词条 | Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield |
释义 |
| honorific-prefix = The Right Honourable | name = The Lord Passfield | honorific-suffix = OM PC | image = Sidney Webb.jpg | caption = Carbon print by W. & D. Downey, published in 1893 | imagesize = 200px | order1 = President of the Board of Trade | term_start1 = 22 January 1924 | term_end1 = 3 November 1924 | monarch1 = George V | primeminister1 = Ramsay MacDonald | predecessor1 = Sir Philip Lloyd-Graeme | successor1 = Sir Philip Lloyd-Graeme | order2 = Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs | term_start2 = 7 June 1929 | term_end2 = 5 June 1930 | monarch2 = George V | primeminister2 = Ramsay MacDonald | predecessor2 = Leo Amery | successor2 = James Henry Thomas | order3 = Secretary of State for the Colonies | term_start3 = 7 June 1929 | term_end3 = 24 August 1931 | monarch3 = George V | primeminister3 = Ramsay MacDonald | predecessor3 = Leo Amery | successor3 = James Henry Thomas | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1859|07|13}} | birth_place = London | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1947|10|13|1859|07|13}} | death_place = Liphook, Hampshire | nationality = British | party = Labour | alma_mater = Birkbeck, University of London King's College London | spouse = Beatrice Potter (1858–1943) }} Sidney James Webb, 1st Baron Passfield, {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|OM|PC}} (13 July 1859 – 13 October 1947) was a British socialist, economist, reformer and a co-founder of the London School of Economics. He was one of the early members of the Fabian Society in 1884, along with George Bernard Shaw (they joined three months after its inception). Along with his wife Beatrice Webb, Annie Besant, Graham Wallas, Edward R. Pease, Hubert Bland, and Sydney Olivier, Shaw and Webb turned the Fabian Society into the pre-eminent political-intellectual society of England during the Edwardian era and beyond. He wrote the original Clause IV for the British Labour Party. Background and educationWebb was born in London to a professional family. He studied law at the Birkbeck Literary and Scientific Institution for a degree of the University of London in his spare time, while holding down an office job. He also studied at King's College London, prior to being called to the Bar in 1885. Professional lifeIn 1895, he helped to establish the London School of Economics, using a bequest left to the Fabian Society. He was appointed Professor of Public Administration in 1912, a post he held for fifteen years. In 1892, Webb married Beatrice Potter, who shared his interests and beliefs.[1] The money she brought with her enabled him to give up his clerical job and concentrate on his other activities. Sidney and Beatrice Webb founded the New Statesman magazine in 1913.[2] Political careerWebb and Potter were members of the Labour Party and took an active role in politics. Sidney became Member of Parliament for Seaham at the 1922 general election.[3] The couple's influence can be seen in their hosting of the Coefficients, a dining club which attracted some of the leading statesmen and thinkers of the day. In 1929, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Passfield, of Passfield Corner in the County of Southampton.[4] He served as both Secretary of State for the Colonies and Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs in Ramsay MacDonald second Labour Government in 1929. As Colonial Secretary he issued the Passfield White Paper revising the government's policy in Palestine, previously set by the Churchill White Paper of 1922. In 1930, failing health caused him to step down as Dominions Secretary, but he stayed on as Colonial Secretary till the fall of the Labour government in August 1931. Ignoring mounting evidence of the atrocities committed by Joseph Stalin, the Webbs were supporters of the Soviet Union until their deaths. Having reached their seventies and early eighties, their books Soviet Communism: A New Civilisation? (1935) and The Truth About Soviet Russia (1942) give a very positive assessment of Joseph Stalin's regime. Trotskyist historian Al Richardson later described Soviet Communism: A New Civilization? as "pure Soviet propaganda at its most mendacious".[5] WritingsWebb co-authored, with his wife, a pivotal book on The History of Trade Unionism (1894). For the Fabian Society he wrote on poverty in London,[6] the eight-hour day,[7][8] land nationalisation[9] the nature of socialism,[10] education,[11] eugenics[12] and reform of the House of Lords.[13] He also drafted Clause IV, which committed the Labour Party to public ownership of industry. References in literatureIn H. G. Wells' The New Machiavelli (1911), the Webbs, as "the Baileys", are mercilessly lampooned as short-sighted, bourgeois manipulators. The Fabian Society, of which Wells was briefly a member (1903–08), fares no better in his estimation. In her diary, Beatrice Webb records that they have "read the caricatures of ourselves … with much interest and amusement. The portraits are very clever in a malicious way."[14] She reviews the book and Wells' character in detail, summarising: "As an attempt at representing a political philosophy the book utterly fails …".[15] Personal lifeWhen Beatrice Webb died in 1943, the casket containing her ashes was buried in the garden of their house in Passfield Corner. Lord Passfield's ashes were also buried there in 1947. Shortly afterwards, George Bernard Shaw launched a petition to have both reburied to Westminster Abbey, which was eventually granted. Today, the Webbs' ashes are interred in the nave of Westminster Abbey, close to those of Clement Attlee and Ernest Bevin. He and his wife were friends with the philosopher Bertrand Russell.[16] In 2006, the London School of Economics, alongside the Housing Association landlord Places for People, renamed their Great Dover Street student residence Sidney Webb House in his honour. ArchivesSidney Webb's papers are among the Passfield archive at the London School of Economics. Posts about Sidney Webb regularly appear in the LSE Archives blog, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100419031104/http://lib-1.lse.ac.uk/archivesblog/?tag=webbs Out of the box.] Bibliography{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
