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词条 Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning
释义

  1. The Main Centre

  2. Warning network

  3. Organisational structure

  4. References

{{coord|56.241578|N|37.013825|E|display=title}}{{Infobox military structure
|name = 820th Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning[2]
|native_name = Главный центр предупреждения о ракетном нападении
|partof = Russian Space Forces
|location = Solnechnogorsk-7
|image =
|caption =
|map_type = Russia Moscow Oblast
|coordinates = {{coord|56.241389|37.013889|type:landmark|display=inline}}
|map_size =
|map_alt =
|map_caption = Solnechnogorsk within Moscow Oblast
|built = {{Start date|1971}}[4]
}}

The 820th Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning ({{lang-rus|Главный центр предупреждения о ракетном нападении (Гцпрн)|GTsPRN}}[5]) is the Russian early warning network against ballistic missile attack. It has headquarters in the village of Timonovo [6] near Solnechnogorsk outside Moscow and is part of the Russian Space Forces.[7] The centre consists of a network of early warning radar stations which transmit their data to the control centre near Solnechnogorsk. Other information comes from the early warning Oko and EKS satellites as well as the Don-2N missile defence radar.[8] Information from the centre could be used for a launch on warning nuclear missile attack[9] or to engage the A-135 anti-ballistic missile system.

The Main Centre

The centre is the control centre for the radar network. Here signals from every station are received and, if necessary, a message can be sent to the presidential 'nuclear briefcase' for authorisation to use nuclear weapons.[6] There is a communications centre which has a number of backup channels to communicate with each radar station. If a ballistic missile attack is discovered the duty commander reports this to the central command post of the General Staff.[6] At the same time the duty engineer reports it to the commander of the Aerospace Defence Forces, for redundancy.[6]

Information comes from the radar network, early warning satellites and the space surveillance network SKKP. The centre also discovers and monitors space objects through the use of radar which are fed into the SKKP network.[6]

Warning network

{{See also|Russian Woodpecker}}{{Location map many | Russia
| AlternativeMap = Russia edcp location map.svg
| width = 300
| float = right
| caption = Early warning radar network in 1980
| label = Skrunda| label_size = 85
| pos = top
| background =#E7FEFF
| lat_deg= 56| lat_min=43 | lat_dir=N
| lon_deg= 21 | lon_min=59| lon_dir=E
| label2 = Mukachevo| label2_size = 85
| pos2 = right
| background2 =#E7FEFF
| lat2_deg= 48 | lat2_min=22 | lat2_sec=39.68 | lat2_dir=N
| lon2_deg= 22 | lon2_min=42 | lon2_sec=26.81 | lon2_dir=E
| outside2 = 1
| label3 = Balkhash| label3_size = 85
| background3 =#E7FEFF
| pos3 = right
| lat3_deg= 46 | lat3_min=35 | lat3_sec=19.48 | lat3_dir=N
| lon3_deg= 74 | lon3_min=27 | lon3_sec=59.19 | lon3_dir=E
| label4 = Irkutsk| label4_size = 85
| background4 =#E7FEFF
| pos4 = left
| lat4_deg= 52 | lat4_min=51 | lat4_sec=20.11 | lat4_dir=N
| lon4_deg= 103 | lon4_min=13 | lon4_sec=53.94| lon4_dir=E
| label5 = Sevastopol| label5_size = 85
| background5 =#E7FEFF
| pos5 = right
| lat5_deg= 44 | lat5_min=34 | lat5_sec=43.68 | lat5_dir=N
| lon5_deg= 33 | lon5_min=23 | lon5_sec=10.32 | lon5_dir=E
| outside5 = 1
| label6 = Olenegorsk| label6_size = 85
| background6 =#E7FEFF
| pos6 = right
| lat6_deg= 68 | lat6_min=6 | lat6_sec=59.63 | lat6_dir=N
| lon6_deg= 33 | lon6_min=55 | lon6_sec=8.69| lon6_dir=E
}}

