| 词条 | Shuttle Carrier Aircraft | |||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA) are two extensively modified Boeing 747 airliners that NASA used to transport Space Shuttle orbiters. One is a 747-100 model, while the other is a short range 747-100SR. The SCAs were used to ferry Space Shuttles from landing sites back to the Shuttle Landing Facility at the Kennedy Space Center. The orbiters were placed on top of the SCAs by Mate-Demate Devices, large gantry-like structures that hoisted the orbiters off the ground for post-flight servicing then mated them with the SCAs for ferry flights. In approach and landing test flights conducted in 1977, the test shuttle Enterprise was released from an SCA during flight and glided to a landing under its own control.[1] Design and developmentThe Lockheed C-5 Galaxy was considered for the shuttle-carrier role by NASA, but rejected in favor of the 747. This was due to the 747's low-wing design in comparison to the C-5's high-wing design, and also because the U.S. Air Force would have retained ownership of the C-5, while NASA could own the 747s outright. The first aircraft, a Boeing 747-123 registered N905NA, was originally manufactured for American Airlines and still carried visible American cheatlines while testing Enterprise in the 1970s. It was acquired in 1974 and initially used for trailing wake vortex research as part of a broader study by NASA Dryden, as well as Shuttle tests involving an F-104 flying in close formation and simulating a release from the 747. The aircraft was extensively modified for NASA by Boeing in 1976.[2] While first-class seats were kept for NASA passengers, its main cabin and insulation were stripped,{{r|brack20120917}} mounting struts were added, and the fuselage was strengthened. Vertical stabilizers were added to the tail to aid stability when the Orbiter was being carried. The avionics and engines were also upgraded, and an escape tunnel system similar to that used on Boeing's first 747 test flights was added. The flight crew escape tunnel system was later removed following the completion of the Approach and Landing Tests (ALT) due to concerns over possible engine ingestion of an escaping crew member. Flying with the additional drag and weight of the Orbiter imposed significant fuel and altitude penalties. The range was reduced to {{convert|1000|nmi|mi km||}}, compared to an unladen range of {{convert|5500|nmi|mi km||}}, requiring an SCA to stop several times to refuel on a transcontinental flight.[3] Without the Orbiter, the SCA needed to carry ballast to balance out its center of gravity.[4] The SCA had an altitude ceiling of {{convert|15000|ft|||}} and a maximum cruise speed of Mach 0.6 with the orbiter attached.[3] A crew of 170 took a week to prepare the shuttle and SCA for flight.[5] Studies were conducted to equip the SCA with aerial refueling equipment, a modification already made to the U.S. Air Force E-4 (modified 747-200s) and 747 tanker transports for the IIAF. However, during formation flying with a tanker aircraft to test refueling approaches, minor cracks were spotted on the tailfin of N905NA. While these were not likely to have been caused by the test flights, it was felt that there was no sense taking unnecessary risks. Since there was no urgent need to provide an aerial refueling capacity, the tests were suspended. By 1983, SCA N905NA no longer carried the distinct American Airlines tricolor cheatline. NASA replaced it with its own livery, consisting of a white fuselage and a single blue cheatline.[6] That year, this aircraft was also used to fly Enterprise on a tour in Europe, with refuelling stops in Goose Bay, Canada; Keflavik, Iceland; England; and West Germany. It then went to the Paris Air Show.[7] In 1988, in the wake of the Challenger accident, NASA procured a surplus 747SR-46 from Japan Airlines. Registered N911NA, it entered service with NASA in 1990 after undergoing modifications similar to N905NA. It was first used in 1991 to ferry the new shuttle Endeavour from the manufacturers in Palmdale, California to Kennedy Space Center. Based at the Dryden Flight Research Center within Edwards Air Force Base in California{{r|brack20120917}} the two aircraft were functionally identical, although N911NA has five upper-deck windows on each side, while N905NA has only two. The rear mounting points on both aircraft were labeled with humorous instructions to "attach orbiter here" or "place orbiter here", clarified by the precautionary note "black side down".[8][9] Shuttle Carriers were capable of operating from alternative shuttle landing sites such as those in the United Kingdom, Spain, and France. Due to the reduced range of the Shuttle Carrier while mated to an orbiter, additional preparations such as removal of the payload from the orbiter may have been necessary to reduce its weight.[10] Boeing transported its Phantom Ray unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) demonstrator from St. Louis, Missouri, to Edwards on a Shuttle Carrier on December 11, 2010.[11]Ferry flights{{Further|List of Shuttle Carrier Aircraft flights}}Ferry flights generally transported the orbiters from Edwards Air Force Base, the shuttle's secondary landing site, to the Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) at the Kennedy Space Center where the orbiter was processed. This was common in the early days of the space shuttle program when weather conditions at the SLF prevented the shuttle from landing there. Some flights started at the Dryden Flight Research Center following delivery of the orbiter from Rockwell International to NASA from the nearby facilities in Palmdale, California.