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词条 Mannlicher M1888
释义

  1. History

     M1888-90 rifle  M1890 rifle   Kuaili 1888 Kiangnan Rifle 7.62x55  

  2. Users

  3. References

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}{{Multiple issues|
  {{context |date=July 2012}}  {{expert needed |military history |date=August 2012}}  {{refimprove|date=January 2014}}

}}{{Infobox weapon
|name= Repeating Rifle Muster 1888
| image= M1888.JPG
| image_size = 310
|caption= Mannlicher M1888 rifle, from the collections of the Swedish Army Museum.
|origin= Austria-Hungary
|type= Bolt-action rifle
|is_ranged= yes
|service= 1888–1949
|used_by= See Users
|wars= Chilean Civil War 1891[1]
First Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895
Philippine Revolution 1896-1898[2]
International intervention on the island of Crete 1897-1898
Boxer Rebellion 1899-1901
Second Boer War 1899-1902
Xinhai Revolution 1911-1912
First Balkan War 1912-1913
Second Balkan War 1913
World War I 1914-1918
Russian Civil War 1918-1920[3]
Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia 1918-1919
Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 1918-1920
Hungarian–Czechoslovak War 1918-1919
Polish–Ukrainian War 1918-1919
Retaking of Czech Borderland (1918-1919)
Polish–Czechoslovak War 1919
Polish–Soviet War 1919-1921[4]
Greco-Turkish War 1919-1922[5]
Pacification of Libya 1923-1932[6]
Second Italo-Ethiopian War 1935-1936[7][8]
Spanish Civil War 1936-1939[9]
Sudeten German uprising 1938
World War II 1939-1945 (limited)
Greek Civil War 1946-1949[10]
Israel's War of Independence 1947-1949[11]
|designer= Ferdinand von Mannlicher
|design_date= 1887–1888
|manufacturer= Steyr-Mannlicher, Fegyver És Gépgyár
|unit_cost=
|production_date= 1888–1896
|number= 1,095,000
|variants= M1888-90, M1888-95, M1888/24[12]
|spec_label= M88
|weight= {{convert|4.41|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|length={{convert|1280|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|part_length= {{convert|765|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|cartridge= M88 8×52mmR
M88-90 and M88-95: 8×50mmR
M88/24: 8×57mm IS
|action= Straight-pull bolt action
|rate=
|velocity= {{convert|530|m/s|ft/s}} with M1888 ball cartridge
|range=
|max_range=
|feed= 5-round en-bloc clip (stripper clip in M88/24), integral box magazine
|sights= Iron sights
}}

The Repeating Rifle Mannlicher 1888 better known as Mannlicher M1888 was a bolt-action rifle used by several armies from 1888 to 1945. Derived from the M1885 and later M1886 models, it was Ferdinand Mannlicher's third rifle that utilized the "enbloc clip".

It was succeeded by the Mannlicher M1895 as the standard service rifle of the Austro-Hungarian Army. The M95 uses a more secure rotating-bolt, in contrast to the M88's wedge-lock bolt.

History

The M1888 was a direct and immediate descendant of the M1886 Austrian Mannlicher. This rifle too was a straight-pull, bolt-action, box magazine repeater. As early as the beginning of production of the M1886 the need and desirability for a small-bore rifle was evident. This rifle is virtually identical to its predecessor but for chambering a newly designed 8 mm cartridge, loaded originally with black powder and denominated 8×52mmR.

M1888-90 rifle

Shortly thereafter, the M88 cartridge was converted to semi-smokeless powder. The new cartridge was designated 8mm M.1890 scharfe Patrone and its dimensions were 8×50mmR. The sights of existing black powder 8mm Mannlicher rifles were converted to accommodate semi-smokeless ammunition by the functional arrangement of screw mounting re-graduated sideplates onto the outsides of the existing rear sight walls. The converted rifles were denominated M.88–90.

M1890 rifle

{{Distinguish|Mannlicher M1890 Carbine}}

When in 1890 semi-smokeless powder became available, manufacture of rifles with a longer and thus stronger chamber and modified sights began. Although the smokeless powder filled M.93 8×50mmR cartridge can be used in this rifle, the generated pressure at 40,000 psi (275.8 MPa) is marginal, as the wedge-lock bolt system this rifle uses was originally designed to be shot with less potent black powder filled 11×58mmR ammunution.

