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词条 Mah Laqa Bai
释义

  1. Life

  2. Accomplishments

     Poetry  Dance and singing  Mistress 

  3. Memorial

  4. Legacy and influence

  5. See also

  6. Further reading

  7. References

  8. External links

{{good article}}{{Infobox writer
| name = Mah Laqa Bai
| image = Hyderabad Mah Laqa Bhai 17710 600w.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Portrait of Mah Laqa Bai
| pseudonym = Chanda
| birth_date = 7 April 1768
| birth_place = Hyderabad, India
| death_date = {{death year and age|1824|1768}}
| death_place = Hyderabad, India
| occupation = poet
| period = Nizam of Hyderabad
| genre = Ghazal
| subject = Love, philosophy
| movement =
| signature =
| website =
}}

Mah Laqa Bai (7 April 1768 – 1824), born Chanda Bibi, and sometimes referred to as Mah Laqa Chanda, was an Indian 18th century Urdu poet, courtesan and philanthropist based in Hyderabad. In 1824, she became the first female poet to have a diwan (collection of poems) of her work, a compilation of Urdu Ghazals named Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa, published posthumously. She lived in a period when Dakhini (a version of Urdu) was making its transition into the highly Persianized Urdu. Her literary contributions provide insight on such linguistic transformations in southern India. She was an influential female courtesan of the Deccan; the Nizam, ruler of Hyderabad, appointed her to the omarah (the highest nobility), and as a close affiliate at the court. In 2010, her memorial in Hyderabad, that houses her tomb, was restored using funds donated by the Federal government of the United States.

Life

Born as Chanda Bibi on 7 April 1768 in Aurangabad in the present-day Maharashtra.[1][2]{{rp|120}} Her mother was Raj Kunwar – a courtesan who migrated from Rajputana,[3] and father was Bahadur Khan, who served as a Mansabdar (military official) at Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah's court. Khan migrated from Delhi to Hyderabad Deccan where he met and married Raj Kunwar.[4]{{rp|107}} Chanda Bibi was adopted by Kunwar's childless sister Mehtaab Ma who was the favored courtesan - almost a regular consort - of Nawab Rukn-ud-Daula, a Prime Minister of Nizam of Hyderabad.[5]

Nawab Rukn-ud-Daula took personal interest in Chanda Bibi's training and provided her with the best teachers. While growing up, she had access to a well-endowed library and was exposed to the vibrant culture of Hyderabad. By the time she was 14, she excelled in horse riding and archery.[6] It was second Nizam (Mir Nizam Ali Khan) who conferred her the title "Mah Laqa Bai".[7]{{rp|522}} Due to her skills, she accompanied the Nizam II in three wars; dressed in male attire, she was noted for bow and javelin skills in the wars. Owing to her contributions, the Nizams awarded her with Jagir (lands) on various occasions,[6][4]{{rp|81 & 124}}[8]{{rp|172–3}}[9]{{rp|355–6}} that include the neighborhoods of Hyderguda, Chanda Nagar, Syed pally and Adikmet.[10] On one occasion, she was conferred the title of Mah Laqa — meaning "Visage of the Moon". Though she never married, she was in love with Raja Rao Rambha Rao (a Maratha military chief who led a cavalry of 600 army men, fought against Maratha Empire under the second Nizam and became his favourite), and used to admire Captain Sir John Malcolm (an assistant of James Achilles Kirkpatrick, the British Resident at Hyderabad).[4]{{rp|81 & 124}}[8]{{rp|172–3}}[9]{{rp|355–6}}[11]

She was an influential woman in the court of the second and third Nizam of Hyderabad.[12]{{rp|365–85}} At that time, she was the only woman to be given recognition publicly in Hyderabad State. In addition, she was appointed to the omarah, the highest nobility. Mah Laqa was frequently consulted by the rulers of the state on policy matters.[4]{{rp|81}} As a pride among the nobility in those times, a battalion of 500 soldiers was reserved to march with her while she visits any official.[13] She was also a courtesan while the Nizams held court.[14] She was a mistress of the Prime Ministers of the Nizams.[12] She died in 1824 and bequeathed her properties that included land, gold, silver and diamond-studded jewellery to homeless women.[2] Her residence which was located in Nampally, Hyderabad, today had been converted into a Government aided girls degree college.[10] Mah Laqa of Deccan was the contemporary of renowned poets like Mir Taqi Mir, Mirza Muhammad Rafi Sauda and Khwaja Mir Dard in North India.[15]