[12] At the end of the space shuttle program the SCA was used to deliver the retired orbiters from the Kennedy Space Center to their museums. Discovery was delivered to the Udvar-Hazy Center of the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum in Chantilly, Virginia, near Washington, D.C. on April 19, 2012. On April 17, 2012, Discovery was flown atop a Shuttle Carrier Aircraft escorted by a NASA T-38 Talon chase aircraft in a final farewell flight. The 747 and Discovery flew over Washington, D.C. and the metropolitan area around 10 a.m. and arrived at Dulles around 11 a.m. The flyover and landing were widely covered on national news media. The last ferry flight took Endeavour from Kennedy Space Center to Los Angeles between 19 and 21 September 2012 via Ellington Field and Edwards Air Force Base. After leaving Edwards the SCA with Endeavour performed low level flyovers above various landmarks across California, from Sacramento to the San Francisco Bay Area, and finally to Los Angeles. Endeavour was delivered to Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). From there the orbiter was transported through the streets of Los Angeles and Inglewood to its final destination in the California Science Center in Exposition Park. RetirementShuttle Carrier N911NA retired on February 8, 2012 after its final mission to the Dryden Flight Research Facility at Edwards Air Force Base in Palmdale, California, and was used as a source of parts for NASA's Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) aircraft, another modified Boeing 747.[13] N911NA is now preserved and on display at the Joe Davies Heritage Airpark in Palmdale, California as part of a long-term loan to the city from NASA.[14][15] Shuttle Carrier {{Anchor|N905NA}}N905NA was used to ferry the retired Space Shuttles to their respective museums. After delivering Endeavour to the Los Angeles International Airport in September 2012, the aircraft was flown to the Dryden Flight Research Facility, where NASA intended it to join N911NA as a source of spare parts for NASA's SOFIA aircraft,[13][16] but when NASA engineers surveyed N905NA they determined that it had few parts usable for SOFIA. In 2013, a decision was made to preserve N905NA and display it at Space Center Houston with the mockup shuttle Independence mounted on its back.[17] N905NA was flown to Ellington Field where it was carefully dismantled, ferried to the Johnson Space Center in seven major pieces (a process called The Big Move), reassembled, and finally mated with the replica shuttle in August 2014.[18] The display, called Independence Plaza, opened to the public for the first time on January 23, 2016. {{Clear}}Specifications{{Aircraft specifications|plane or copter?=plane |jet or prop?=jet |ref=Boeing 747-100 specifications[19] Jenkins 2000[3] |crew= 4: pilot, co-pilot, 2 flight engineers (1 flight engineer when not carrying Shuttle) |length main=231 ft 4 in |length alt=70.5 m |span main=195 ft 8 in |span alt=59.7 m |height main=63 ft 5 in |height alt=19.3 m |area main=5,500 ft2 |area alt=510 m2 |empty weight main=318,000 lb |empty weight alt=144,200 kg |loaded weight main= |loaded weight alt= |max takeoff weight main=710,000 lb |max takeoff weight alt=322,000 kg |more general= |engine (jet)= P&W JT9D-7J |number of jets=4 |type of jet=turbofans |thrust main=50,000 lbf |thrust alt=222 kN |max speed main= |max speed alt= |cruise speed main=Mach 0.6 (with Shuttle) |cruise speed alt=250 KIAS |range main=1,150 mi |range alt=1,000 nmi, 1,850 km |range more=while carrying Shuttle |ceiling main=15,000 ft |ceiling alt=4,500 m) (with Shuttle |climb rate main= |climb rate alt= |loading main= |loading alt= |thrust/weight= |more performance= }} See also{{Aircontent|see also=
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}} References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GPN-2000-000218.html|title=Shuttle Enterprise Free Flight|accessdate=November 28, 2007|publisher=NASA|year=1977|author=NASA - Dryden Flight Research Center|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307094536/http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GPN-2000-000218.html|archivedate=March 7, 2013|df=}} 2. ^Jenkins 2000, pp. 36-38. 3. ^1 2 Jenkins 2000, pp. 38-39. 4. ^{{cite web | url=http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2012/09/17/inside-the-space-shuttle-carrier-aircraft/ | title=Inside the Space Shuttle Carrier Aircraft | publisher=National Geographic | date=2012-09-17 | accessdate=September 17, 2012 | author=Brack, Jon}} 5. ^{{cite web | author = Felix Gilette | url = http://www.slate.com/id/2124238/fr/rss/ | title = How Does the Space Shuttle Fly Home? | date = 9 August 2005 | accessdate=2007-11-23}} 6. ^Comparison of photos taken in 1982 and 1983 at Airliners.net 7. ^http://www.slate.com/id/2124238/ 8. ^2003 Edwards Air Force Base Air Show, see Shuttle Carrier images. 9. ^Shuttle Carrier Aircraft N911NA album on Photobucket 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/pdf/167472main_TALsites-06.pdf|title=Space Shuttle Transoceanic Abort Landing (TAL) Sites|date=December 2006|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|accessdate=2009-07-01}} 11. ^Boeing Phantom Ray to catch shuttle ride at Lambert 12. ^{{cite web|title=STS Chronology|url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/sts-cron.html|publisher=NASA}} 13. ^1 NASA's Shuttle Carrier Aircraft 911's Final Flight 14. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/news/features/SCA_911.html|title=Final Journey: SCA 911 on Display at Davies Airpark|last=Gibbs|first=Yvonne|date=September 12, 2014|work=NASA|access-date=June 15, 2018|language=en}} 15. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/news/FactSheets/FS-013-DFRC.html|title=NASA Armstrong Fact Sheet: Shuttle Carrier Aircraft|last=Gibbs|first=Yvonne|date=September 24, 2014|work=NASA|access-date=June 15, 2018|language=en}} 16. ^ A graphic history of 35 years of space shuttle ferry flights now adorns the upper forward fuselage of NASA Shuttle Carrier Aircraft 905. (NASA / Tony Landis) 17. ^Houston’s Shuttle Gets New Name, Familiar Ride 18. ^SpaceDaily, "Shuttle replica lifted and put on top of 747 carrier", Brooks Hays (UPI), 2014-08-14 19. ^Boeing 747-100 Technical Specifications, Boeing Bibliography
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