| 词条 | Sigma Nu |
| 释义 |
|letters = ΣΝ |name = Sigma Nu |crest = Sigmanucoatofarms.png |image_size = 240px |alt=Coat of arms |founded = {{start date and years ago|1869|1|1}} |birthplace = Virginia Military Institute |type = Social |nicknames = Sig Nu, Snu |emphasis = |scope = United States Canada[1][2] |chapters = 279[2] |colonies = |lifetime = 230,000+[1] |mission = |vision = Excelling with Honor |motto = |slogan = Love, Honor, Truth |maxim = |member badge = |pledge pin = |colony badge = |colony pledge pin = |colors = {{color box|#000000}} Black {{color box|#FFFFFF}} White {{color box|gold}} Gold |symbol = |flower = White Rose (The Classic Five-Petaled, wild, white English Floribunda) |tree = |jewel = |mascot = |patron greek divinity = |publication = The Delta |philanthropy = Helping Hand Initiative |charterdate = |chartercity = |flag = |factoid = |object = |free_label = Founding Principles |free = Love, Truth, Honor, and No Hazing |address = |city = Lexington |state = Virginia |country = USA |homepage = http://www.sigmanu.org |footnotes = }} Sigma Nu (ΣΝ) is an undergraduate college fraternity founded at the Virginia Military Institute on January 1, 1869. The fraternity was founded by James Frank Hopkins, Greenfield Quarles and James McIlvaine Riley shortly after Hopkins witnessed what he considered a hazing ritual by upperclassmen at the Virginia Military Institute. The fraternity's existence remained secret until the founders publicly announced their new society on January 1, 1869.[3] Since its founding, Sigma Nu has more than 279 active and inactive chapters and colonies across the United States and Canada and has initiated more than 227,000 members.[1][2] Sigma Nu, Kappa Alpha Order and Alpha Tau Omega make up the Lexington Triad. The fraternity's values are summarized as an adherence to the principles of love, honor, and truth. Because of its military heritage, Sigma Nu retains many military trappings in its chapter ranks and traditions, and places importance on the concept of personal honor. In 1945, William Yates (University of Pennsylvania) inspired the formation of the "Sigma Nu Inc., Educational Foundation". Its name was changed to the "Sigma Nu Educational Foundation, Inc." The foundation assists collegiate members with financial aid supplements, and the fraternity in the development of a leadership program.[4] The fraternity's mission statement is:
History{{multiple image| direction = vertical | align = left | width = 130 | footer = The founders of Sigma Nu | image1 = | alt1 = James Frank Hopkins | caption1 = James Frank Hopkins | image2 = Greenfield_Quarles.jpg | alt2 = Greenfield Quarles | caption2 = Greenfield Quarles | image3 = James_McIlvaine_Riley.jpg | alt3 = James McIlvaine Riley | caption3 = James McIlvaine Riley }}James Frank Hopkins, Greenfield Quarles, and James McIlvaine Riley enrolled at the Virginia Military Institute in 1866. Hopkins entered the institute at the age of 21 and was, at the time, one of the oldest cadets entering the institute. Both Hopkins and Quarles had served in the American Civil War as Confederate soldiers.[6][7][8] At this time, many secret societies were being formed on the VMI campus. In Hopkins' third year at VMI, he joined the Masonic Lodge in Lexington. The masons inspired him to create a similar organization at VMI.[9] Hopkins shared his ideas with Quarles and Riley, and in October 1868, the three came together on a limestone rock on the edge of the VMI parade ground to form the Legion of Honor.[10] The three founders would go on to bring others into the Legion of Honor over the rest of the year. On January 1, 1869, the founders, along with the rest of the members of the Legion of Honor, held their first official meeting as Sigma Nu.[10][11] The first year of Sigma Nu also saw the creation of the Badge, the original Constitution, and the Law. The Badge designed by Hopkins stands mostly unchanged from its original form. The badges were first introduced in the spring of 1869.[12] Early members, Edward Arthur and Linton Buck, both wrote the original Constitution and Law, respectively. Some conflict arose because Arthur had been a member of the Honduras Emigrant Society and had included some influences from that organization in the constitution. Linton Buck felt these influences should be removed. His revision became the first Law of Sigma Nu.[12][13] This first chapter of Sigma Nu chose as its motto nulli secundus, a Latin phrase meaning "second to none."[12] There were many efforts in the beginning years to establish chapters at other schools. By 1883, Alpha chapter attempted to establish 11 additional chapters, of which only 3 survived.[14] One of the many factors was the anti-fraternity sentiment during this time period.