1. Technical Overview

2. History

3. References

MALPAS is a software toolset that provides a means of investigating and proving the correctness of software by applying a rigorous form of static program analysis. The tool uses directed graphs and regular algebra to represent the program under analysis. Using the automated tools in MALPAS an analyst can describe the structure of a program, classify the use made of data and provide the information relationships between input and output data. It also supports a formal proof that the code meets its specification.

MALPAS has been used to confirm the correctness of safety critical applications in the nuclear,^[1] aerospace^[2] and defence^[3] industries. It has also been used to provide compiler validation in the nuclear industry on Sizewell B.^[4] Languages that have been analysed include: Ada, C, PLM and Intel Assembler.

MALPAS is well suited to the independent static analysis required by the UK's Health and Safety Executive guidance for computer based protection systems for nuclear reactors due to its rigour and flexibility in handling many programming languages.^[5]

Technical Overview

The MALPAS toolset comprises five specific analysis tools that address various properties of a program. The input to the analysers needs to be written in MALPAS Intermediate Language (IL); this can be hand-written or produced by an automated translation tool from the original source code. Automatic translators exist for common high-level programming languages such as Ada, C and Pascal, as well as assembler languages such as Intel 80*86, PowerPC and 68000. The IL text is input into MALPAS via the "IL Reader", which constructs a directed graph and associated semantics for the program under analysis. The graph is reduced using a series of graph reduction techniques.

The MALPAS toolset consists of 5 analysers:^[6]

1. Control Flow Analyser. This examines the program structure, identifying key features: Entry/Exit points, Loops, Branches and unreachable code. It provides a summary report drawing attention to undesirable constructs and an indication of the complexity of the program structure.
2. Data Use Analyser. This separates the variables and parameters used by the program into distinct classes depending upon their use. (i.e. Data that is read before being written, Data that is written without being read or Data that is written twice without an intervening read). The report can identify errors such as uninitialised data and function outputs not written on all paths.
3. Information Flow Analyser. This identifies the data and branch dependencies for each output variable or parameter. Unwanted or unexpected dependencies can be revealed for all paths through the code. Information is also provided regarding unused variables and redundant statements.
4. Semantic Analyser (also known as symbolic execution). This reveals the exact functional relationship between all inputs and outputs over all semantically-feasible paths through the code.
5. Compliance Analyser. This compares the mathematical behaviour of the code with its formal IL specification, detailing where one differs from the other. The IL specification is written as Preconditions and Postconditions, as well as optional code assertions. Compliance analysis can be used to gain a very high level of confidence in the functional correctness of the code in relation to its specification.

History

The original research and initial generations of the toolset were created by the UK's Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (RSRE) in Malvern, England (hence the derivation of the name, MALvern Programming Analysis Suite). It was used here in a purely research capacity before being employed commercially by Advantage Technical Consulting (bought by Atkins in 2008). The first large scale static analysis task was on the primary reactor protection system for the Sizewell B power station. This was the UK's first nuclear power station to employ a computer-based protection system as its first line of defence against a catastrophic failure. Further to this, CEZ in the Czech Republic employed MALPAS to increase the confidence in the reactor protection system in the Temelin Nuclear Power Station. In 1995 the UK's Royal Air Force commissioned independent analysis of the Lockheed Martin C130J's avionics software assessed as safety-critical. MALPAS was used for the analysis of this software, apart from the Mission Computer software, which was written in Spark Ada and verified with the Spark Toolset.^[7]

References

• Chowol station
• Cho Won-jin
• Cho Won-tae
• Cho Won-woo
• Cho Woo-jin
• Chow quotient
• Chowra
• Chowrangee
• Chow-Rashevskii theorem
• Chowrasta (Darjeeling)
• Chow Rey
• Chow ring
• Chowringhee Theatre
• Chow Sang Sang Holdings Int'l Ltd.
• Chow Shiu-hung
• Chow Shiu-Hung
• Chow, Stephen
• Chow (surname)
• Chow Tai Fook Capital
• Chow Tai Fook Center
• Chow Tai Fook Centre (disambiguation)
• Chow Tai Fook Enterprise
• Chow Tai Fook Enterprises
• Chow Tai Fook Finance Center
• Chow Tai Fook Finance Centre