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Accomplishments

Poetry

Mah Laqa was influenced by the literary work of mystic poet Siraj Aurangabadi (1715–1763),[2]{{rp|121}}[16]{{rp|4109}} and learned poetry from Nawab Mir Alam who later became the Prime Minister of Hyderabad State. Her first language was Urdu, and she was also fluent in Arabic, Persian and Bhojpuri languages.[4]{{rp|118 & 123}} She was the first woman poet to author a diwan, a complete collection of Urdu ghazals. The collection, named Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa, comprises 39 ghazals, and each ghazal consists of 5 couplets. The collection was published in 1824 after her death.

[2]{{rp|121–2}}[17] The Diwan e Chanda is a manuscript collection of Mah Laqa's 125 Ghazals, compiled and calligraphed by her in 1798. It was signed and gifted to Captain Malcolm on 18 October 1799, during a dance performance at Mir Alam's residence. It is now preserved in the British Museum.[18][19]{{rp|521–2}}

Her Nom de plume was Chanda. The Urdu words Bulbul (songbird), Gul (rosebud) and Saqi (one who serves wine) recurred as themes in her ghazals.[2]{{rp|121–2}}[17] Her popularity in reading poetry made her the first poetess of the region to participate and present her poetries in a mushaira (poetic symposium) which was earlier reserved for men. Along with her poetry, sometimes she sang the songs composed by the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah and Sultan of Bijapur Ibrahim Adil Shah II.[4]{{rp|81 & 129}} From her Diwan of 39 Ghazal collection, one Ghazal "Hoping to blossom (one day) into a flower" translates as:

Hoping to blossom (one day) into a flower,

Every bud sits, holding its soul in its fist.

Between the fear of the fowler and (approaching) autumn,

The bulbul’s life hangs by a thread.

Thy sly glance is more murderous than arrow or sword;

It has shed the blood of many lover.

How can I like a candle to thy (glowing) cheek?

The candle is blind with the fat in its eyes.

How can Chanda be dry-lipped. O Saqi of the heavenly wine!

She has drained the cup of thy love.[2]{{rp|121–2}}

Dance and singing

Mah Laqa learned singing and classical Indian music specialising Thumri from Khushhal Khan a master musician of her time,[20]{{rp|16}} and a great-grandson of the Tansen, the maestro of Mughal court. She excelled in Ghazal singing in multiple raga (melodic modes) and Taal (rhythms); she was adept at the Yaman raga and Khayal Tappa which she use to sing at special occasions. Mah laqa preferred using Bhimpalasi raga in romantic Ghazals. When singing Sufi songs she used Dhrupad raga mixed with taal chautala and raga Bhairavi.[4]{{rp|118 & 128}} Mah Laqa excelled in singing love lyrics accompanied by Deccani style of Kathak dance.[21][22] She established a cultural centre in which 300 girls were trained by her along with other masters.[5] Maha Laqa's library contain manuscripts and books on poetry along with the arts and the science collections.[23] She sponsored and supervised the publication of Mahnama, a historical book about the revival period of Hyderabad State. Although Mah Laqa practiced Islam, she was influenced by the understanding of Hindu books and philosophy. One author studied her writings and said that "her verses had a distinct darbari ring in which she eulogized the king and nobles, a common style employed by poets during the 17th and 18th centuries."[4]{{rp|81 & 122}}

Mistress

After the Battle of Kharda in 1795 AD the Nizam II was defeated by Maratha Madhavrao II which lead to the Treaty of Kharda; according to treaty the Nizam II had to cede some of the Maratha territories along with Arastu Jah—(the then Quilladar of Aurangabad) as hostage in Poona. During his stay in Poona after two years in the year 1797 Arastu Jah had successfully managed to influence some of the Maratha leadership to channel his release and had reinstated the ceded territories of Nizam II. This diplomatic success of Arastu Jah had impressed Nizam II and he was made the Dewan of Hyderabad. Mah Laqa Bai was initially introduced to Nizam II by Arastu Jah to influence the Nizam II and wanted to be aware of his herem, it was under Arastu Jah patronage Mah Laqa began her career as a poet and upon Arastu Jah initiative her collected of poetry was published in the form of Devan in 1798 AD.[24]{{rp|169–70}}[25]{{rp|336–39}}