[15][16] Kappa chapter established in 1881, at North Georgia College & State University, gave the fraternity an important member, John Alexander Howard. Howard suggested that the fraternity drop the use of Roman numerals for chapter designation in favor of using a Greek letter designation.[14] He is also responsible for the creation of The Delta, Sigma Nu's fraternity magazine. The name The Delta originated from the location of the three active chapters of Sigma Nu forming a Delta.[14] Howard's editorials in The Delta inspired Isaac P. Robison, founder of Lambda chapter, to propose having a convention for the whole fraternity. On July 10, 1884, Sigma Nu's first convention was held in the Maxwell House Hotel in Nashville, Tennessee.[17][18] The fraternity had begun debating allowing non-white and Jewish members shortly after the U.S. Supreme Court desegregated schools in 1954.[19] In 1964, following a failed civil rights amendment to the Sigma Nu's constitution, the Dartmouth College chapter seceded from the fraternity in protest. The organization did not allow non-white members until the late 1960s.[20][21] The Dartmouth chapter rejoined in 1983.[22] Governance structureGrand ChapterThe Grand Chapter of Sigma Nu is a four-day legislative convention where representatives of the fraternity's collegiate and alumni chapters and Grand Officers meet to determine new legislation and operational direction of the Fraternity for the next biennium. The Grand Chapter meets every two years. The Grand Chapter body is composed of two voting representatives from each collegiate chapter of Sigma Nu Fraternity. Laws are discussed and voted on by the collegiate representatives in a Robert's Rules of Order style business meeting conducted by the National Reagent of the Fraternity. The Law of Sigma Nu Fraternity, Inc.The Law is a three-part document (Constitution, Statutes and Trial Code), which governs Sigma Nu Fraternity, Inc. The Law sets membership requirements, standards of conduct, and the framework for the operation of all entities of the Fraternity, including collegiate chapters. The Law is designed to allow for autonomy and self-governance in collegiate chapters. The Law may be amended by the Grand Chapter to accommodate changing needs of Sigma Nu's membership.[23] The first edition of the Law was formally adopted at Sigma Nu's first convention in 1884.[23][24] High CouncilThe High Council serves as the board of directors of Sigma Nu Fraternity, Inc. and is elected by the Grand Chapter. It serves as the governing arm of the General Fraternity during the period between Grand Chapters. Governance of the High Council is relegated to those duties especially prescribed by The Law. In cases where The Law prescribes no especial duty, the High Council shall act on those situations through interpretation of The Law.[23] There are five roles on the High Council: the Regent, who acts as the national president and chairman of the board of Sigma Nu for a term of two years; the Regent-Elect, who ascends to the role of Regent at the end of the prior Regent's term; the Grand Treasurer, who is responsible for the financial condition of the fraternity; the Vice-Regents, appointed members of the board; and the Collegiate Grand Councilmen, who serve as collegiate representatives to the High Council.[23] Membership developmentThe fraternity sponsors various programming including ethical leadership development through its LEAD program[25] and philanthropic events through its Helping Hand Initiative.[26] It recruits new members using its Values Based Recruitment method.[27] College of ChaptersThe Sigma Nu College of Chapters is a three-day training program held annually. College of Chapters is designed for collegiate chapter Commanders, and the program emphasizes chapter management, leadership, core competencies, and networking. The curriculum focuses on best practices and is presented by fraternity staff, alumni volunteers, and advisers.[28] LEADThe LEAD (Leadership, Ethics, Achievement, Development) Program is designed to be a four-year educational and development curriculum for its collegiate members. In 1988, Sigma Nu created the LEAD Program.[25][29] Since its launch in 1988 the Program has been updated twice, once in 1997 and again in 2008. The 2008 updates included the online version of the LEAD Program that currently exists today.[29] The program trains candidates in general life skills, with an emphasis on alcohol abuse awareness.[30] Notable controversiesFollowing graduation in 1989, actor Jon Hamm enrolled at the University of Texas, where he was a member of the Upsilon Chapter of Sigma Nu fraternity. While Hamm was attending the school he was arrested for participating in a violent hazing incident that occurred in November 1990 in which another student, Mark Sanders, was beaten with a paddle and a broom, where Hamm was leading Sanders around the fraternity house with the claw of a hammer beneath Sander's genitals, and had his clothes set on fire. The incident led to the fraternity being shut down on campus. Hamm completed the terms of a deferred adjudication and the charges were dismissed in August 1995.