| 词条 | Shuttle diplomacy |
| 释义 |
In diplomacy and international relations, shuttle diplomacy is the action of an outside party in serving as an intermediary between (or among) principals in a dispute, without direct principal-to-principal contact. Originally and usually, the process entails successive travel ("shuttling") by the intermediary, from the working location of one principal, to that of another. The term was first applied to describe the efforts of United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, beginning November 5, 1973,[1] which facilitated the cessation of hostilities following the Yom Kippur War. Negotiators often use shuttle diplomacy when one or both of two principals refuses recognition of the other prior to mutually desired negotiation. Mediators have adopted the term "shuttle diplomacy" as well.[2]ExamplesKissinger continued to participate in shuttle diplomacy in the Middle East during the Nixon and Ford administrations (1969–1977); it resulted in the Sinai Interim Agreement (1975) and arrangements between Israel and Syria on the Golan Heights (1974).[3] The term became widespread during Kissinger's service as Secretary of State. Soon after Kissinger's efforts, shuttle diplomacy came to the United States in the form of Israel and Egypt conducting negotiations at Camp David. The negotiations were successfully facilitated by President Jimmy Carter.[4] Turkey has carried out shuttle diplomacy, often involving Israel: Turkey was Israel's closest ally in the Muslim world, and some Arab countries (notably Syria, which has common borders with Turkey and with Israel) have been amenable to Turkey, with its own Muslim majority population.[5] Another instance took place between Russia and Georgia in 2008.[6]See also
References1. ^George Lenczowski, American Presidents and the Middle East, (Duke University Press: 1990), p. 131 {{Diplomacy}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Shuttle Diplomacy}}{{poli-term-stub}}2. ^For example: {{cite web |url = http://www.njsba.com/activities/LAWYERdispute.PDF |title = How to Win in Mediation |first = Robert E. |last = Margulies |authorlink = |date = December 2002 |work = New Jersey Lawyer |publisher = |page = |pages = 53–54 |format = PDF |accessdate = 2010-03-21 |quote = After the opening session, the parties usually break into caucus groups, and the mediator utilizes shuttle diplomacy between the groups in order to identify interests and positions of the parties and help them create solutions. |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110714185405/http://www.njsba.com/activities/LAWYERdispute.PDF |archivedate = 2011-07-14 |df = }} 3. ^{{cite journal| last = Dhanani| first = Gulshan| authorlink = | coauthors = | editor-last =| editor-first=| editor-link =| date = 1982-05-15| title = Israeli Withdrawal from Sinai| journal = Economic and Political Weekly| volume = 17| issue = 20| pages = 821–822| publisher = Economic and Political Weekly| jstor = 4370919| quote = The high points in Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy were:[...] (2) May 1974; the Syrian and the Israeli armies agree to the Golan Heights disengagement}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/shuttle_diplomacy|title=Shuttle Diplomacy|last=corissajoy|date=2016-07-12|website=Beyond Intractability|language=en|access-date=2019-01-31}} 5. ^http://www.naharnet.com/domino/tn/NewsDesk.nsf/getstory?openform&D64E33E506104D43C22575330051DFC0 6. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/asiaCrisis/idUSLD320715 | work=Reuters | title=Turkey's Erdogan in shuttle diplomacy in Caucasus | date=2008-08-13}} 1 : Types of diplomacy |
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