| 词条 | Manide language | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=Manide |altname=Camarines Norte Agta |states=Philippines |region=Camarines Norte, Luzon |speakers=3,800 |date=2010 |ref=e18 |familycolor=Austronesian |fam2=Malayo-Polynesian |fam3=Philippine |fam4=Central Philippine? |fam5=Manide–Alabat |iso3=abd |glotto=cama1250 |glottorefname=Camarines Norte Agta }} Manide is a Philippine language spoken near the providence of Camarines Norte in the southern region of Luzon, a Philippine island. Manide is spoken by nearly 4,000 people, most of which reside in the towns of Labo, Jose Panganiban, and Paracale.[1] Many of the Manide population children still grow up speaking Manide. In terms of linguistic literature, Manide is the most divergent out of the three other groups occupying Southern Luzon which include Inagta Rinconada, Inagta Partido, and Inagta Alabat.[1] Around 1903 and 1924, John M. Garvan (1963) visited Negrito Filipino communities in the region of Luzon and at that time, Manide was the recorded language which was documented a century ago.[1] Nearly 285 of the 1000 lexical items seem to be unique including new coinages which are forms that experienced semantic and or phonological shifts over time. This makes Manide special as other languages such as Batak, Inagta Rinconada/ Partido, Mamanwa, Inati which have over 90% cognate with non-negrito languages.[1] DistributionLobel (2010) shows the separation of towns with Manide populations.
PhonologyPhoneme Inventory of Manide
ReflexesReflexes are words, sounds, or writing systems which are derived from previous, most times older elements or systems. Reflex of PMP *qPMP *q can be seen in Manide as in /ʔ/. In Tagalog, and many other Philippine languages, words that do not start with a consonant start with a glottal stop. In Manide, /ʔC/ and /Cʔ/ are both allowed whereas, in other Phillippine languages, it would not be acceptable. e.g., Manide bag-áng /bagʔáŋ/ ‘mouth’ Reflex of PMP *RThe reflex of PMP *R in Manide is /g/. The reflex most likely comes from borrowed items in Tagalog.[5] e.g., Manide be-gí /beʔgí/, ‘new’ < PPH *baqəRú; Reflex of PMP *sNormally, the reflex of PMP *s is /s/, but in some cases there are shifts from PMP *s to /h/ instead of /s/. [5] Reflex of PMP *d, *j, and *zThe reflexes of Proto Malayo Polynesian *d, *j, and *z are all /d/ with some exceptions in *j and *z. Similar to most Phillippine languages, this shift is seen in Manide as well.[5]
Reflexes of PMP *ə.The reflexes of PMP *ə are /a e i u/. /e/ is the only inherited reflex of PMP *ə, with /a i u/ being borrow reflexes. Verb MorphologyManide is a reduced-focus language which means that it primarily uses mag- for the actor, -an for location, and -en which takes place of the functions from Proto Malayo Polynesian *-ən and *i-.[1]. There are two present forms, with the first being possessive. The second present form is used for habitual functions. In Southern Luzon, Manide is the only language that uses CVC reduplication.
PronounsPronouns in Manide are the same as in other Philippine languages as it has the same contrasts. These pronouns provide clues to ways that they are connected to other languages.
Vowel ShiftsVowel shifts are systematic sound changes in the pronunciation of vowel sounds. In Manide, there are vowel shifts following voiced stops /b d g/ and glides /w y/.[1] Low vowel fronting, back vowel fronting, and low vowel backing are all present in Manide. Fronting refers to that change in the articulation of a vowel with shifts to vowels further forward in the mouth. (i.e., the position of the highest point of the tongue during its pronunciation).[2] Low Vowel FrontingLow vowel fronting is the shift of *a to a front vowel such as /e/. Fronting may occur due to nearby sounds due to assimilation or form on its own. It is part of a feature among many Negrito Filipino languages from North of Luzon to Manide. [1] Back Vowel FrontingBack vowel fronting is the change of vowels *u to /i/. It is related to low vowel fronting as back vowel fronting happens after /b d g/, but only in small occurrences in which all happen after *b. Manide shows 16 different forms of back vowel fronting which generally happen after *t and *l.[5] Low Vowel BackingIn Manide, low vowel backing is the shift from *a to /u/. Low vowel backing is unique to Manide as it is not known to occur in any other language. Ten occurrences of low vowel backing of the shift *a to /u/ have been recorded.[5] Case MarkersCase markers in Manide are similar to those of other Philippine languages. The case markers show the relationships of nouns and noun phrases to a verb. The most common situations are genitive, nominative, and oblique. Something very unusual is that Manide uses the same case markers for personal names just as used with common nouns. There are no 'Personal' case markers in Manide for in the plural form, only the singular form.
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Lobel, Jason William. "Manide: An Undescribed Philippine Language." Oceanic Linguistics 49.2 (2010): 478-510. Web. 2. ^Rupert Thompson, “Vowel Fronting”, in: Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Language and Linguistics, Managing Editors Online Edition: First Last. Consulted online on 20 March 2019 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Lobel, Jason William. Philippine and North Bornean Languages : Issues in Description, Subgrouping, and Reconstruction (2013). Web. {{ph-negrito-lang}}{{Philippine languages}}{{Languages of the Philippines}} 5 : Central Philippine languages|Aeta languages|Languages of Camarines Norte|Languages of Camarines Sur|Languages of Quezon |
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