[31][32] In 2003 Sigma Nu lost its charter at Missouri State University for hazing pledges; however, it was later reconstituted.[33] In 2010, a fraternity member at Arizona State University stabbed a fellow fraternity member when he tried to throw him into a pool.[34] In 2012, the fraternity at Southern Utah University was indefinitely suspended due to hazing, low academic achievement, low recruitment, and low financial resources.[35] In 2012, the fraternity at the University of Mississippi was suspended for repeated hazing violations.[36] In 2014, the fraternity at Emory University was suspended for five years for repeated hazing and misconduct violations. One hazing incident required pledges to “consume food items in large quantities at rapid paces to the point of physical harm and vomiting.”[37] In 2014, the fraternity at the University of Virginia lost its charter due to hazing pledges.[38] In February 2014, Sigma Nu suspended all chapter events at University of North Carolina Wilmington after a fight broke out at a party they hosted. An East Carolina University student attending their party drove with a US Marine on his hood and hit a tree, killing the Marine. He was arrested for DWI and felony death by vehicle.[39] In 2014, the fraternity at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln was suspended for fire code and housing violations. [40] In 2015, Sigma Nu suspended its chapter at Old Dominion University pending an investigation after they placed banners with slogans like "Rowdy and Fun, Hope Your Baby Girl is Ready for a Good Time..." and the story went viral. The national fraternity stated they condemned the derogatory and demeaning language used by the fraternity members in the banners.[41][42][43] In 2015, the fraternity at Middle Tennessee State University was suspended until 2019 due to hazing and alcohol violations.[44] In 2015, the fraternity at Miami University was suspended until 2018 for violating social probation. There were also allegations of forcing underage pledges to consume large amounts of alcohol and banning pledges from shaving and showering.[45] In 2015, the fraternity at Purdue University was suspended for two years for hazing pledges, illegal drug use, and alcohol consumption by minors.[46] In February 2016, Sigma Nu suspended its chapter at the University of North Georgia due to allegations of hazing and alcohol abuse.[47] In August 2016, a Sigma Nu member at Texas A&M University died of an illegal drug overdose in the fraternity house. Six members were arrested for possession and distribution of illegal drugs on campus such as cocaine, meth, LSD, MDMA, marijuana, heroin, and ecstasy.[48] In October 2017, the deceased member's father, Eugene Gridnev, instituted a wrongful death suit against the fraternity itself, as well as several of the members present during his son's death.[49] In October 2016, Sigma Nu suspended its chapter at University of Nevada, Reno when a freshman pledge fell down the stairs and died after a night of excessive drinking in the fraternity house. [50] In October 2017, Sigma Nu suspended its chapter at Indiana University Bloomington for alcohol and hazing-related violations. According to the Indiana Daily Student[51], Sigma Nu was on probation since 2016 and was the fourth IU social organization to be suspended during 2017, the other organizations being sororities Delta Delta Delta, Sigma Gamma Rho, and the Delta Tau Delta fraternity. Chapters and members{{main|List of Sigma Nu chapters and colonies|List of Sigma Nu brothers}}Sigma Nu consists of 279 chapters and colonies in colleges and universities throughout the United States and Canada.[2] Since the founding of Sigma Nu, over 230,000 members have been initiated.[1] Citations1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.sigmanu.org/about/index.php|title=About Us - Sigma Nu Fraternity, Inc.|author=|date=|website=www.sigmanu.org|accessdate=1 April 2018}} 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.sigmanu.org/groups/undergraduate_chapters/listing.php#|title=About Us - Chapter Listing - Active Chapters & Colonies - Sigma Nu Fraternity, Inc.|author=|date=|website=www.sigmanu.org|accessdate=1 April 2018}} 3. ^{{cite journal |year=1999 |title=A Sigma Nu Cavalcade |journal=The Delta of Sigma Nu |volume=116 |pages=2–3 |publisher=Sigma Nu Fraternity, Inc. |url=http://www.sigmanu.org/documents/delta_1999.