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词条 Manfred von Richthofen (general)
释义

  1. Early life

  2. World War I

  3. Later life

  4. Awards

  5. See also

  6. Notes

  7. References

  8. Bibliography

  9. External links

{{about|Manfred von Richthofen the General der Kavallerie|his grandnephew, the German ace pilot known as The Red Baron|Manfred von Richthofen}}{{Infobox military person
| name = Manfred von Richthofen
| birth_date = {{birth date|1855|5|24|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1939|11|28|1855|5|24|df=y}}
| image = Richthofen-Wappen.png
| caption = von Richthofen coat of arms
| nickname =
| birth_place = Gut Barzdorf, Silesia (now Bartoszówek, Poland)
| death_place = Bersdorf, Silesia (near Targoszyn, Poland)
| allegiance = {{flag|German Empire}}
| branch = Army
| serviceyears = 1874–1918
| rank = General der Kavallerie
| unit =
| commands =
  • Guards Cavalry Division
  • 6th Infantry Division
  • I Cavalry Corps
  • XXXVIII Reserve Corps
  • XXV Reserve Corps
  • 53rd Corps
  • Deputy commander of Guards Corps

| battles = World War I

Battle of the Frontiers

First Battle of the Marne

Battle of Łódź


| awards = Pour le Mérite
Knight of Justice of the Order of Saint John
| relations =
  • Karl von Grolman (grandfather)
  • Manfred von Richthofen (great nephew)
  • Wolfram von Richthofen (nephew and adoptive son)
  • see Richthofen for more

| laterwork =
}}Karl Ernst Manfred Freiherr{{efn|{{German title Freiherr}}}} von Richthofen (24 May 1855 – 28 November 1939) was a German General der Kavallerie (General of the Cavalry) during World War I and recipient of the order Pour le Mérite, known informally as the Blue Max. Richthofen was a great uncle of his more famous namesake Manfred von Richthofen, known as the Red Baron, who was his godson and named after him.[1][2]

Early life

Manfred von Richthofen was born on 24 May 1855 in Gut Barzdorf, Silesia (now Bartoszówek, Poland). He entered the Imperial German Army in 1874 as an Ensign in the 4th (Westphalian) Cuirassier Regiment. By April 1902 he had risen to Lieutenant-Colonel in command of the Gardes du Corps Cavalry Regiment, personal bodyguard of the German Emperor Wilhelm II; and was assigned as his aide-de-camp in the following year.

In 1906 he was promoted to Oberst (Colonel), and in March 1908 took command of the 2nd Guards Cavalry Brigade in Potsdam.[4] In 1910, he was promoted to Generalmajor (Brigadier-General), and in February 1913 he took command of the Guards Cavalry Division with a promotion to Generalleutnant (Major-General). In February 1914 he moved on to command the 6th Infantry Division at Brandenburg.

World War I

At the beginning of World War I, Richthofen became commander of I Cavalry Corps (composed of 5th Cavalry and Guards Cavalry Divisions) preceding 3rd Army.{{sfn|Cron|2002|p=299}} These formed part of the right wing of the forces for the Schlieffen Plan offensive in August 1914 on the Western Front and took part in the Battle of the Frontiers and the First Battle of the Marne.[1]

The Corps was transferred to the Eastern Front on 6 November 1914{{sfn|Cron|2002|p=94}} and joined the newly formed 9th Army. Richthofen and his corps played an important role in the Battle of Łódź, where his corps took part in breaking out the encircled XXV Reserve Corps.{{citation needed|date = June 2012}}

In September 1916, Richthofen became commander of XXXVIII Reserve Corps until November when he became commander of the XXV Reserve Corps. In March 1917, Richthofen was given command of 53rd Corps (z.b.V.) until January 1918,[6] when he became Kommandierender General (Deputy commander) of the Guards Corps{{sfn|Cron|2002|p=262|loc=As the peacetime Corps Commanders were mobilised in August 1914, they left behind a Deputy. The Deputy Corps Commanders were responsible for keeping the peace in their area, maintain order and morale, and in procuring, training and despatching recruits to the field army. Not to be confused with a Reserve Corps Commander}} in Berlin, his highest rank. He surrendered the Berliner Stadtschloss without a fight in order to keep intact the building and the works of art contained in it.[7]

