| 词条 | Shushtar |
| 释义 |
|official_name =Shushtar |native_name = شوشتر |settlement_type = City |image_skyline =Shushtar abshar.JPG |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = |pushpin_map =Iran |mapsize =150px |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}} |subdivision_type1 =Province |subdivision_name1 =Khuzestan |subdivision_type2 =County |subdivision_name2 =Shushtar |subdivision_type3 =Bakhsh |subdivision_name3 =Central |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_total_km2 = |area_footnotes = |population_as_of = 2016 Census |population_urban = 101,878 [1] |population_metro = |population_est = |population_est_as_of = |population_density_km2 =auto |timezone = IRST |utc_offset = +3:30 |timezone_DST = IRDT |utc_offset_DST = +4:30 |coordinates = {{coord|32|02|44|N|48|51|24|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = |website = |area_code = |footnotes = }}Shushtar ({{lang-fa|شوشتر}}; also Romanized as Shūshtar and Shūstar, and Shooshtar)[2] is a city and capital of Shushtar County, Khuzestan Province, Iran.[3][4] Shushtar is an ancient fortress city, approximately {{convert|92|km|mi}} away from Ahvaz, the centre of the province. Much of its past agricultural productivity derives from the irrigation system which centered on the Band-e Kaisar, the first dam bridge in Iran.[5] The Mayor of Shushtar is Ahmad Asefi. HistoryIn the Elamite times Shushtar was known as Adamdun. In the Achaemenian times its name was Šurkutir. The modern name, Shushtar, is connected with the name of another ancient city, Susa (or Shush, in Persian pronunciation), and means "greater (or better) than Shush." During the Sassanian era, it was an island city on the Karun river and selected to become the summer capital. The river was channelled to form a moat around the city, while bridges and main gates into Shushtar were built to the east, west, and south. Several rivers nearby are conducive to the extension of agriculture; the cultivation of sugar cane, the main crop, dates back to 226. A system of subterranean channels called Ghanats, which connected the river to the private reservoirs of houses and buildings, supplied water for domestic use and irrigation, as well as to store and supply water during times of war when the main gates were closed. Traces of these ghanats can still be found in the crypts of some houses. Ibn Battuta visited, noting "On both banks of the river, there are orchards and water-wheels, the river itself is deep and over it, leading to the travelers' gate, there is a bridge upon boats."[5]The ancient fortress walls were destroyed at the end of the Safavid era. Band-e KaisarThe Band-e Kaisar ("Caesar's dam") is believed by some to be a Roman built arch bridge [since Roman captured soldiers were used in its construction], and the first in the country to combine it with a dam.[6] When the Sassanian Shah Shapur I defeated the Roman emperor Valerian, he is said to have ordered the captive Roman soldiers to build a large bridge and dam stretching over 500 metres.[7] Lying deep in Persian territory, the structure which exhibits typical Roman building techniques became the most eastern Roman bridge and Roman dam.[8] Its dual-purpose design exerted a profound influence on Iranian civil engineering and was instrumental in developing Sassanid water management techniques.[9] The approximately 500 m long overflow dam over the Karun, Iran's most effluent river, was the core structure of the Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System, a large irrigation complex from which Shushtar derived its agricultural productivity,[10] and which has been designated World Heritage Site by the UNESCO in 2009.