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731191818/http://www.sigmanu.org/documents/delta_1999.pdf |archivedate=2013-07-31 |df= }} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sigmanu.org/fraternity/ourhistory/#foundation|title=Home - Sigma Nu Fraternity, Inc.|author=|date=|website=www.sigmanu.org|accessdate=1 April 2018}} 5. ^Sigma Nu Strategic Plan {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731200144/http://www.sigmanu.org/documents/strategic_plan.pdf |date=2013-07-31 }} 6. ^{{harvnb|Capps|year=1978|page=27–29}} 7. ^{{cite web |publisher=Sigma Nu Fraternity, Inc. |title = History |url = http://www.sigmanu.org/about/history.php}} 8. ^{{cite book|title=LEAD: Phase I|publisher=Sigma Nu Fraternity, Inc. Publishing|year=2008|page=31}} 9. ^{{harvnb|Scott|year=1936|page=25–26}} 10. ^1 {{harvnb|Capps|year=1978|page=28–31}} 11. ^{{harvnb|Scott|year=1936|page=28}} 12. ^1 2 {{harvnb|Capps|year=1978|page=34}} 13. ^{{harvnb|Scott|year=1936|page=34–36}} 14. ^1 2 {{harvnb|Scott|year=1936|page=118–121}} 15. ^{{harvnb|Capps|year=1978|page=44}} 16. ^{{cite web|title=19th Century University of Georgia Presidential Papers|year=2010|publisher=Gilbert-Head|url=http://www.libs.uga.edu/hargrett/archives/presidential.html}} 17. ^{{harvnb|Capps|year=1978|page=56}} 18. ^{{harvnb|Scott|year=1936|page=143–145}} 19. ^{{cite news|last=Silver|first=William|title=Sigma Nu Vote Shows Large Anti-Bias Gain|url=http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs19541005-01.2.7&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------|accessdate=30 January 2014|newspaper=Columbia Spectator|date=5 October 1954}} 20. ^{{cite news|last=Sweet|first=Kimberly|title=Duke frat alumni recall taking anti-segregation stand Sen. Lott's role renews interest in '64 Sigma Nu vote|newspaper=The Durham Herald Sun|date=18 December 2002}} 21. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,399310,00.html | work=Time | first=Karen | last=Tumulty | title=Trent Lott's Segregationist College Days | date=December 12, 2002}} 22. ^{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.sigmanudartmouth.com/#!history/c150a|work=Sigma Nu Dartmouth|accessdate=30 January 2014}} 23. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|title=LEAD: Phase I|publisher=Sigma Nu Fraternity, Inc. Publishing|year=2008|pages=56–57}} 24. ^{{harvnb|Scott|year=1936|page=149}} 25. ^1 {{cite web|title=Developing Ethical Leaders|url= http://www.sigmanu.org/programs/lead/index.php|work=sigmanu.org}} 26. ^{{cite web|title=Helping Our Communities|url= http://www.sigmanu.org/programs/helpinghand/index.php|work=sigmanu.org}} 27. ^{{cite web|title=Recruiting Our Next Members|url= http://www.sigmanu.org/programs/vbr/index.php|work=sigmanu.org}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sigmanu.org/events/collegeofchapters/general_information.php|title=User Login - Sigma Nu Fraternity, Inc.|author=|date=|website=www.sigmanu.org|accessdate=1 April 2018}} 29. ^1 {{cite journal |year=2008 |title=The LEAD Program: Embracing Technology for Membership Development|journal=The Delta of Sigma Nu|volume=Fall 2008 |pages=24–25 |publisher=Sigma Nu Fraternity, Inc. |url=http://www.thedeltaofsigmanu.com/1108/default.asp}} 30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.sigmanulead.org/Phase_I/default.asp/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-09-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008034113/http://www.sigmanulead.org/Phase_I/default.asp |archivedate=2014-10-08 |df= }} 31. ^{{cite news|last1=Kaplen|first1=Sarah|title=Report: Jon Hamm, star of 'Mad Men,' was arrested in college for brutally hazing another student|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/04/10/report-jon-hamm-star-of-mad-men-was-arrested-in-collge-for-brutally-hazing-another-student/|accessdate=May 5, 2016|work=Washington Post|date=April 10, 2015}} 32. ^{{cite news|last1=Weber|first1=Paul J.|title='Mad Men' star Hamm was accused in violent fraternity hazing|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/news/20150409-mad-men-star-hamm-was-accused-in-violent-fraternity-hazing.ece|accessdate=May 5, 2016|work=Dallas Morning News|agency=Associated Press|date=April 9, 2015}} 33. ^{{cite web|title=Our History|url=http://sigmanuthetasigma.com/history/|website=Sigma Nu|accessdate=8 November 2017}} 34. ^{{Cite web|url=http://archive.azcentral.com/news/articles/20100305asu-fraternity-arrested-stab-abrk.html|title=ASU student suspected in stabbing fellow frat member|last=Sullivan|first=Ian|date=March 5, 2010|website=The Arizona Republic|publisher=|access-date=}} 35. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700217803/SUU-fraternity-suspended-over-hazing-incident.html?pg=all|title=SUU fraternity suspended over hazing incident|last=|first=|date=January 21, 2012|work=|publisher=|newspaper=Deseret News|access-date=|via=}} 36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wmcactionnews5.com/story/16945155/second-ole-miss-fraternity-accused-of-hazing|title=Second Ole Miss fraternity accused of hazing|author=|date=|website=wmcactionnews5.com|accessdate=1 April 2018}} 37. ^{{cite web|url=http://emorywheel.com/sigma-nu-fraternity-suspended-for-five-years-following-hazing-investigation/|title=Sigma Nu Fraternity Suspended for Five Years Following Hazing Investigation - The Emory Wheel|author=|date=10 May 2014|website=emorywheel.com|accessdate=1 April 2018}} 38. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailyprogress.com/news/local/two-uva-fraternities-lose-charters-in-wake-of-hazing-one/article_4d2f650c-c747-11e3-8726-001a4bcf6878.html|title=Two UVa fraternities lose charters in wake of hazing; one says it will appeal|last=Kelly|first=Ryan M.|date=April 18, 2014|work=|newspaper=The Daily Progress|access-date=|via=}} 39. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.wwaytv3.com/2014/02/20/teen-charged-marines-death/|title=Teen charged with Marine's death|last=Murphy|first=Sarah|date=February 20, 2014|website=WWAY TV3}} 40. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailynebraskan.com/news/sigma-nu-plans-return-to-unl-after-suspension/article_965d7696-6d9f-11e6-aa38-c3865a6c1807.html|title=Sigma Nu plans return to UNL after suspension|last=Olson|first=Emma|work=The Daily Nebraskan|access-date=2017-05-26|language=en}} 41. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/08/25/us/virginia-old-dominion-university-sigma-nu-offensive-banners/|title=Sigma Nu frat at Old Dominion suspended for offensive banners|date=August 25, 2015|work=CNN|last1=Castillo|first1=Mariano}} 42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3209231/Hope-baby-girl-ready-University-outraged-vulgar-signs-greet-incoming-freshmen-girls.html|title=University outraged after vulgar signs greet incoming freshmen girls|author=|date=|website=dailymail.co.uk|accessdate=1 April 2018}} 43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/old-dominion-universitys-sigma-nu-frat-suspended-during-probe-sexually-n415056|title=Frat Suspended During Probe Into Sexually Suggestive Signs|author=|date=|website=nbcnews.com|accessdate=1 April 2018}} 44. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnj.com/story/news/2015/11/04/mtsus-sigma-nu-suspended-after-hazing-alcohol-inquiry/75175194/|title=MTSU's Sigma Nu suspended after hazing, alcohol inquiry|date=November 4, 2015|newspaper=The Daily News Journal}} 45. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2015/09/10/mu-fraternities-suspended--hazing/72008800/|title=Forced drinking, hazing get MU frats suspended|last=BieryGolick|first=Keith|date=September 10, 2015|newspaper=Cincinnati Enquirer}} 46. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.jconline.com/story/news/college/2015/03/03/sigma-nu-fraternity-suspended-purdue/24307147/|title=Purdue frat suspended for hazing, drugs, alcohol|last=Vizza|first=Chris Morisse|date=March 3, 2015|last2=Paul|first2=Joseph|newspaper=Lafayette Journal & Courier}} 47. ^{{cite news|last1=Marshalek|first1=George|title=Fraternity suspended after allegations of hazing|url=http://www.wsbtv.com/news/local/fraternity-suspended-after-allegations-of-hazing/87982201|accessdate=May 5, 2016|work=WSB-TV|date=February 16, 2016}} 48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kagstv.com/news/local/two-more-sigma-nu-fraternity-members-arrested-in-ongoing-investigation/324728216|title=Two more Sigma Nu Fraternity members arrested in ongoing investigation|author=|date=|website=kagstv.com|accessdate=1 April 2018}} 49. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.kbtx.com/content/news/Sigma-Nu-Fra-450496813.html|title=Family of deceased A&M student files wrongful death suit against Sigma Nu|last=Surette|first=Rusty|access-date=2017-10-13|language=en}} 50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rgj.com/story/news/education/2017/01/11/sigma-nu-national-board-revokes-unr-fraternitys-charter/96463356/|title=Sigma Nu national board revokes UNR fraternity's charter|author=|date=|website=rgj.com|accessdate=1 April 2018}} 51. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.idsnews.com/article/2017/10/sigma-nu-suspended-over-hazing-alcohol-violations|title=Sigma Nu suspended over hazing, alcohol violations|work=Indiana Daily Student|access-date=2017-10-13}} References{{hatnote|This section lists printed references used for this article. For inline citations, see citations above.}}
External links
6 : Student organizations established in 1869|North-American Interfraternity Conference|Student societies in the United States|Sigma Nu|Lexington triad|1869 establishments in Virginia |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。