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Memorial

{{ external media
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| video1 = {{YouTube|MRcl0mUeQ_s|A documentary film of 5:35 minutes authored by; Uday Shankar}} }}

Near a hillock in Moula-Ali, Hyderabad, Mah Laqa constructed a walled compound where she frequently held mushairas. Inside this compound, she built a tomb for her biological mother in 1792. After her death, Mah Laqa was buried next to her mother.[20]{{rp|14}}[26] The tomb was constructed in the Mughal and Rajasthani architectures style in the Char Bagh pattern. Along with mausoleum, the complex contains a pavilion in centre that is decorated intricately with stucco work, the caravanserai, a mosque and two stepwells.[13][18] On a carved teakwood over the door of her mausoleum, an inscription in Urdu can be seen which translates as:[20]{{rp|13}}

Cypress of the garden of grace and rose-tree of the grove of coquetry,

an ardent inamorata of Hydar and suppliant of Panjtan.

When the tidings of the advent of death arrived from God,

she accepted it with her heart, and heaven became her home.

The voice of the invisible speaker called for her chronogram,

Alas! Mah Laqa of the Deccan departed for heaven 1240 A.H.

Scott Kugle, a Professor at Emory University and a researcher, studied the life of Mah Laqa Bai. During his study, he came across this memorial in a dilapidated condition. Kugle proposed the idea of renovating it. In the year 2010, by using funds from the US government through the Consulate General's office in Hyderabad, the Center for Deccan Studies spearheaded the year-long renovation project.[14] The Muslim Educational, Social and Cultural Organization also provided support to the project. In this renovation project, the debris was cleared, water channels were rebuilt, trees, bushes, the buildings and their exquisite decorations were restored.[14][27][28]

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Legacy and influence

{{ external media
| align = right
| width = 210px
| video1 = {{YouTube|UGWDo9EQekE|A refurbished tomb of Mah Laqa Bai}} }}Abdul Halim Sharar (1860–1926), an Urdu writer and novelist, presented Mah Laqa Bai in his novel Husan Kay Dakoo (the robbers of beauty) as a well-informed lady who got benefits from the modern educational system.[29]{{rp|472}} Sajjad Shahid, a Hyderabad-based scholar writes in his series of articles published in The Times of India that Mah Laqa Bai was the inspiration for Mirza Hadi Ruswa's famed novel Umrao Jaan Ada, published in 1899. Ruswa, the author of the novel, had served briefly at Hyderabad's "translation bureau" (later merged to found the Osmania University), before he wrote the fictionalized account of a courtesan. Umrao Jaan Ada is referred to as the first true novel of Urdu literature.[30] Narendra Luther, an expert on Hyderabad's history, posits that Mah Laqa Bai, the first women poet of India whose anthology was ever published "brought much pride to Hyderabad".[28] Pallabi Chakravorty, a Kathak dancer and a professor in the Department of Music and Dance at Swarthmore College, US, and Scott Kugle told in the seminar "Mad and divine women" that Mah Laqa Bai, besides being an aristocratic courtesan, was a devoted mystic, and was enamored by Sufi and bhakti elements.[22] In 2013, during the Hyderabad heritage festival, a monologue stage play "Maha Laq Bai Chanda" on the life of Mah Laqa was sponsored by Andhra Pradesh State Tourism Department. The play was directed by Vinay Varma; Ratika Sant Keswani played the role of Mah Laqa bai.[6][31]{{clear}}

See also

  • Hyderabad state
  • Tawaif

Further reading

  • {{cite journal|last=Scott|first=Kugle|year=2010|title=Mah Laqa Bai and Gender: The Language, Poetry, and Performance of a Courtesan in Hyderabad|journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East|volume=30|issue=3|pages=365–385|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/results|doi=10.1215/1089201x-2010-020}}
  • {{cite journal|last=Scott|first=Kugle|date=May 2010|title=Mah Laqa Bai and Gender: The Origins of Hyderabad’s Most Famous Courtesan and Her Family|journal=The Journal for Deccan Studies at Hyderabad, India|volume=8|issue=1|pages=33–58|url=http://www.deccanstudies.org/TOC%20OF%20ALL%20BACK%20ISSUES.pdf|doi=|format=PDF}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
  • {{cite book|last=Latif|first=Bilkees|year=2010|title=Forgotten|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-SCyobP0koC&|publisher=Penguin Books|location=India|isbn=978-0-14-306454-1|accessdate=5 April 2013}}
  • {{cite journal|last=Stewart|first=Courtney A.Stewart|year=2015|title=Feminine Power of the Deccan: Chand Bibi and Mah Laqa Bai Chanda|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/ruminations/2015/feminine-power|accessdate=1 August 2016}}

