词条 | Silybum |
释义 |
| name = Milk thistle | image = Silybum marianum 2004.jpg | image_caption = Silybum marianum | taxon = Silybum | authority = Vaill. 1754 not Silybon Adans. 1764 | type_species_authority = L. | type_species = Carduus marianus[1] | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision =
|synonyms_ref = [1] |synonyms = Silybon Adans., alternate spelling }}Silybum (milk thistle) is a genus of two species of thistles in the daisy family.[2][3] The plants are native to the Mediterranean regions of Europe,[4] North Africa, and the Middle East. One species has been introduced elsewhere, including in North America.[5] The name "milk thistle" derives from a feature of the leaves, which are prominently banded with splashes of white. Historically, these milky bands were said to be Mother Mary's milk, and this is the origin of another common name, St. Mary's thistle. The most widespread species is Silybum marianum.[6] Claims have been made since ancient times{{when|date=April 2018}}{{where|date=April 2018}} that the active flavanoid-lignan (flavanolignan) group of constituents, called silymarin, contained only in the seed shell has liver-protective and regenerative properties, as well as antioxidant effects. Chemical, pharmacological, and safety research started in Germany in the 1950s{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}. In 2007, a Cochrane review of the research literature found that in clinical trials using high-quality methods, there was no significant medical improvement from milk thistle for patients with alcoholic or Hepatitis B or C liver disease.[8] Description and classificationMembers of this genus grow as annual or biennial plants. The erect stem is tall, branched and furrowed but not spiny. The large, alternate leaves are waxy-lobed, toothed and thorny, as in other genera of thistle. The lower leaves are cauline (attached to the stem without petiole). The upper leaves have a clasping base. They have large, disc-shaped pink-to-purple, rarely white, solitary flower heads at the end of the stem. The flowers consist of tubular florets. The phyllaries under the flowers occur in many rows, with the outer row with spine-tipped lobes and apical spines. The fruit is a black achene with a white pappus.[7]
The two species hybridise naturally, the hybrid being known as Silybum × gonzaloi Cantó, Sánchez Mata & Rivas Mart. (S. eburneum var. hispanicum x S. marianum)
Claims of health benefitsFor many centuries extracts of milk thistle have been recognized as "liver tonics." [12] Milk thistle has been reported to have protective effects on the liver and to greatly improve its function. It is typically used to treat liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis (liver inflammation), toxin-induced liver damage including the prevention of severe liver damage from Amanita phalloides ('death cap' mushroom poisoning), and gallbladder disorders.[11][13] Reviews of the literature covering clinical studies of silymarin vary in their conclusions. A review examining studies with a double-blind protocol concluded that milk thistle and its derivatives has no significant effect on mortality or course of disease in individuals with alcoholic and/or hepatitis B or C disease.[14] See also
References1. ^Tropicos search for Silybum 2. ^1 Tropicos, Silybum Vaill. 3. ^Vaillant, Sébastien. 1754. Der Konigl. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Paris Physische Abhandlungen 5: 173, 605 4. ^{{cite news | title =Herbs At A Glance – Milk Thistle |newspaper =National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health | location= | pages =| publisher = | date=| url =http://nccih.nih.gov/health/milkthistle/ataglance.htm| accessdate =2 December 2012 }} 5. ^http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=130368 6. ^Altervista Flora Italiana, Cardo mariano, Blessed Milkthistle, Variegated Thistle, silybe de Marie, Mariendistel, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. includes photos and distribution maps 7. ^Flora of North America, Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 164, Blessed milkthistle, Silybum marianum (Linnaeus) Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 378. 1791. 8. ^The Plant List search for Silybum 9. ^1 Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20150115023006/http://dixon.iplantcollaborative.org/CompositaeWeb/Default.aspx?Page=NameSearch&searchText=Silybum&searchField=NameFull |date=2015-01-15 }} 10. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Rainone | first1 = F | year = 2005 | title = Milk thistle | url = | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 72 | issue = | pages = 1285–1288 }} 11. ^1 {{cite journal | last1 = Greenlee | first1 = H | last2 = Abascal | first2 = K | last3 = Yarnel | first3 = E | last4 = Ladas | first4 = E | year = 2007 | title = Clinical applications of Silybum marianum in oncology | url = | journal = Integrative Cancer Therapies | volume = 6 | issue = | pages = 158–165 | doi=10.1177/1534735407301727 | pmid=17548794}} 12. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Gazák R, Walterová D, Kren V |title=Silybin and silymarin—new and emerging applications in medicine |journal=Curr. Med. Chem. |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=315–38 |year=2007 |pmid=17305535 |doi=10.2174/092986707779941159}} 13. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Tamayo | first1 = C | last2 = Diamond | first2 = S | year = 2007 | title = Review of clinical trials evaluating safety and efficacy of milk thistle (Silybum marianum [L.] Gaertn.) | url = | journal = Integrative Cancer Therapies | volume = 6 | issue = | pages = 146–157 | doi=10.1177/1534735407301942 | pmid=17548793}} 14. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Rambaldi A, Jacobs BP, Gluud C |title=Milk thistle for alcoholic and/or hepatitis B or C virus liver diseases |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=4 |pages=CD003620 |year=2007 |pmid=17943794 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003620.pub3 |url= |editor1-last=Rambaldi |editor1-first=Andrea}} External links{{Commons category|Silybum}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q1521997}} 3 : Silybum|Medicinal plants|Asteraceae genera |
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