}} Notes1. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sidney-and-Beatrice-Webb|title=Sidney and Beatrice Webb {{!}} British economists|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-08-25|language=en}} 2. ^The world movement towards collectivism, Beatrice and Sidney Webb, New Statesman, 12 April 1913; Bending the arc of history towards justice and freedom, New Statesman, 12 April 2013; retrieved 13 May 2014. 3. ^The History of the Fabian Society, Edward R. Pease, Frank Cass and Co. LTD, 1963 4. ^{{London Gazette |issue=33509 |date=25 June 1929 |page=4189 }} 5. ^Al Richardson, "Introduction" to C. L. R. James, World Revolution 1917–1936: The Rise and Fall of the Communist International. Humanities Press, 1937 {{ISBN|0-391-03790-0}} 6. ^{{Citation | last = Webb | first = Sidney | title = Facts for Londoners: An exhaustive collection of statistical and other facts relating to the metropolis: with suggestions for reform on socialist principles | journal = Fabian Tract | volume = 8 | year = 1889 | url = http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:lov364xic }} 7. ^{{Citation | last = Webb | first = Sidney | title = An Eight Hours Bill in the form of an amendment of the Factory Acts, with further provisions for the improvement of the conditions of labour | journal = Fabian Tract | volume = 9 | date = May 1890 | url = http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:yak803cus }} 8. ^{{Citation | last = Webb | first = Sidney | title = The case for an Eight Hours Bill | journal = Fabian Tract | volume = 23 | year = 1891 | url = http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:vix669nag }} 9. ^{{Citation | last = Webb | first = Sidney | title = Practicable land nationalization | journal = Fabian Tract | volume = 12 | year = 1890 | url = http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:yej679kex }} 10. ^{{Citation | last = Webb | first = Sidney | title =Socialism: true and false. A lecture delivered to the Fabian Society | journal = Fabian Tract | volume = 51 | date = 21 January 1894 | url = http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:vej578sen }} 11. ^{{Citation | last = Webb | first = Sidney | title =The education muddle and the way out: a constructive criticism of English educational machinery | journal = Fabian Tract | volume = 106 | year = 1901 | url = http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:par497zid }} 12. ^{{Citation | last = Webb | first = Sidney | title = The decline in the birth-rate | journal = Fabian Tract | volume = 131 | year = 1907 | url = http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:dok413cup }} 13. ^{{Citation | last = Webb | first = Sidney | title =The reform of the House of Lords | journal = Fabian Tract | volume = 183 | year = 1917 | url = http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:kox357qet }} 14. ^Beatrice Webb's typescript diary, 2 January 1901 – 10 February 1911, LSE Digital Library http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:won715bor/read#page/622/mode/2up 15. ^Beatrice Webb's typescript diary, 2 January 1901 – 10 February 1911, LSE Digital Library http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:won715bor/read#page/622/mode/2up/ 16. ^Autobiography of Bertrand Russell (London:Allen and Unwin, 1969). Further reading
Primary sources
External links{{commons category|Sidney James Webb, 1st Baron Passfield}}{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Webb, Sidney|Sidney Webb}}
| years = 1922–1929}}{{s-aft| after = Ramsay MacDonald}}{{s-ppo}}{{s-bef| before = Fred Jowett}}{{s-ttl| title = Chair of the Labour Party | years = 1922–1923}}{{s-aft| after = Ramsay MacDonald}}{{s-off}}{{s-bef| before = Sir Philip Lloyd-Greame}}{{s-ttl| title = President of the Board of Trade | years = 1924}}{{s-aft| after = Sir Philip Lloyd-Greame}}{{s-bef| before = Leo Amery | rows = 2}}{{s-ttl| title = Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs | years = 1929–1930}}{{s-aft| after = James Henry Thomas | rows = 2}}{{s-ttl| title = Secretary of State for the Colonies | years = 1929–1931}}{{s-end}}{{Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs}}{{First Macdonald Ministry}}{{London School of Economics}}{{Presidents of the Board of Trade}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Webb, Sidney}} 29 : 1859 births|1947 deaths|Academics of the London School of Economics|Alumni of Birkbeck, University of London|Alumni of King's College London|Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom|British reformers|Burials at Westminster Abbey|Chairs of the Labour Party (UK)|Cooperative organisers|English socialists|Labor historians|Labour Party (UK) hereditary peers|Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies|Members of London County Council|Members of the Fabian Society Executive Committee|Members of the Order of Merit|Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Potter family|Progressive Party (London) politicians|Secretaries of State for the Colonies|Socialist economists|UK MPs 1922–23|UK MPs 1923–24|UK MPs 1924–29|Western writers about Soviet Russia|Writers from London|British Secretaries of State for Dominion Affairs|Presidents of the Board of Trade |
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