1500|1898}}}} today) reward for the arrest and conviction of members of the mob.^[3]{{Inflation-fn|US}} Despite resistance by witnesses to testifying, on 1 July 1898 prosecutors indicted 7 men on the charge of murdering Baker.^[20] Ultimately, thirteen men were indicted in U.S. Circuit Court on charges of murder, conspiracy to commit murder, assault, and destruction of mail on 7 April 1899, after two men, Joseph P. Newham and Early P. Lee, turned state's evidence in exchange for their charges being dropped.^[3]^[22]

The trial was held in federal court from 10–22 April 1899, and the list of defendants was as follows:{{sfn|Fordham|2008|p=69}}

The all-white jury was composed of businessmen from across the state.^[3] Newham, the prosecution's star witness, admitted to starting the fire and identified eight of the defendants as having participated in the murders. He expressed no remorse for the death of Baker and his daughter. Another witness, M. B. Springs, identified Henry Stokes as the ringleader; Springs was ostracized in Lake City and was ultimately placed under police protection. Henderson Williams, an African-American witness, testified that he had seen armed white men at the post office on the night of the lynching. He was threatened and fled to Florence after a white business partner threatened to "do [him] like they did Baker."^[3]

The jury deliberated for around 24 hours before declaring a mistrial; the jury was deadlocked in reaching a verdict, five to five .{{sfn|Fordham|2008|p=73}} The case was never retried.

Following the mistrial, Lake City whites asked that the post office be reopened and mail service restored. Many African Americans derided this as hypocritical.^[3]

Baker family

On 2 May 1898, a mass meeting was held at the Emmanuel AME Church in Charleston, South Carolina, which passed a resolution condemning the attack. The congregation collected $16 ($460.61 today using the same multiplier as above) for the Baker family.{{sfn|Fordham|2008|p=67}}

Lavinia Baker and her five surviving children remained in Charleston for several months after the verdict. Lillian Clayton Jewett met with Dr. Alonzo C. McClennan, the Charleston physician chairing a committee charged with the Bakers' welfare, and arranged a meeting with Lavinia.^[26] Lavinia agreed to accompany Jewett back to Boston, and she and her children were accompanied there by Jewett and Dr. Lucy Hughes Brown, a colleague of Dr. McClennan. Baker and Jewett had a falling out after several public appearances, as William Lloyd Garrison, Jr. led fund-raising efforts in order to buy a home for the Baker family near Boston.^[27]

The Bakers remained in Boston but out of public life. The surviving Baker children fell victim to a tuberculosis epidemic, with four children {William; Sarah; Lincoln, Cora} dying from the disease 1908-1920.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Lavinia's last surviving child, Rosa Baker, ^[6] died in 1942.^[7] Having lost all her children, Lavinia Baker returned to Florence County, where she lived until her death in Cartersville, South Carolina in 1947.^[26]

Lake City

In 1918, the St. James AME Church was constructed on the site of Baker's burned post office and house. On October 5, 1955, the church was burned down.^[8] Locals suspected arson by white supremacists angry at the activism of minister Joseph DeLaine during the Civil Rights Movement on behalf of the NAACP.^[36] Racists had warned Delaine that he lived "where the black postmaster was shot to death many years ago."{{sfn|Fordham|2008|p=74}}

In 2003, the state General Assembly passed a resolution in favor of installing a South Carolina historical marker about the lynching and house fire.{{sfn|Fordham|2008|p=74}}^[37] That marker was unveiled in October 2013 on South Church Street, the previous location of the post office and Baker's home.

