| 词条 | Shrike |
| 释义 |
| name = Shrikes | image = Long-tailed shrike or rufous-backed shrike (Lanius schach erythronotus) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg | image_caption = Long-tailed shrike (Lanius schach) | taxon = Laniidae | authority = Rafinesque, 1815 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision =
}} Shrikes ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|r|aɪ|k}}) are carnivorous passerine birds of the family Laniidae. The family is composed of 31 species in four genera. They are fairly closely related to the bush-shrike family Malaconotidae. The family name, and that of the largest genus, Lanius, is derived from the Latin word for "butcher", and some shrikes are also known as butcherbirds because of their feeding habits.[1] The common English name shrike is from Old English {{lang|ang|scrīc}}, alluding to the shrike's shriek-like call.[2] Distribution, migration, and habitatMost shrike species have a Eurasian and African distribution, with just two breeding in North America (the loggerhead and great grey shrikes). No members of this family occur in South America or Australia, although one species reaches New Guinea. The shrikes vary in the extent of their ranges, with some species such as the great grey shrike ranging across the Northern Hemisphere to the Newton's fiscal which is restricted to the island of São Tomé.[3] They inhabit open habitats, especially steppe and savannah. A few species of shrikes are forest dwellers, seldom occurring in open habitats. Some species breed in northern latitudes during the summer, then migrate to warmer climes for the winter. DescriptionShrikes are medium-sized birds, up to {{convert|50|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length{{which|date=September 2018}}{{Example needed|date=December 2018}}{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}}, with grey, brown, or black and white plumage. Their beaks are hooked, like those of a bird of prey, reflecting their predatory nature, and their calls are strident. BehaviourShrikes are known for their habit of catching insects and small vertebrates and impaling their bodies on thorns, the spikes on barbed-wire fences, or any available sharp point. This helps them to tear the flesh into smaller, more conveniently sized fragments, and serves as a cache so that the shrike can return to the uneaten portions at a later time.[4] This same behaviour of impaling insects serves as an adaptation to eating the toxic lubber grasshopper, Romalea microptera. The bird waits for 1–2 days for the toxins within the grasshopper to degrade, then they can eat it.[5] Shrikes are territorial, and these territories are defended from other pairs. In migratory species, a breeding territory is defended in the breeding grounds and a smaller feeding territory is established during migration and in the wintering grounds.[3] Where several species of shrikes exist together, competition for territories can be intense. Shrikes make regular use of exposed perch sites, where they adopt a conspicuous upright stance. These sites are used to watch for prey and to advertise their presence to rivals. BreedingThe shrikes are generally monogamous breeders, although polygyny has been recorded in some species.[3] Co-operative breeding, where younger birds help their parents raise the next generation of young, has been recorded in both species in the genera Eurocephalus and Corvinella, as well as one species of Lanius. Males attract females to their territory with well-stocked caches, which may include inedible but brightly coloured items. During courtship, the male performs a ritualised dance which includes actions that mimic the skewering of prey on thorns, and feeds the female. Shrikes make simple, cup-shaped nests from twigs and grasses, in bushes and the lower branches of trees.[4] Species in taxonomic orderThe family Laniidae was introduced (as Lanidia) by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815.[6][7] FAMILY: LANIIDAE[8]
Birds with similar namesOther species, popularly called shrikes, are in the families:
The Prionopidae and Malaconotidae are quite closely related to the Laniidae, and were formerly included in the shrike family. The cuckoo-shrikes are not closely related to the true shrikes. The Australasian butcherbirds are not shrikes, although they occupy a similar ecological niche. References1. ^{{cite book |last=Jobling |first=James A |year=2010 |title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names |publisher=Christopher Helm |location=London |isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 |page=219}} 2. ^{{Cite OED |Shrike}} 3. ^1 2 {{Cite book | first = Reuven | last = Yosef | first2 = | last2 = | first3 = | last3 = | first4 = | last4 = | first5 = | last5 = | first6 = | last6 = | editor-last = Josep | editor-first = del Hoyo | editor2-last = Andrew | editor2-first = Elliott | editor3-last = David | editor3-first = Christie | contribution = Family Laniidae (Shrikes) | title = Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 13, Penduline-tits to Shrikes | year = 2008 | pages = 732–773 | place = Barcelona | publisher = Lynx Edicions | isbn = 978-84-96553-45-3 | postscript = . }} 4. ^1 {{cite book |editor=Forshaw, Joseph|author= Clancey, P.A.|year=1991|title=Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds|publisher= Merehurst Press|location=London|page= 180|isbn= 1-85391-186-0}} 5. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/l5583vl684731130/ |title= Predator exaptations and defensive adaptations in evolutionary balance: No defence is perfect|publisher=SpringerLink |date= |accessdate=2012-09-08 |doi=10.1007/BF02270696 |volume=6 |journal=Evolutionary Ecology |pages=527–536}} 6. ^{{ cite book | last=Rafinesque | first=Constantine Samuel | author-link=Constantine Samuel Rafinesque | year=1815 | title=Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés | publisher=Self-published | place=Palermo | language=French | page=67 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48310145 }} 7. ^{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= Number 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | place=New York | pages=150, 252 | url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/830 }} 8. ^{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2017 | title=Shrikes, vireos & shrike-babblers | work=World Bird List Version 7.3 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/shrikes/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=28 October 2017 }} External links{{Commons category|Laniidae}}
2 : Laniidae|Shrikes |
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