| 词条 | Maria Antonina Kratochwil |
| 释义 |
| name = Blessed Maria Anna Kratochwil | image = Blessed Maria Antonina Kratochwil.jpg | caption = Roman Catholic nun, Maria Antonina Kratochwil, forbidden by the Soviet authorities in 1939 to wear a religious habit | birth_date = {{birth date|1881|08|21|df=y}} | birth_place = Ostrava, Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic) | death_date = {{death date and age|1942|10|02|1881|08|21|df=y}} | death_place = Stanisławów, occupied Poland | beatified_date = June 13, 1999 | beatified_place = Warsaw, Poland | beatified_by = Pope John Paul II }}Maria Antonina Kratochwil (21 August 1881 – 7 October 1942)[1] was beatified by Pope John Paul II as one of the 108 Martyrs of World War II.[1] She tried to help the Jews survive during the Holocaust.[2] A member of the School Sisters of Notre Dame residing in the Kresy region of the Polish Second Republic before the war began; she was arrested along with her nuns by Nazi Germans a year after Operation Barbarossa of the 1941, and singled out for anti-Nazi activities. She was severely beaten while in prison, contracted typhus, and died upon her hasty release.[3] LifeMaria Antonina was born in Witkowice near Ostrava where her parents arrived in 1879 from Węgierska Górka in the Austrian Partition in search of sustenance; her father worked at a foundry.[4] In 1885 the family returned to her mother's hometown in Węgierska Górka close to Żywiec, and settled in Bielsko nearby.[5] In 1901 Maria Antonina entered the Congregation of School Sisters of Notre Dame, a worldwide Roman Catholic order devoted to providing primary, secondary, and post-secondary education. She passed her maturation exams in 1906,[7] and became a professed sister. Ten years before the rebirth of sovereign Poland Kratochwil was sent to Karviná near Cieszyn to teach at a Polish elementary school,[4] twice: between 1906–09, and 1910–17. Already in independent Poland she settled in Lwów in the Kresy region where she taught until 1925. She served as director of Catholic boarding school there in 1925–32; relocated to the town of Tłumacz to train other sisters as teachers, and returned to Lwów, where she was appointed director of a school for candidates in 1931–39.[5] World War IIFollowing the Soviet invasion of Poland at the beginning of World War II, the NKVD authorities closed down the Polish schools in Lwów and dismissed the sisters. Maria Antonina relocated with her nuns to Mikuliczyn in December 1939 (or February 1940).[5][7] The Soviets raided the convent in Mikuliczyn, nationalized it, and expelled the nuns; they were prohibited from wearing their religious habits ever again. Lwów was taken over by the Germans in June 1941 at the onset of Operation Barbarossa. A year later, Sister Kratochwil was arrested by the Gestapo on 9 July 1942, along with six other nuns, and thrown into prison in Stanisławów (present-day Ivano-Frankivsk, western Ukraine), a provincial capital with a large Polish Jewish population entrapped in the Stanisławów Ghetto. The nuns were kept in a cell with dozens of other women.[4] Sister Kratochwil intervened against the brutal treatment of Jewish female prisoners by the Gestapo office run by the notorious Holocaust perpetrator SS-Hauptsturmführer Hans Krueger.[6] As punishment for her audacity, Kratochwil was subjected to a torturous beating. Returned to the cell all bloodied, she could no longer lie on her back.[4] The six sisters were released at the end of September 1942, after weeks of interrogations.[7] Maria Antonina died from her injuries on 2 October 1942 in a hospital,[7] five days after her release from prison. She was buried in (the no-longer existing) Sapieżyński Cemetery in Stanisławów.[7][5] Sister Kratochwil was declared patron of Shalom at the 3rd International Shalom meeting held in El Salvador in August 2000.[8] A short book was published about her life in 2001.[3] {{quote|Enduring inhumane conditions (hunger, beating, tortures, scoffing) she gave witness to Christian love, faith, and forgiveness; she uplifted her Sisters and lay co-prisoners. Five days after release from prison, she died from the consequence of tortures and the illness of typhus.[5][9]}}Notes1. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20100814183154/http://www.franciscan-sfo.org/sts/Polmart.htm The 108 Polish martyrs.] Secular Franciscan Order via Internet Archive. 2. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20150529153945/http://www.avenueoftherighteous-illinois.org/polishinterfaith.html Avenue of the Righteous (May 4, 2000).] In memory of Sister Maria Antonina Kratochwil and all of the Polish priests and sisters who helped Jews in need. Internet Archive. 3. ^1 {{cite book |author=Amata Kupka |title=Błogosławiona siostra Maria Antonina Kratochwil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67B7AQAACAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Wydaw. Duszpasterstwa Rolników |isbn=978-83-88743-94-8}} 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |title=Bł. Maria Antonina (Maria Anna) Kratochwil (1881, Witkowice - 1942, Stanisławów), męczennica, patronka Zgromadzenia Ubogich Sióstr Szkolnych de Notre Dame, wspomnienie |author=Dekanat konstanciński |location=Konstancin-Jeziorna |publisher=Rzymskokatolicka Parafia pod wezwaniem św. Zygmunta |url=http://www.swzygmunt.knc.pl/SAINTs/HTMs/1002blMARIAANTONINAKRATOCHWILmartyr01.htm |accessdate=15 August 2016}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |title=Blessed Maria Antonina Kratochwil SSND |author=School Sisters of Notre Dame |url=http://www.gerhardinger.org/index.php/justice-peace/shalom-network/patrons-of-shalom/86-blessed-maria-antonina-kratochwil-ssnd |publisher=Generalate, Via della Stazione Aurelia, 95 - 00165 Roma, Italia |quote=Beatified with 108 martyrs of World War II by Pope John Paul II, in Warsaw, on June 13, 1999.}} 6. ^{{cite book |author=Dieter Pohl |title=Hans Krueger and the Murder of the Jews in the Stanislawow Region (Galicia) |url=http://yad-vashem.org.il/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%202292.pdf |format=PDF file from Yad Vashem.org |pages=12/13, 17/18, 21}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |title=Szykanowana przez Sowietów, torturowana przez Niemców. Bł. Maria Antonina Kratochwil |author=Paweł Brojek |date=2 October 2013 |url=https://prawy.pl/3915-szykanowana-przez-sowietow-torturowana-przez-niemcow-bl-maria-antonina-kratochwil/ |publisher=Fundacja 'Edukacja przez media' |accessdate=15 August 2016}} 8. ^{{cite journal |author=Shalom International |title=Blessed Maria Antonina Kratochwil, School Sister of Notre Dame (1881-1942). A Patron of Shalom |publisher=Shalom News North America (SNAC) |url=http://files.ctctcdn.com/5c9328ed001/6df26cbd-a2c5-44bd-9c3a-82ad393dcdd4.pdf |date=September 2015}} 9. ^{{cite web |title=Sr M. Antonina "Maria Anna" Kratochwil |author=AnnieSings |date=16 June 2010 |publisher=Find A Grave Memorial |work=No. 53753361 |url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/53753361}} References
6 : Catholic saints and blesseds of the Nazi era|School Sisters of Notre Dame|Polish beatified people|1881 births|1942 deaths|20th-century Christian nuns |
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