On 18 January 1918, Richthofen was awarded the Order Pour le Mérite,[6] known informally as the Blue Max.[9] On 2 May 1918, he attended a memorial service for his grandnephew Manfred von Richthofen who was killed in action on April 21.[2]

Later life

On 10 November 1918, Richthofen handed in his resignation, which was accepted. He died on 28 November 1939[11] on his Barzdorf estate in Silesia, aged 84. As he had no children and he wished to keep his estate in the family, he legally adopted his nephew Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen, later a Generalfeldmarschall of the Luftwaffe in the Second World War.[12]

Awards

  • Order of the Red Eagle, II Class with Oak Leaves[13]
  • Order of the Crown (Prussia), II Class with Star[13]
  • Order of Saint John, Knight of Justice[13]
  • Preußisches Dienstauszeichnungskreuz (Prussian Service Award)[13]
  • Reußisches Ehrenkreuz, I Class with Crown[13]
  • Waldecksches Militär-Verdienstkreuz, III Class[13]
  • Waldecksches Verdienstkreuz, I Class[13]
  • Knight's Cross of the Order of the Crown (Württemberg) with Lions[13]
  • Commander of the Order of St Alexander (Bulgaria)[13]
  • Commander of the Order of the Crown of Italy[13]
  • Knight's Cross of the Order of Franz Joseph (Austria-Hungary)[13]
  • Commander of the Order of the Lion and the Sun (Persia)[13]
  • Order of St. Anna I Class (Russia)[13]
  • Military Merit Order III class (Spain)[13]
  • Iron Cross (1914) II and I Class
  • Pour le Mérite awarded 18 January 1918

See also

{{portal|Germany|World War I}}
  • German Army (German Empire)
  • German Army order of battle (1914)
  • German cavalry in World War I