Urdu reading[19]{{rp|521–2}}

  • {{cite book|last=Azmi|first=Rahat|year=1998|title=Mah Laqa: Halat e zindage ma dewan |trans-title=Mah Laqa: Account of her life with poetical compositions)|publisher=Bazm i Gulistan i Urdu|language=Urdu|location=Hyderabad}}
  • {{cite book|last=Ghulam Samdani|first=Maulawi|year=1906|title=Hayat i Mah Laqa|trans-title=Life of Mah Laqa|publisher=Matba Nizam|language=Urdu|location=Hyderabad}}
  • {{cite book|last=Rizvi|first=Shafqat|year=1990|title=Divan-e Mahlaqa Bai Chanda|publisher=Majlis-e-taraqqi-e-adab|language=Urdu|location=Lahore}}

References

1. ^{{cite news|title=MNC to help restore Chanda tomb charm|url=http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4§id=edid=&edlabel=TOIH&mydateHid=20-08-2010&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Hyderabad&edname=&articleid=Ar00402&publabel=TOI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715005035/http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4§id=edid=&edlabel=TOIH&mydateHid=20-08-2010&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Hyderabad&edname=&articleid=Ar00402&publabel=TOI|dead-url=yes|archive-date=15 July 2014|work=The Times of India|date=20 August 2010|accessdate=4 April 2013}}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|title=Women Writing in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u297RJP9gvwC&|publisher=The Feminist Press|last1=Tharu|first1=Susie J|last2=Lalita|first2=ke|year=1991|location=New York|isbn=978-1-55861-027-9}}
3. ^{{cite news|title=The elite performer|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-30/hyderabad/36063042_1_courtesans-raj-kanwar-worthy-patrons|work=The Times of India|last=Shahid|first=Sajjad|date=30 December 2012|accessdate=4 April 2013}}
4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite book|title=Forgotten|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-SCyobP0koC&|publisher=Penguin Books|last=Latif|first=Bilkees|year=2010|location=India|isbn=978-0-14-306454-1|accessdate=5 April 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320121949/https://books.google.com/books?id=3-SCyobP0koC&|archivedate=20 March 2018|df=}}
5. ^1 {{cite news|title=Latif's Forgotten salutes women|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Books/LiteraryBuzz/Latif-s-Forgotten-salutes-women/Article1-898811.aspx|work=Hindustan Times|date=8 March 2011|accessdate=13 April 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608015702/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Books/LiteraryBuzz/Latif-s-Forgotten-salutes-women/Article1-898811.aspx|archivedate=8 June 2013|df=}}
6. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Glimpse into Mah Laqa’s life|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/glimpse-into-mah-laqas-life/article4631904.ece|last=Rajendra|first=Rajani|work=The Hindu|date=19 April 2013|accessdate=23 May 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111232329/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/glimpse-into-mah-laqas-life/article4631904.ece|archivedate=11 November 2013|df=}}
7. ^{{cite book|title=Inscribing South Asian Muslim Women|url=https://books.google.ae/books?id=HIISikCITAgC&|publisher=Brill|last=Aftab|first=Tahera|year=2008|isbn=978-9-0-04-15849-8|accessdate=20 February 2018}}
8. ^1 {{cite book|title=White Mughals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7BCr-QIWGIC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Penguin Books|last=Dalrymple|first=William|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-303046-1|accessdate=17 May 2013}}
9. ^1 {{cite journal|title=Hindu temples in Hyderabad: state patronage and politics in South Asia|url=http://www.socsci.uci.edu/~kbleonar/bio/Karen%20Hindu%20temples%20in%20Hyderabad.pdf|year=2011|last=Leonard|first=Karen|work=South Asian History and Culture|format=PDF|accessdate=17 May 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111231546/http://www.socsci.uci.edu/~kbleonar/bio/Karen%20Hindu%20temples%20in%20Hyderabad.pdf|archivedate=11 November 2013|df=}}
10. ^1 {{cite news|title=Iron lady Mahlaqa Bai Chanda’s haveli reduced to rubble|url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/iron-lady-mahlaqa-bai-chanda%E2%80%99s-haveli-reduced-rubble|work=The Siasat Daily|date=18 April 2013|accessdate=28 May 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111231646/http://www.siasat.com/english/news/iron-lady-mahlaqa-bai-chanda%E2%80%99s-haveli-reduced-rubble|archivedate=11 November 2013|df=}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=A poet called Moon|url=https://fountainink.in/reportage/a-poet-called-moon|last=V|first=Govind Krishnan|work=Fountain Ink|date=7 May 2013|accessdate=5 June 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226032311/https://fountainink.in/reportage/a-poet-called-moon|archivedate=26 February 2018|df=}}