The Russian missile warning system originates in the Soviet Union and is often known by its Soviet initials SPRN (СПРН), from {{lang-rus|Система предупреждения о ракетном нападении|Sistema preduprezhdeniya o raketnom napadenii}} 'Missile attack warning system'. It started on 15 February 1971 as two Dnestr-M radars at Olenegorsk and Skrunda with a command post in Solnechnogorsk. It expanded by the addition of Dnestr-M radars in Mishelevka and Balkhash in 1973, a Dnepr radar in Sevastopol in 1975 and another in Mukachevo in 1977. The Daugava radar, a Daryal receiver, started operations in 1975 at Olenegorsk. In 1978 an upgraded warning system called Крокус (Krokus) was introduced.[4][16]

In 1982 the Oko early warning satellite system became operational. It was joined in 1984 by the first Daryal radar in Pechora and in 1985 by the Daryal in Gabala.[4][16]

{{Location map many | Russia
| AlternativeMap = Russia edcp location map.svg
| width = 300
| float = right
| caption = Early warning radar network in 1990
| label = Skrunda| label_size = 85
| pos = top
| background =#E7FEFF
| lat_deg= 56| lat_min=43 | lat_dir=N
| lon_deg= 21 | lon_min=59| lon_dir=E
| label2 = Mukachevo| label2_size = 85
| pos2 = right
| background2 =#E7FEFF
| lat2_deg= 48 | lat2_min=22 | lat2_sec=39.68 | lat2_dir=N
| lon2_deg= 22 | lon2_min=42 | lon2_sec=26.81 | lon2_dir=E
| outside2 = 1
| label3 = Balkhash| label3_size = 85
| pos3 = right
| background3 =#E7FEFF
| lat3_deg= 46 | lat3_min=35 | lat3_sec=19.48 | lat3_dir=N
| lon3_deg= 74 | lon3_min=27 | lon3_sec=59.19 | lon3_dir=E
| label4 = Irkutsk| label4_size = 85
| pos4 = left
| background4 =#E7FEFF
| lat4_deg= 52 | lat4_min=51 | lat4_sec=20.11 | lat4_dir=N
| lon4_deg= 103 | lon4_min=13 | lon4_sec=53.94| lon4_dir=E
| label5 = Sevastopol| label5_size = 85
| pos5 = right
| background5 =#E7FEFF
| lat5_deg= 44 | lat5_min=34 | lat5_sec=43.68 | lat5_dir=N
| lon5_deg= 33 | lon5_min=23 | lon5_sec=10.32 | lon5_dir=E
| outside5 = 1
| label6 = Olenegorsk| label6_size = 85
| background6 =#E7FEFF
| pos6 = right
| lat6_deg= 68 | lat6_min=6 | lat6_sec=59.63 | lat6_dir=N
| lon6_deg= 33 | lon6_min=55 | lon6_sec=8.69| lon6_dir=E
| label7 = Gabala| label7_size = 85
| background7 =#E7FEFF
| pos7 = right
| lat7_deg= 40 | lat7_min=52 | lat7_sec=16.62 | lat7_dir=N
| lon7_deg= 47 | lon7_min=48 | lon7_sec=32.25 | lon7_dir=E
| label8 = Pechora| label8_size = 85
| background8 =#E7FEFF
| pos8 = right
| lat8_deg= 65 | lat8_min=12 | lat8_sec=36.59 | lat8_dir=N
| lon8_deg= 57 | lon8_min=17 | lon8_sec=43.38| lon8_dir=E
}}

The 1972 Anti-ballistic missile treaty requires that early warning radar stations are located on the periphery of national territory and face outwards. When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 this resulted in many of the stations ending up in newly independent states. The radar station at Skrunda, now in Latvia, closed in 1998. Other stations now overseas were Sevastopol and Mukachevo (both in Ukraine), Balkhash (Kazakhstan) and Gabala (Azerbaijan).[4][6][16][22]