References

1. ^[https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M9YT-PQ5 1900 US Census Lavania Baker, widow age listed as 39]
2. ^[https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NWY8-DBF Death Record of William Baker 1908]
3. ^[https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:N4SC-PMB Death Record of Sarah Baker 1909]
4. ^[https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:23RG-RK5 Death Record of Lincoln Baker 1916]
5. ^[https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KB86-G3Y Death Record of Cora Baker 1920]
6. ^[https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M9YT-PQR 1900 Census record of Rosa Baker]
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.usca.edu/aasc/lakecity.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-05-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212182155/http://www.usca.edu/aasc/lakecity.htm |archivedate=2009-02-12 |df= }}
8. ^{{cite news|title=State and County Officers Investigating Church Fire|newspaper=Florence Morning News (Florence, South Carolina)|date=October 7, 1955|page=22|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/30014322/burning_of_a_black_church_st_james/}}
9. ^¹²{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 9780198020493| last = Williamson| first = Joel| title = The Crucible of Race : Black-White Relations in the American South since Emancipation| location = New York| year = 1984| ref = harv| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UWG-o7b5HGwC&pg=PA190}}
10. ^¹²³⁴{{Cite conference| publisher = University of South Carolina| conference = Media & Civil Rights History Symposium| last = Carter| first = David C.| title = ‘No Painted Apache Ever Did Anything Half So Wanton, or Cannibal in Darkest Africa Ever Acted Upon a More Fiendish Impulse’: Newspaper Reactions to the 1898 Lynching of Postmaster Frazier Baker in Lake City, South Carolina on the Eve of the Spanish American War| location = Columbia, SC| accessdate = 2013-05-19| date = 2012-03-23| url = http://www.auburn.edu/~cartedc/academia/lake_city_1898_lynching/carter_lake_city_reactions_20130323.pdf}}
11. ^¹{{Cite web| last = South Carolina Department of Archives and History| title = Florence County| work = South Carolina Historical Marker Program| format = Database| accessdate = 2013-06-21| year = 2009| url = http://www.scaet.org/markers/}}
12. ^¹{{cite book|last=Giddings|first=Paula J.|title=Ida: A Sword Among Lions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OFRGjgtNoZ4C&pg=PA386|accessdate=21 May 2013|year=2009|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York |isbn=978-0-06-079736-2|pages=386–387}}
13. ^{{cite book|last=Dray|first=Philip|title=At the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WBqedYHYMXAC&pg=PA116|accessdate=18 May 2013|year=2007|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|location=New York|isbn=978-0-307-43066-3|pages=116–}}
14. ^¹{{Cite news| issn = 0362-4331| title = THE LAKE CITY LYNCHING.; Thirteen Men Indicted in a Federal Court for the Alleged Murder of the Negro Postmaster.| work = The New York Times| accessdate = 2013-05-19| date = 1899-04-08| url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1899/04/08/100438060.pdf}}
15. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴{{cite book|last=Finnegan|first=Terence|title=A Deed So Accursed: Lynching in Mississippi and South Carolina, 1881–1940|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNGUzq6Dn-MC&pg=PT50|accessdate=21 May 2013|series=American South series.|year=2013|publisher=University of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|isbn=978-0-8139-3385-6|pages=50–55}}
16. ^¹{{Cite news| issn = 0362-4331| title = CHARGED WITH MURDER.; Seven Men Held at Charleston for Alleged Killing of Postmaster Baker.| work = The New York Times| accessdate = 2013-05-19| date = 1898-07-02| url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00F1EF83C5C11738DDDAB0894DF405B8885F0D3}}
17. ^¹²{{Cite journal| volume = 19| issue = 1| pages = 13–23| last = Hux| first = Roger Kent| title = Lillian Clayton Jewett and the Rescue of the Baker Family, 1899-1900| journal = Historical Journal of Massachusetts| accessdate = 2013-06-21| date = Winter 1991| url = http://www.wsc.mass.edu/mhj/pdfs/Hux%20combined.pdf}}
18. ^¹{{cite book|last=Tindall|first=George B.|authorlink=George Tindall|title=South Carolina Negroes: 1877 - 1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F1Kqso8_sVgC&pg=PA255|accessdate=21 June 2013|series=Southern Classics|year=1952|publisher=Univ of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-57003-494-7|pages=255–256}}
19. ^¹{{Cite news| issn = 0362-4331| last = Garrison| first = William Lloyd, Jr.| title = TO AID THE BAKER FAMILY.| work = The New York Times| accessdate = 2013-05-19| date = 1899-09-23| url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A12F83F5512738DDDAA0A94D1405B8985F0D3}}
20. ^¹{{Cite news| volume = 8| issue = 24| pages = 3–5| title = S. C. Whites Burn Church to Chase Minister| work = Jet| date = 1955-10-20| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qrEDAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA5&dq=Frazier%20B.%20Baker&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false}}