Kuaili 1888 Kiangnan Rifle 7.62x55

China also used this rifle extensively during the Qing dynasty and the Republican era. China first bought Mannlicher 88 rifles before the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894–1895 and after that started production of the unlicensed Kuaili 1888 Kiangnan copy.[13][14]

Users

  • {{flag|Austria-Hungary}}
  • First Austrian Republic
  • Boers[15]
  • {{flag|Kingdom of Bulgaria}}
  • {{flagcountry|Qing Dynasty}}[16]
  • Republic of China (1912–28)[17]
  • {{flag|Chile}}[18]
  • {{flag|Czechoslovakia}}
  • Sudeten German Party
  • {{flag|Ecuador}}[19]
  • {{flag|Ethiopian Empire}}[6]
  • {{flag|Nazi Germany}}: Used by Volkssturm.[20]
  • {{flag|Kingdom of Greece}}: Captured from Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War and at the end of World War I.[5][10]
  • Haganah[21]
  • {{flag|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)|name=Kingdom of Hungary}}
  • {{flag|India}}[6][22]
  • {{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}[6][1][23]
  • {{flagcountry|Qajar dynasty}}
  • {{flag|Philippines}}[2]
  • {{flag|Second Polish Republic}}
  • Kingdom of Romania: Before Second Balkan War Romania bought circa 60.000 Mannlicher M.90 and M.95.[24]
  • {{flag|Russian Empire}}
  • Soviet Russia
  • {{flag|Kingdom of Serbia}}[25]
  • Kingdom of Siam : According to Steyr sales records, 15,000 M1888 rifles were furnished to Siam, most in the 1890s. Some may have been used items, sold from Austrian military stocks.[26][27]
  • {{flag|Spain}}
  • Second Spanish Republic[28][29]
  • {{flag|United Kingdom}} : Captured in Ethiopia, used by African or Indian troops in Garrison/Guard duties in Abyssinia in the 1941-42 period, and then ended up (along with all the rest of the captured Equipment) in India, the more modern rifles (M95s and Carcanos) and MGs, going to front line training ( Burma Front) and the rest (like M88) to straight training units and guard duty in the boonies of India.[6][30]
  • {{flag|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}}