The Volga radar at Baranavichy in Belarus came online in 2003 and the two Ukrainian radars closed in 2009.[4][24] In the mid-2000s Russia started the roll out of the next generation of early warning radar, the Voronezh. The first station in Lekhtusi near St Petersburg went on combat duty in 2012.[25] Other stations in Kaliningrad and Armavir were made operational in the following years.[26][27][1] The Russian military has expressed a desire to replace or replicate all overseas radars with domestic stations as overseas ones cannot be relied upon in times of tension and war.[29] New stations were commissioned in locations such as Barnaul, Orsk, Orenburg and Yeniseysk.[1]

{{Location map many | Russia
| AlternativeMap = Russia edcp location map.svg
| width = 300
| float = right
| caption = Early warning radar network in June 2012
| label = Baranavichy| label_size = 85
| pos = right
| background =#E7FEFF
| lat_deg= 52 | lat_min=49 | lat_sec=59.95 | lat_dir=N
| lon_deg= 26 | lon_min=28 | lon_sec=31.83 | lon_dir=E
| label2 = Gabala| label2_size = 85
| pos2 = right
| background2 =#E7FEFF
| lat2_deg= 40 | lat2_min=52 | lat2_sec=16.62 | lat2_dir=N
| lon2_deg= 47 | lon2_min=48 | lon2_sec=32.25 | lon2_dir=E
| label3 = Balkhash| label3_size = 85
| background3 =#E7FEFF
| pos3 = right
| lat3_deg= 46 | lat3_min=35 | lat3_sec=19.48 | lat3_dir=N
| lon3_deg= 74 | lon3_min=27 | lon3_sec=59.19 | lon3_dir=E
| label4 = Irkutsk| label4_size = 85
| background4 =#E7FEFF
| pos4 = left
| lat4_deg= 52 | lat4_min=51 | lat4_sec=20.11 | lat4_dir=N
| lon4_deg= 103 | lon4_min=13 | lon4_sec=53.94| lon4_dir=E
| label5 = Pechora| label5_size = 85
| background5 =#E7FEFF
| pos5 = right
| lat5_deg= 65 | lat5_min=12 | lat5_sec=36.59 | lat5_dir=N
| lon5_deg= 57 | lon5_min=17 | lon5_sec=43.38| lon5_dir=E
| label6 = Olenegorsk| label6_size = 85
| background6 =#E7FEFF
| pos6 = right
| lat6_deg= 68 | lat6_min=6 | lat6_sec=59.63 | lat6_dir=N
| lon6_deg= 33 | lon6_min=55 | lon6_sec=8.69| lon6_dir=E
| label8 = Lekhtusi| label8_size = 85
| background8 =#E7FEFF
| pos8 = top
| lat8_deg= 60 | lat8_min=16 | lat8_sec=31.65 | lat8_dir=N
| lon8_deg= 30 | lon8_min=32 | lon8_sec=45.66| lon8_dir=E
}}

Organisational structure

In 1998 SPRN became part of the missile and space defence organisation ракетно-космической обороны (RKO) together with SKKP and the anti-missile troops.[6] In 2001 these services became part of the newly founded Space Troops, and were incorporated as the 3rd Independent Missile and Space Defense Army.

The Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning was formed on 1 December 2009 and since December 2011 it had been part of the Space Command of the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces, together with facilities such as the 821st Main Space Intelligence Centre and 153rd Titov Main Space Testing Centre.