12. ^1 {{cite journal|title=Mah Laqa Bai and Gender: The Language, Poetry, and Performance of a Courtesan in Hyderabad|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/comparative_studies_of_south_asia_africa_and_the_middle_east/v030/30.3.kugle.pdf|publisher=Duke University Press|last=Scott|first=Kugle|journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East|year=2010|volume=30|issue=3|format=PDF|issn=1548-226X|accessdate=4 April 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111231830/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=%2Fjournals%2Fcomparative_studies_of_south_asia_africa_and_the_middle_east%2Fv030%2F30.3.kugle.pdf|archivedate=11 November 2013|df=}}
13. ^1 {{cite news|title=Rediscovering Mahalaqa Bai|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/02/22/stories/2010022250490100.htm|last=Nanisetti|first=Serish|work=The Hindu|date=22 February 2013|accessdate=28 May 2013}}
14. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=US Consulate funds renovation of Mah Laqa Bai's tomb|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_us-consulate-funds-renovation-of-mah-laqa-bai-s-tomb_1425862|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=19 August 2010|accessdate=19 September 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824051115/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_us-consulate-funds-renovation-of-mah-laqa-bai-s-tomb_1425862|archivedate=24 August 2010|df=}}
15. ^{{cite journal|title=Women in the Hyderabad State in 19th and 20th centuries |url=http://www.jhss.org/archivearticleview.php?artid=143 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130704054137/http://www.jhss.org/archivearticleview.php?artid=143 |last=Pande |first=Rekha |volume=3 |issue=1 |year=2012 |issn=2229-5798 |accessdate=13 April 2013 |archivedate=4 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
16. ^{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian literature: sasay to zorgot (Volume 5 of Encyclopaedia of Indian literature)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|last=Lal|first=Mohan|year=1992|volume=5|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723034450/https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C#v=onepage&q&f=false|archivedate=2016-07-23|df=}}
17. ^1 {{cite news|title=‘Wah’, once again please|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/5df92p4sSOWa3ZzS1MfxwO/8216Wah8217-once-again-please.html|work=Live Mint|date=29 April 2011|accessdate=4 April 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111230907/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/5df92p4sSOWa3ZzS1MfxwO/8216Wah8217-once-again-please.html|archivedate=11 November 2013|df=}}
18. ^1 {{cite news|title=Towering blunder at Moula Ali dargah|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/08/04/stories/2009080450300100.htm|work=The Hindu|last=Nanisetti|first=Serish|date=4 August 2009|accessdate=5 April 2013}}
19. ^1 {{cite book|title=Inscribing South Asian Muslim Women: An Annotated Bibliography and Research Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIISikCITAgC&|publisher=Brill Publishers|last=Aftab|first=Tahera|year=2008|location=|isbn=978-90-04-15849-8|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320121903/https://books.google.com/books?id=HIISikCITAgC&|archivedate=2018-03-20|df=}}
20. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=Landmarks of the Deccan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgo97XF0XuYC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Asian Educational Services|last=Bilgrami|first=Syed Ali Asgar|year=1992|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-206-0543-5}}
21. ^{{cite news|title=Mad and divine women from India celebrated|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article311816.ece?service=print|work=The New Indian Express|last=Ganesh|first=Prashanti|date=27 December 2011|accessdate=14 April 2013}}
22. ^1 {{cite web|title=Mad and Divine women; mystic saint poets of India and beyond|url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/prv11/prv576a.html|publisher=Kartik Fine Arts|date=25 December 2011|accessdate=14 April 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129023228/http://narthaki.com/info/prv11/prv576a.html|archivedate=29 January 2013|df=}}