[11] The arched superstructure carried across the important road between Pasargadae and the Sassanid capital Ctesiphon.[12] Many times repaired in the Islamic period,[13] the dam bridge fell out of use in the late 19th century, leading to the degeneration of the complex system of irrigation.[14] People and cultureThe people of Shushtar, called Shushtaris and arabian, maintain a unique cultural heritage stretching back to ancient times, and a Persian dialect distinct to their group. LanguageThe Shushtari dialect is spoken in Shushtar and is a dialect of Persian. ClimateShushtar has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh) with extremely hot summers and mild winters. Rainfall is higher than most of southern Iran, but is almost exclusively confined to the period from November to April, though on occasions it can exceed {{convert|250|mm|in}} per month or {{convert|600|mm|in}} per year.[15] {{Weather box|width = auto |location = Shushtar |metric first = Y |single line = Y |Jan record high C = 28.0 |Feb record high C = 29.0 |Mar record high C = 36.0 |Apr record high C = 40.5 |May record high C = 46.5 |Jun record high C = 50.0 |Jul record high C = 53.6 |Aug record high C = 52.0 |Sep record high C = 48.0 |Oct record high C = 43.0 |Nov record high C = 35.0 |Dec record high C = 29.0 |Jan high C = 17.2 |Feb high C = 19.6 |Mar high C = 24.1 |Apr high C = 30.0 |May high C = 37.5 |Jun high C = 43.7 |Jul high C = 46.0 |Aug high C = 44.9 |Sep high C = 41.7 |Oct high C = 34.8 |Nov high C = 26.2 |Dec high C = 19.3 |Jan mean C = 10.8 |Feb mean C = 13.2 |Mar mean C = 17.3 |Apr mean C = 22.8 |May mean C = 29.9 |Jun mean C = 35.1 |Jul mean C = 37.0 |Aug mean C = 35.8 |Sep mean C = 32.0 |Oct mean C = 25.6 |Nov mean C = 17.9 |Dec mean C = 12.5 |Jan low C = 5.3 |Feb low C = 6.8 |Mar low C = 10.0 |Apr low C = 14.7 |May low C = 20.5 |Jun low C = 23.8 |Jul low C = 26.2 |Aug low C = 25.5 |Sep low C = 21.1 |Oct low C = 16.2 |Nov low C = 10.8 |Dec low C = 6.8 |Jan record low C = −9.0 |Feb record low C = -4.0 |Mar record low C = −2.0 |Apr record low C = 3.0 |May record low C = 10.0 |Jun record low C = 16.0 |Jul record low C = 19.0 |Aug record low C = 16.5 |Sep record low C = 10.0 |Oct record low C = 6.0 |Nov record low C = 1.0 |Dec record low C = −2.0 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm = 100.6 |Feb rain mm = 60.0 |Mar rain mm = 50.2 |Apr rain mm = 34.5 |May rain mm = 9.2 |Jun rain mm = 0.0 |Jul rain mm = 0.2 |Aug rain mm = 0.0 |Sep rain mm = 0.0 |Oct rain mm = 7.4 |Nov rain mm = 39.1 |Dec rain mm = 83.2 |Jan rain days = 9.9 |Feb rain days = 8.1 |Mar rain days = 8.1 |Apr rain days = 6.5 |May rain days = 3.0 |Jun rain days = 0.0 |Jul rain days = 0.1 |Aug rain days = 0.0 |Sep rain days = 0.0 |Oct rain days = 2.1 |Nov rain days = 6.2 |Dec rain days = 8.0 |Jan sun = 131.6 |Feb sun = 158.4 |Mar sun = 192.3 |Apr sun = 217.7 |May sun = 272.5 |Jun sun = 325.6 |Jul sun = 322.7 |Aug sun = 317.0 |Sep sun = 291.3 |Oct sun = 234.8 |Nov sun = 158.2 |Dec sun = 121.9 |Jan humidity = 75 |Feb humidity = 68 |Mar humidity = 59 |Apr humidity = 49 |May humidity = 32 |Jun humidity = 22 |Jul humidity = 24 |Aug humidity = 28 |Sep humidity = 29 |Oct humidity = 40 |Nov humidity = 59 |Dec humidity = 73 |source 1 = NOAA (1961-1990) [16] |date=December 2012}} See also