{{clear}}

References

1. ^1 {{Cite journal|url=http://russianforces.org/sprn/|title=Early warning|date=Dec 13, 2007|journal=Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces|via=russianforces.org}}
2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://russianforces.org/sprn/|title=Early Warning|publisher=Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces|first=Pavel|last=Podvig|date=2012-04-12|accessdate=19 June 2012}}
3. ^1 {{Cite web| url = http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/3oaprnon.htm| title = 3rd independent Missile Attack Early Warning Army of Special Designation| accessdate = 2012-06-19| first = Michael| last = Holm| year = 2011| publisher = Soviet Armed Forces 1945-1991}}
4. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://structure.mil.ru/structure/forces/cosmic.htm|script-title=ru:Войска воздушно-космической обороны|language=Russian|publisher=Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation|date=n.d.|accessdate=19 June 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217132002/http://structure.mil.ru/structure/forces/cosmic.htm|archivedate=17 February 2012|df=}}
5. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://eng.mil.ru/en/structure/forces/cosmic/structure.htm|title=Structure|publisher=Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation|date=n.d.|accessdate=19 June 2012}}
6. ^1 {{Cite journal | first = Pavel | last = Podvig | year = 1994 | title = The Operational Status of the Russian Space-Based Early Warning System | journal = Science and Global Security | volume = 4 | pages = 363–384 | issn = 0892-9882 | doi = 10.1080/08929889408426407 | url = http://www.princeton.edu/sgs/publications/sgs/pdf/4_3podvig.pdf | issue = 3 }}
7. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite web|first=I |last=Marinin |year=2011 |script-title=ru:Отечественной СПРН – 40 лет |trans-title=Patriotic SPRN - 40 years |language=Russian |publisher=Novosti Kosmonavtiki |url=http://www.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/content/numbers/339/04.shtml |accessdate=20 June 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520123241/http://www.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/content/numbers/339/04.shtml |archivedate=May 20, 2012 }}
8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{Cite journal | first = I | last = Marinin | year = 2011 | script-title=ru:Отечественной СПРН – 40 лет |trans-title=Patriotic SPRN - 40 years | language =Russian | journal = Novosti Kosmonavtiki | issue = 339 | pages=44–46 | issn = 1561-1078 | url = http://dlib.eastview.com/browse/doc/24732625 }}{{subscription required}}
9. ^1 {{Cite web| url = http://www.kommersant.com/page.asp?id=842419| title = Russia Won't Rent Ukrainian Radar| accessdate = 2012-01-30| date = 2008-01-16| publisher = Kommersant}}
10. ^1 {{cite journal|date=February 2007 |title=THE FIRST VORONEZH ON EXPERIMENTAL COMBAT DUTY |journal=Novosti Kosmonavtiki|issue=2 |pages=64–65 |accessdate=May 2012|url=http://dlib.eastview.com/browse/doc/12475048|last1=Marinin |first1=I|last2=Kuznetsov|first2=A}}{{subscription required}}
11. ^1 {{Cite web| url = http://russianforces.org/blog/2012/02/radar_in_lekhtusi_begins_comba.shtml| title = Radar in Lekhtusi begins combat duty| accessdate = 2012-04-13| first = Pavel| last = Podvig| date = 2012-02-11| publisher = Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces}}
12. ^1 {{Cite web| url = http://russianforces.org/blog/2011/11/voronezh-dm_radar_near_kalinin.shtml| title = Voronezh-DM radar near Kaliningrad is operational| accessdate = 2012-01-09| last = Podvig| first = Pavel| date = 2011-11-29| publisher = Russian strategic nuclear forces}}
13. ^1 {{Cite web| url = http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20120302/171688248.html| title = Russia to Bargain for Gabala Radar With Scan on Alternatives.| last = Bogdanov| first = Konstantin| accessdate = 2012-03-04| date = 2012-03-02| publisher = RIA Novosti}}
14. ^1 2 3 {{Cite journal |first=Pavel |last=Podvig |year=2002 |title=History and the Current Status of the Russian Early-Warning System |journal=Science and Global Security |volume=10 |pages=21–60 |issn=0892-9882 |doi=10.1080/08929880212328 |url=http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20734/Podvig-S&GS.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315024323/http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20734/Podvig-S%26GS.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-15 |df= |citeseerx=10.1.1.692.6127 }}
15. ^1 {{Cite journal | first = A | last = Karpenko | year = 1999 | title = ABM AND SPACE DEFENSE | journal = Nevsky Bastion | volume = 4 | pages = 2–47 | url = http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/program/soviet/990600-bmd-rus.htm }}
[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]
}}{{Ru space command}}

3 : Military installations of Russia|Russian Space Forces|Military installations of the Soviet Union
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