| 词条 | Sikorsky S-42 | |||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Sikorsky S-42 was a commercial flying boat designed and built by Sikorsky Aircraft to meet requirements for a long-range flying boat laid out by Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) in 1931. The innovative design included wing flaps, variable-pitch propellers, and a tail-carrying full-length hull. The prototype first flew on 29 March 1934, and, in the period of development and test flying that followed, quickly established ten world records for payload-to-height.[1][2] The "Flying Clipper" and the "Pan Am Clipper" were other names for the S-42. Design and developmentDuring the inaugural flight of Sikorsky's previous flying boat, the S-40, on November 19, 1931, the pilot and Pan American Airways consultant, Charles Lindbergh, who considered the S-40 a monstrosity, engaged designer Igor Sikorsky in a conversation about what he thought the next airplane should look like.[3][4] The conversation continued that night at the hotel in Jamaica. Sikorsky argued that design development should be incremental and that the safe approach would be a larger S-40. Lindbergh argued that a sleeker design, with a range in still air of 2,500 miles, was needed.[5] In June 1931 Pan Am president Juan Trippe had requested designs from six aircraft companies for an aircraft able to span the oceans. The new design would need increased lifting capacity to carry enough fuel and 300 pounds of mail, but no passengers, for a 2,500 miles (4,023 kilometers) nonstop flight against a 30 mph (48 km/h) wind, at a higher cruising speed than the norm for similar flying boats at that time. Of the six companies tenders had been sent to, only Sikorsky and Martin provided submissions.[6] Sikorsky offered the S-42. The other offer was the more ambitious Martin M-130. The new Sikorsky design, the S-42, had major aerodynamic improvements over the S-40. Igor Sikorsky said, "in its very outline the S-42 represents simplicity. Diverting sharply from the past Sikorsky designs, external bracings have been reduced to a minimum. The tail, instead of being supported by outriggers, is attached directly to the hull."[7] The S-42 had a high wing loading which required flaps to provide acceptable takeoff and landing speeds.[1][4] Though Lindbergh approved of the S-42, it fell far short of his proposed range[1] Stripped of all accommodations, with extra fuel tanks in the fuselage, the S-42 was just able to fly proving flights across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.[8] Pan Am would have to wait for the Martin M-130 to have an airliner capable of flying the Pacific with a payload.[9] Pan Am's S-42s were used primarily on the Miami - Rio de Janeiro route. In 1937 S-42s also operated a New York-to-Bermuda service. 1940 saw S-42 flights between Seattle and Alaska. An S-42 was also used between Manila and Hong Kong.[10] British Marine Aircraft Ltd. was formed in February 1936 to produce S-42A flying boats under license in the United Kingdom but nothing came of this. The company built a factory on the western side of the Hamble peninsula with a slipway to Southampton Water. When the deal fell through, the company was sold to Henry Folland, who renamed it Folland Aircraft Limited.[11][12]Operational historyFlying for Pan American Airways, a total of ten S-42s were built, manufactured by the Vought-Sikorsky Aircraft Division of the United Aircraft Corporation in Stratford, Connecticut. The prototype first flew on March 30, 1934. The S-42 flew only for Pan American Airways. The S-42 Pan Am Clipper surveyed the route from the US West Coast to China, making the first survey flight from Alameda, California to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in April 1935.[13] (It never flew scheduled passengers from California to Hawaii.) In March 1939 a Pan Am S-42 was scheduled to leave Miami at 0730, stop overnight in San Juan, Port of Spain, Belem and Recife, and arrive at Rio de Janeiro at 1530 on the fifth day. (It returned to Miami, and passengers to Buenos Aires continued on DC2/DC3s.) In early 1942 the U.S. Navy acquired one S-42 which it used as a transport in the Caribbean and to South America. All Sikorsky S-42s were either scrapped or destroyed in accidents. In 1947, inventor Lemuel Stewart purchased the fuselage of S-42 NC-822M Brazilian Clipper from Pan Am for $750.00, converted it to a six-room houseboat, and kept it docked in a boat canal in Miami, Florida. Its ultimate fate is unknown.[14] Variants
Production aircraft with four 700 hp (522 kW) Pratt & Whitney Hornet S5D1G radial engines, three built: NC 822M, NC 823M, NC 824M.
Production aircraft with four 750 hp (559 kW) Pratt & Whitney Hornet S1EG radial engines, longer wings and a 2,000 lb (907 kg) increase in maximum takeoff weight, four built: NC 15373, NC 15374, NC 15375, NC 15376.[15]
Production aircraft with aerodynamic improvements, constant-speed Hamilton Standard propellers and a further 2,000 lb (907 kg) increase in maximum takeoff weight, three built: NC 16734, NC 16735, NC 16736.