Notes

{{notes}}

References

1. ^{{harvnb|Ellis|Cox|1993|p=176}}
2. ^Baedecker, Berlin, (1927),p.145.
3. ^1 {{cite news| title = Veränderungen in der Ordensliste 49| publisher = Johanniter-Ordensblatt: amtliche Monatschrift der Balley Brandenburg| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=y1wMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA32&dq=Manfred+von+Richthofen+Oberst+1906&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TTjnT7OHA6PI2gXM5anbCQ&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Manfred%20von%20Richthofen%20Oberst%201906&f=false| page = 32| language = German| year = 1908| oclc = 237228674| accessdate = 25 June 2012}}
4. ^1 2 {{cite web| title = German War History| url = http://www.deutsche-kriegsgeschichte.de/richthof.html| accessdate = 15 June 2012}}
5. ^1 {{cite book| title = American History| url = https://books.google.com/books?ei=QzbnT5yeNqno2gXP55XeCQ&id=XDA_AQAAIAAJ&dq=Pour+le+M%C3%A9rite+Blauer+Max&q=The+Pour+le+Merite+%28the+%22PLM%22%29%2C+instituted+in+1740%2C+was+better+known+by+its+nickname%2C+the+%22Blue+Max%22+%28%22Blauer+Max%2C%22+in+German%29.#search_anchor| page = 9| year = 2003| ISSN = 1076-8866| accessdate = 25 June 2012}}
6. ^1 {{cite book| author = Günter Wegner| title = Stellenbesetzung der Deutschen Heere 1815–1939 / Die Stellenbesetzung der aktiven Infanterie-Regimenter sowie Jäger- und MG-Bataillone, Wehrbezirkskommandos und Ausbildungsleiter von der Stiftung bzw. Aufstellung bis 1939| publisher = Formationsgeschichte und Stellenbesetzung der deutschen Streitkräfte, Biblio, Osnabrück| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dz8hAQAAIAAJ&q=Manfred+von+Richthofen+28.11.1939&dq=Manfred+von+Richthofen+28.11.1939&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qzvnT7OEB8ni2QWE-rDaCQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA| volume = 2| page = 38| language = German| year = 1992| ISBN = 9783764817824| accessdate = 25 June 2012}}
7. ^1 {{cite book| author = Peter Kilduff| title = Red Baron: The Life and Death of an Ace| publisher = David & Charles, Newton Abbot| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gASBMyOwU1oC&pg=PA23&dq=Manfred+Karl+von+Richthofen+General+der+Kavallerie&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pD_nT9n7IozU2QWnrdHZCQ&sqi=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Manfred%27s%20godfather%20and%20namesake&f=false| page = 23| language = German| year = 2007| ISBN = 9783764817824| accessdate = 25 June 2012}}
8. ^1 {{cite book| author = Manfred von Richthofen| title = Der rote Kampfflieger| publisher = Ullstein| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RCxllrDTR4gC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Manfred+Karl+von+Richthofen+General+der+Kavallerie&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HUPnT6vVMdP82gWg_vTaCQ&ved=0CEUQuwUwAjgK#v=onepage&q=Genannt%20bin%20ich%20nach%20einem%20gro%C3%9Fen%20Onkel%20Manfred&f=false| page = 3| language = German| year = 1917, repr. Outlook/Books on Demand, 2011| ISBN = 9783864030222| accessdate = 25 June 2012}}
9. ^1 {{cite web |last = Viser |first = Jonathan |title = Manfred Freiherr von Richthofen |publisher = The Prussian Machine |url = http://home.comcast.net/~jcviser/akb/richthofen.htm |archive-url = https://archive.is/20120630212353/http://home.comcast.net/~jcviser/akb/richthofen.htm |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 30 June 2012 |accessdate = 15 June 2012}}
10. ^1 {{cite book| author = Corum, James| title = Wolfram von Richthofen: Master of the German Air War| publisher = University Press of Kansas, Lawrence| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RCxllrDTR4gC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Manfred+Karl+von+Richthofen+General+der+Kavallerie&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HUPnT6vVMdP82gWg_vTaCQ&ved=0CEUQuwUwAjgK#v=onepage&q=Genannt%20bin%20ich%20nach%20einem%20gro%C3%9Fen%20Onkel%20Manfred&f=false| page = 3| language = German| year = 2008| ISBN = 978-0-7006-1598-8| accessdate = 25 June 2012}}
11. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 {{cite book| title = Rangliste der Königlich Preußischen Armee und des XIII. (Königlich Württembergischen) Armeekorps für 1914| publisher = Preußisches Kriegsministerium, Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn, Berlin| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RCxllrDTR4gC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Manfred+Karl+von+Richthofen+General+der+Kavallerie&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HUPnT6vVMdP82gWg_vTaCQ&ved=0CEUQuwUwAjgK#v=onepage&q=Genannt%20bin%20ich%20nach%20einem%20gro%C3%9Fen%20Onkel%20Manfred&f=false| page = 61| language = German| year = 1914| accessdate = 25 June 2012}}
[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
}}

Bibliography

  • {{cite book

| last = Cron
| first = Hermann
| year = 2002
| title = Imperial German Army 1914–18: Organisation, Structure, Orders-of-Battle [first published: 1937]
| publisher = Helion & Co
| isbn = 978-1-874622-70-3
| ref = harv
  • {{cite book

| ref = harv
| last1 = Ellis | first1 = John
| last2 = Cox | first2 = Michael
| year = 1993
| title = The World War I Databook
| publisher = Aurum Press Ltd
| isbn = 1-85410-766-6
  • {{cite book

| last = Möller
| first = Hanns
| year = 1935
| title = Geschichte der Ritter des Ordens pour le mérite im Weltkrieg
| publisher = Verlag Bernard & Graefe, Berlin
| volume = II
| pages = 193–194
| language = German
  • {{cite book

| last1 = Hildebrand
| first1 = Karl-Friedrich
| last2 = Zweng
| first2 = Christian
| year = 2002
| title = Die Ritter des Ordens Pour le Mérite des I. Weltkriegs
| publisher = Biblio Verlag, Bissendorf
| volume = 3: P–Z
| pages = 119–120
| language = German
| isbn = 3-7648-2586-3

External links

  • {{DNB portal|137185294}}
  • Manfred von Richthofen / Lt. General, Commander of the 6 Division at Brandenburg. pourlemerite.org
  • Prätorius von Richthofen roskildehistorie.dk {{da icon}}
{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Richthofen, Manfred Karl Ernst Freiherr von}}

11 : 1855 births|1939 deaths|People from Strzegom|People from the Province of Silesia|Richthofen family|Manfred von Richthofen|Barons of Germany|Generals of Cavalry (Prussia)|German Army generals of World War I|Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class|Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
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