23. ^{{cite news|title=India: For the love of a woman|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/india/725270/India-For-the-love-of-a-woman.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=8 Oct 2002|accessdate=9 April 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427090721/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/india/725270/India-For-the-love-of-a-woman.html|archivedate=27 April 2014|df=}}
24. ^{{cite book|last=Scott|first=Kugle|title=When Sun Meets Moon|url=https://books.google.ae/books?id=KMo3CwAAQBAJ&dq|publisher=UNC Press Books|year=2016|isbn=9781469626789|accessdate=5 March 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306022941/https://books.google.ae/books?id=KMo3CwAAQBAJ&dq|archivedate=6 March 2018|df=}}
25. ^{{cite book|last1=Haidar|first1=Navina Najat|last2=Sardar|first2=Marika|title=Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700: Opulence and Fantasy|url=https://books.google.ae/books?id=oi4nBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA337&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|year=2015|isbn=9780300211108|accessdate=5 March 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311081128/https://books.google.ae/books?id=oi4nBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA337&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|archivedate=11 March 2018|df=}}
26. ^{{cite news|title=A slice of history|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/02/16/stories/2010021650200100.htm|work=The Hindu|last=Nanisetti|first=Serish|date=16 February 2010|accessdate=19 September 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714153545/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/02/16/stories/2010021650200100.htm|archivedate=14 July 2014|df=}}
27. ^{{cite web|title=Refurbished Garden Tomb of Mah Laqa Bai Inaugurated by Consul General|url=http://hyderabad.usconsulate.gov/pr030611.html|publisher=Consulate General of the United States, Hyderabad|date=6 March 2011|accessdate=4 April 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502214522/http://hyderabad.usconsulate.gov/pr030611.html|archivedate=2 May 2013|df=}}
28. ^1 {{cite news|title=Mah Laqa Bai's tomb restored, to be reopened on March 6|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-04/hyderabad/28659295_1_restoration-tomb-exotic-garden|work=The Times of India|date=4 March 2011|accessdate=4 April 2013}}
29. ^{{cite journal|title=Modernist trends and varied responses: reflections on Muslim women in Urdu prose by male authors of South Asia (1900-1936)|url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/10.%20Gul-i-Hina_V28_no2_12.pdf|publisher=University of the Punjab|last=Hina|first=Gull i|journal=A Research Journal of South Asian Studies|year=2012|volume=27|issue=2|format=PDF|issn=1026-678X|accessdate=23 May 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819025451/http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/10.%20Gul-i-Hina_V28_no2_12.pdf|archivedate=19 August 2013|df=}}
30. ^{{cite news|title=The Elite Performer|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-30/hyderabad/36063042_1_courtesans-raj-kanwar-worthy-patrons|last=Shahid|first=Sajjad|work=The Times of India|date=30 December 2012|accessdate=10 April 2013}}
31. ^{{cite news|title=The accidental performer|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130422/lifestyle-offbeat/article/accidental-performer|last=Praveen|first=Priyanka|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=22 April 2013|accessdate=6 June 2013}}

External links

{{commons category}}
  • The Elite Performer.
  • Speech of Katherine Dhanani, U.S. Consul General, Hyderabad, on the day of restoration of tomb.
  • Gulzaar-e-maahlaqa
  • [https://rekhta.org/poets/mah-laqa-chanda/ Ghazals of Mah Laqa Chanda]
{{Urdu topics}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Bai, Mah Laqa}}

26 : Indian female archers|Urdu poets from India|People from Hyderabad district, India|1768 births|1824 deaths|Indian women in war|Women in 18th-century warfare|Indian courtesans|Indian women poets|Mistresses|Poets from Telangana|18th-century Indian poets|19th-century Indian poets|19th-century Indian women writers|19th-century Indian writers|18th-century Indian sportswomen|19th-century Indian sportswomen|18th-century Indian women writers|18th-century Indian writers|19th-century Indian women politicians|19th-century Indian politicians|18th-century Indian women politicians|18th-century Indian politicians|18th-century Indian sportspeople|19th-century Indian sportspeople|Archers from Telangana
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