Proposed licence-built variant of the S-42A, not built. Notable accidents and incidentsOn December 20, 1935, a Pan Am S-42 named Puerto Rico Clipper crashed on landing at Port of Spain, Trinidad & Tobago and sank, killing three of 25 on board.[16] On April 11, 1936, a Pan Am S-42B named Antilles Clipper crashed on takeoff from Port of Spain, Trinidad & Tobago, killing three of 25 on board. The pilot swerved to avoid a fishing boat that was in his path but one pontoon struck the boat and the aircraft overturned.[17][18] On January 11, 1938, Pan Am Flight 1, an S-42B named Samoan Clipper (formerly Pan American Clipper II), exploded near Pago Pago, American Samoa. The flying boat developed an engine problem shortly after takeoff. The pilot elected to dump fuel before making an emergency landing, but the aircraft exploded while fuel dumping was in progress. All seven crew members (including famous aviator Captain Ed Musick), died in the crash.[19][20] On October 3, 1941, Pam Am Flight 203, an S-42A named Dominican Clipper, crashed on landing in the harbour at San Juan, Puerto Rico, killing two of 27 on board. After the approach to San Juan, the aircraft hit the water in a nose-low attitude while moving sideways; after the first contact the aircraft swerved violently to the right and broke apart.[21][22] On December 8, 1941, a Pan Am S-42B named Hong Kong Clipper II (formerly Bermuda Clipper and Alaska Clipper) was destroyed on the water at Kai Tak Airport, Hong Kong, during a Japanese bombing raid.[23] On July 27, 1943, a Pan Am S-42B named Bermuda Clipper (formerly Pan American Clipper III) caught fire and burned out while docked at Manaus; there was no one on board.[24] On August 8, 1944, Pan Am Flight 218, an S-42 named Hong Kong Clipper (formerly West Indies Clipper and Pan Am Clipper I) on a return trip from San Juan to Miami with intermediate stops at Port-au-Prince and Antilla, Cuba, crashed shortly after taking off from Antilla. After striking, bow first, the flying boat left the water in a slightly nose-high attitude, then returned, and by the third time, stalled. There were 17 fatalities (all passengers) out of the 26 passengers and five crew.[25][26] Specifications (S-42-A){{aircraft specifications|plane or copter?=plane |jet or prop?=prop |ref=Sikorsky S-42 Clipper Data Sheet[27]Flying Boat, 1934 |crew=four |capacity=up to 37 day passengers or 14 sleeper berths |payload main= |payload alt= |length main= 68 ft |length alt=20.73 m |span main=118 ft 2 in |span alt=36.03 m |height main=17 ft 5 in |height alt=5.3 m |area main= 1,329 ft² |area alt= 123.5 m² |airfoil= |empty weight main= 19,764 lb |empty weight alt= 8,984 kg |loaded weight main= 38,000 lb |loaded weight alt= 17,273 kg |useful load main= |useful load alt= |max takeoff weight main= |max takeoff weight alt= |more general= |engine (prop)= Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet, |type of prop=supercharged radial engine |number of props=4 |power main= 660 hp |power alt=492 kW |power original= |propeller or rotor?= |propellers= |number of propellers per engine= |propeller diameter main= |propeller diameter alt= |max speed main= 188 mph |max speed alt= 300 km/h |cruise speed main= |cruise speed alt= |stall speed main= |stall speed alt= |never exceed speed main= |never exceed speed alt= |range main= 1,930 miles |range alt=3,088 km |range more= |combat radius main= |combat radius alt= |combat radius more= |ferry range main= |ferry range alt= |ferry range more= |ceiling main= 15,704 ft |ceiling alt= 4,788 m |climb rate main= 1,000 ft/min |climb rate alt= 305 m/min |loading main=28.6 lb/ft² |loading alt=140 kg/m² |thrust/weight= |power/mass main=0.07 hp/lb |power/mass alt=0.11 kW/kg |more performance= |armament= |guns= |bombs= |rockets= |missiles= |hardpoints= |hardpoint capacity= |avionics= }} See also{{aircontent||related=
|similar aircraft= |lists= |see also=
}} References
1. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=The S-42, The Development and Characteristics of a Long-Range Flying Boat (A presentation by Igor Sikorsky to the Royal Aeronautical Society, London, 15 November 1934|publisher=Sikorsky Aircraft |date= |accessdate=7 December 2015 |url=http://www.sikorskyarchives.com/S-42.php}} 2. ^{{cite book |last=King |first=H.F. |authorlink = |title =Milestones of the Air |publisher =Jane's All the World's Aircraft Publishing Company |volume = |edition =McGraw-Hill |date =1969 |location =New York |page =80 |isbn =}} 3. ^Daley, Robert, An American Saga, 1980, Random House, New York, {{ISBN|039450223X}}, pages 102-103 4. ^1 Delear, Igor Sikorsky: His Three Careers in Aviation, Dodd, Mead & Co., 1969 5. ^Daley, Robert, An American Saga, 1980, Random House, New