References1. ^https://www.amar.org.ir/english 2. ^{{GEOnet3|-3085511}} 3. ^[https://www.farsnews.com/news/13900901000928/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1-%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B2-%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B4%D8%AF The population of Shushtar] farsnews.com Retrieved 10 Oct 2018 4. ^The location of Shushtar dana.ir 5. ^{{cite book|last1=Battutah|first1=Ibn|title=The Travels of Ibn Battutah|date=2002|publisher=Picador|location=London|isbn=9780330418799|pages=64}} 6. ^1 {{harvnb|Vogel|1987|p=50}} 7. ^{{harvnb|Smith|1971|pp=56–61}}; {{harvnb|Schnitter|1978|p=32}}; {{harvnb|Kleiss|1983|p=106}}; {{harvnb|Vogel|1987|p=50}}; {{harvnb|Hartung|Kuros|1987|p=232}}; {{harvnb|Hodge|1992|p=85}}; {{harvnb|O'Connor|1993|p=130}}; {{harvnb|Huff|2010}}; {{harvnb|Kramers|2010}} 8. ^{{harvnb|Schnitter|1978|p=28, fig. 7}} 9. ^Impact on civil engineering: {{harvnb|Huff|2010}}; on water management: {{harvnb|Smith|1971|pp=60f.}} 10. ^Length: {{harvnb|Hodge|1992|p=85}}; {{harvnb|Hodge|2000|pp=337f.}}; extensive irrigation system: {{harvnb|O'Connor|1993|p=130}} 11. ^UNESCO World Heritage: Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System 12. ^{{harvnb|Hartung|Kuros|1987|p=232}} 13. ^{{harvnb|Hartung|Kuros|1987|p=246}} 14. ^{{harvnb|Hodge|1992|p=85}}; {{harvnb|Hodge|2000|pp=337f.}} 15. ^Dezful rainfall 16. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.meoweather.com/history/Iran,%20Islamic%20Republic%20of/na/32.0436111/48.8569444/Shushtar.html |title = Shushtar Weather History |publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |accessdate = December 28, 2012}} Sources
| last1 = Hartung | first1 = Fritz | last2 = Kuros | first2 = Gh. R. | editor-last = Garbrecht | editor-first = Günther | contribution = Historische Talsperren im Iran | title = Historische Talsperren | place = Stuttgart | publisher = Verlag Konrad Wittwer | year = 1987 | volume = 1 | pages = 221–274 | isbn = 3-87919-145-X }}
| last = Hodge | first = A. Trevor | title = Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply | place = London | publisher = Duckworth | year = 1992 | page = 85 | isbn = 0-7156-2194-7 }}
| last = Hodge | first = A. Trevor | editor-last = Wikander | editor-first = Örjan | editor-link = Örjan Wikander | contribution = Reservoirs and Dams | title = Handbook of Ancient Water Technology | series = Technology and Change in History | volume = 2 | year = 2000 | publisher = Brill | location = Leiden | isbn = 90-04-11123-9 | pages = 331–339 (337f.) }}
| last = Huff | first = Dietrich | contribution = Bridges. Pre-Islamic Bridges | editor-last = Yarshater | editor-first = Ehsan | title = Encyclopædia Iranica Online | year = 2010 }}
| last = Kleiss | first = Wolfram | title = Brückenkonstruktionen in Iran | journal = Architectura | volume = 13 | year = 1983 | pages = 105–112 (106) }}
| last = Kramers | first = J. H. | contribution = Shushtar | editor-last = Bearman | editor-first = P. | title = Encyclopaedia of Islam | edition = 2nd | publisher = Brill Online | year = 2010 }}
| last = O'Connor | first = Colin | title = Roman Bridges | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1993 | isbn = 0-521-39326-4 | page = 130 (No. E42) }}
| last = Schnitter | first = Niklaus | title = Römische Talsperren | journal = Antike Welt | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 25–32 (32) | year = 1978 }}
| last = Smith | first = Norman | title = A History of Dams | place = London | publisher = Peter Davies | year = 1971 | pages = 56–61 | isbn = 0-432-15090-0 }}
| last = Vogel | first = Alexius | editor-last = Garbrecht | editor-first = Günther | contribution = Die historische Entwicklung der Gewichtsmauer | title = Historische Talsperren | place = Stuttgart | publisher = Verlag Konrad Wittwer | year = 1987 | volume = 1 | pages = 47–56 (50) | isbn = 3-87919-145-X }} External links{{Commons category|Shushtar}}
4 : Populated places in Shushtar County|Cities in Khuzestan Province|Archaeology of Iran|Roman sites in Asia |
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