References

1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.euroarms.net/ExordTextIT/SchedeUltimiArrivi/Mann1888.htm |title=Fucile Mannlicher 1888 |publisher=Euroarms.net |date= |accessdate=2018-07-24}}
2. ^1 citation?
3. ^ {{dead link|date=July 2018}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://ossow1920.pl/index.php/aktualnosci/biezace-wydarzenia/99-bron-strzelecka-wojska-polskiego-w-wojnie-polsko-bolszewickiej|title=Broń strzelecka polskiego wojska w wojnie polsko-bolszewickiej|website=ossow1920.pl}}
5. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://gunsmagazine.com/weapons-of-the-greco-turkish-war/|title=Weapons Of The Greco-Turkish War Part 1Guns Magazine.com - Guns Magazine.com|website=gunsmagazine.com}}
6. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://forums.gunboards.com/showthread.php?401802-M88-90-Mannlicher-find-AOI-and-British|title=M88/90 Mannlicher find. AOI and British?|website=forums.gunboards.com}}{{unreliable source|date=February 2019}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.cz/books?id=uKHvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT28&lpg=PT28&dq=Ethiopian+Empire+rifles+Mannlicher&source=bl&ots=Df8efwILza&sig=zOCAOvmlci4s8kqHryp7HmLCYtQ&hl=cs&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI6M74ipzUAhVF7hoKHZDHDycQ6AEISjAG#v=onepage&q=Ethiopian+Empire+rifles+Mannlicher&f=false|title=The Italian Invasion of Abyssinia 1935–36|first=David|last=Nicolle|date=20 July 2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|via=Google Books}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.cz/books?id=ycn33iBYq74C&pg=PA20&lpg=PA20&dq=Ethiopian+Empire+rifles+Mannlicher&source=bl&ots=O1Cen9KtG-&sig=tS5mW6KXts09ZHWv1LqS4NYVxhw&hl=cs&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI6M74ipzUAhVF7hoKHZDHDycQ6AEIRTAF#v=onepage&q=Ethiopian+Empire+rifles+Mannlicher&f=false|title=Mussolini's War: Fascist Italy’s Military Struggles from Africa and Western Europe to the Mediterranean and Soviet Union 1935-45|first=Frank|last=Joseph|date=6 May 2010|publisher=Helion and Company|via=Google Books}}
9. ^http://www.carbinesforcollectors.com/spanishcivilwar1.html
10. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Part+I+of+the+greek+civil+war+the+first+battles+of+the+%22cold+war%22:...-a0362777359|title=Part I of the greek civil war the first battles of the "cold war": partisan groups in Greece were as eager or more to fight each other as the Germans. Even before the Nazis were gone, civil war was underway. - Free Online Library|website=www.thefreelibrary.com}}
11. ^ {{dead link|date=July 2018}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://gunbg.com/index.php?topic=6494.0|title=Вход|website=gunbg.com}}
13. ^ {{dead link|date=July 2018}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mh.sinica.edu.tw/MHDocument/PublicationDetail/PublicationDetail_1079.pdf |title=Info |website=www.mh.sinica.edu.tw |format=PDF}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tactical-life.com/firearms/second-boer-war-rifles/#mannlicher-m1888-1888-90.|title=6 Rifles Used by the Afrikaners During the Second Boer War|date=17 April 2017|publisher=}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aagaines.com/ebinventory/1886austrianchimarked.html|title=Antique 1886 Austrian Chinese Marked|website=www.aagaines.com}}
17. ^{{cite book|author=Philip S. Jowett|title=Chinese Warlord Armies, 1911–30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LySnPLAzQagC&pg=PA43|year=2010|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-84908-402-4|pages=43–}}
18. ^{{cite book|author=John Walter|title=Rifles of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq2Dnj4sDZIC&pg=PA300|accessdate=8 September 2014|date=25 March 2006|publisher=Krause Publications|isbn=0-89689-241-7|pages=263–271}}
19. ^{{cite book|author=Robert W.D. Ball|title=Mauser Military Rifles of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p40IsLJv80AC&pg=PA127|date=2 August 2011|publisher=Gun Digest Books|isbn=1-4402-1544-8|page=127|ref=harv}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Small+arms+of+the+Deutscher+Volkssturm+part+I:+Nazi+leaders,+many+of...-a0247740935|title=Small arms of the Deutscher Volkssturm part I: Nazi leaders, many of whom already had their tickets punched for Argentina, preached last-ditch resistance to the German people, and provided a motley assortment of tools for the purpose. - Free Online Library|website=www.thefreelibrary.com}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.uzitalk.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-26278.html|title=Israeli Small Arms IDF issue weapons [Archive] - UZI Talk Forums|website=www.uzitalk.com}}{{unreliable source|date=February 2019}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=https://forums.gunboards.com/showthread.php?659665-Mannlicher-88-90-stock-markings}}{{unreliable source|date=February 2019}}
23. ^http://www.hungariae.com/Mann95It.htm
24. ^{{cite book|author=Philip Jowett|title=Armies of the Balkan Wars 1912-13: The priming charge for the Great War|date=20 March 2012|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-78096-528-4|page=24}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://tributetomichaelkreca.blogspot.cz/2006/05/rifles-of-yugoslavia-and-serbia_14.html|title=Tribute to Michael Kreca: The Rifles of Yugoslavia and Serbia|website=tributetomichaelkreca.blogspot.cz}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://worldbayonets.com/Bayonet_Identification_Guide/Siam__Thailand_/siam_2.html|title=Bayonets of Siam (Thailand)|website=worldbayonets.com}}
27. ^{{cite magazine|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Siamese+Thai:+Military+Rifle+cartridges.-a0342772783|title=Siamese Thai: Military Rifle cartridges.|via=thefreelibrary.com|first=Paul|last= Scarlata|magazine=Shotgun News|date=September 2013}}
28. ^{{cite book|title=The Spanish Civil War 1936–39 (2): Republican Forces|series=Men-at-Arms 498|first= Alejandro |last=de Quesada|date=20 Jan 2015|isbn=9781782007852|publisher=Osprey Publishing|page=38|url=https://books.google.cz/books?id=FcenCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38&dq=Mannlicher+1888+spanish+civil+war&source=bl&ots=PxyRUtVSGU&sig=aImmTSp-HlBZAuswvsPN_Y6xN0g&hl=cs&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSpPrG6ZnUAhWFnBoKHQM1DiUQ6AEIVDAJ#v=onepage&q=Mannlicher+1888+spanish+civil+war&f=false}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.forgottenweapons.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Small-Arms-of-the-Spanish-Civil-War.pdf |title=Small arms of the Spanish Civil War |website=www.forgottenweapons.com |format=PDF}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://forums.gunboards.com/showthread.php?10602-quot-AOI-quot-marked-Mannlicher-M1888-and-the-Meaning-of-quot-St-91-quot|title="AOI"-marked Mannlicher M1888 and the Meaning of "St. 91"|website=forums.gunboards.com}}{{unreliable source|date=February 2019}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.militaryrifles.com/Austria/88Mann.htm |title=8 x 50 R Mannlicher - www.militaryrifles.com/Austria/88Mann.htm |publisher=militaryrifles.com |accessdate=22 November 2013}}

{{commons category|Mannlicher M1888}}{{WWIAus-HunInfWeaponsEquipment}}{{Steyr Mannlicher}}

7 : 8 mm firearms|Straight-pull rifles|Rifles of Austria|World War I Austro-Hungarian infantry weapons|Mannlicher rifles|Firearms by Ferdinand Mannlicher|1888 introductions
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