York, {{ISBN|039450223X}}, page 103 6. ^Daley, Robert, An American Saga, 1980, Random House, New York, {{ISBN|039450223X}}, pages 109-110 7. ^{{cite web|title=The S-42, The Development and Characteristics of a Long-Range Flying Boat (A presentation by Igor Sikorsky to the Royal Aeronautical Society, London, 15 November 1934|publisher=Sikorsky Aircraft |date= |accessdate=7 December 2015 |url=http://www.sikorskyarchives.com/S-42.php}} 8. ^Gunston, Bill, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Propeller Airliners, 1980, Windward, London, {{ISBN|0711200629}}, page 86 9. ^Daley, Robert, An American Saga, 1980, Random House, New York, {{ISBN|039450223X}}, pages 169-175 10. ^Daley, Robert, An American Saga, 1980, Random House, New York, {{ISBN|039450223X}}, page 320 11. ^Cruddas, Colin, In Hampshire's Skies, 2001, Tempus Publishing Limited, The Mill Brimscome Port. Stroud, Gloucestershire, GL5 2QG, {{ISBN|0 7524 2140 9}}, page 26 12. ^Fagan, Dave. "Hamble." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316171021/http://daveg4otu.tripod.com/airfields/ham.html |date=2006-03-16 }} Aviation in Hampshire UK 1900 to 2000. Retrieved: July 5, 2009. 13. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=td4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=Popular+Science+1935+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&hl=en&ei=keosTr74FKLDsQLpvbGKCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&sqi=2&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q&f=true "Clipper Conquers Pacific on Hawaiian Hops."] Popular Mechanics, July 1935. 14. ^"Clipper Makes Home for Floridians." Wilbur Jennings via AP Newsfeatures, Paducah Sun-Democrat, Paducah, KY, April 30, 1947. 15. ^Donnelley, James E. "The Crash of NC 15376." webstart.com. Retrieved: April 3, 2010. 16. ^{{cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=195484|title=Accident Sikorsky S-42 NC824M|website=Aviation Safety Network Wikibase|access-date=2018-11-29}} 17. ^{{ASN accident|title= NC824M|id= 19360411-0|accessdate= 2014-6-24}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-sikorsky-s-42b-port-spain-3-killed|title=Crash of a Sikorsky S-42B in Port of Spain: 3 killed|website=Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives|access-date=2018-11-29}} 19. ^{{cite web|url= http://prcarc1.erau.edu/awweb/main.jsp?flag=browse&smd=2&awdid=2 |title=Statement of Probable Cause Concerning an Accident Which Occurred to an Aircraft of Pan American Airways Company near Pago Pago, Tutuila, Samoa, on January 11, 1938|publisher=Department of Commerce Bureau of Air Commerce|accessdate=December 14, 2015}} 20. ^{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C15F83A5A157A93C1A8178AD85F4C8385F9|title=CLIPPER WRECKED, ALL 7 FLIERS DEAD IN SEA AFTER FIRE; Fragments of Big Flying Boat Are Found in Pacific 14 Miles From Her Pago Pago Base|work=The New York Times|date=January 13, 1938|access-date=December 12, 2011|url-access=subscription}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://specialcollection.dotlibrary.dot.gov/Document?db=DOT-AIRPLANEACCIDENTS&query=(select+113)|title=Statement of Probable Cause an Accident Which Occurred to an Aircraft of Central Airlines, Incorporated, at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on November 16 , 1935|publisher=Civil Aeronautics Board|accessdate=December 14, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222104940/http://specialcollection.dotlibrary.dot.gov/Document?db=DOT-AIRPLANEACCIDENTS&query=(select+113)|archivedate=December 22, 2015|df=}} 22. ^{{ASN accident|title= NC15376|id= 19411003-0|accessdate= 2014-6-24}} 23. ^{{ASN accident|title= NC16735|id= 19411208-11|accessdate= 2014-6-24}} 24. ^{{ASN accident|title= NC16736|id= 19430727-0|accessdate= 2011-12-12}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://specialcollection.dotlibrary.dot.gov/Document?db=DOT-AIRPLANEACCIDENTS&query=(select+308)|title=Accident Investigation Report, August 8, 1944 Flight 218 of Pan American S-42 NC 823M|publisher=Civil Aeronautics Board|accessdate=December 14, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222112631/http://specialcollection.dotlibrary.dot.gov/Document?db=DOT-AIRPLANEACCIDENTS&query=(select+308)|archivedate=December 22, 2015|df=}} 26. ^{{ASN accident|title= NC823M|id= 19440808-0|accessdate= 2011-9-5}} 27. ^McKinney, Michael. "The First Clippers: The 'Sikorsky S-42." flyingclippers.com. Retrieved: April 3, 2010.
External links{{Commons category|Sikorsky S-42}}
8 : Sikorsky aircraft|United States airliners 1930–1939|Flying boats|Four-engined tractor aircraft|Parasol-wing aircraft|Pan Am|Aircraft first flown in 1934|Four-engined piston aircraft |
|||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。