| 词条 | Maria (brigantine) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Maria was a sailing ship wrecked in the Colony of South Australia during July 1840 somewhere near the current site of the town of Kingston SE, South Australia. All 25 survivors of the wreck were massacred by Aboriginal Australians on the Coorong. A punitive expedition, acting under instructions from Governor Gawler which were later found to be unlawful, summarily hanged two presumed culprits. HistoryBackground{{Expand section|date=February 2019|reason=What happened between 1823 in Dublin and 1840 in Adelaide?}}Maria, a 136-ton brigantine, was launched from Grand Canal Dock, Dublin, in 1823.[1]Final voyageMaria left Port Adelaide on 26 June 1840 for Hobart Town, Van Diemens Land, with 25 persons on board, including the captain and his wife. The ship's complement consisted of Captain William Ettrick Smith, his wife, Samuel Denham and Mrs Denham (née Muller) and their five children (Thomas, Andrew, Walter, Fanny, and Anna), and Mrs York (sister of Mr. Denham), who had recently been widowed, and her infant. Also aboard were James Strutt, previously with Lonsdale's Livery Stables and who had been hired as Mrs Denham's servant, George Young Green and Mrs Green, Thomas Daniel and Mrs Daniel, Mr. Murray, plus the ship's mate and crew: John Tegg, John Griffiths, John Deggan, James Biggins, John Cowley, Thomas Rea, George Leigh and James Parsons. During the voyage, the Maria foundered on the Margaret Brock Reef—which is between Cape Willoughby and Cape Jaffa.[1]MassacreThe passengers and crew safely reached land and commenced trekking the Coorong coast towards Encounter Bay, some {{convert|150|km}} to the north. According to a later account,{{Clarify|date=June 2017}} around {{convert|60|km}} from the wreck, in company with some friendly Aboriginal Australians, they came across a track and at once had a dispute as to whether or not to follow it, and decided to split up: Captain Smith and the crew took to the track and most of the passengers continued along the shoreline. Two days later some of this latter group split from the party in the hope of rejoining the Captain. Around this time they were attacked and killed by a group of the Milmenrura (or "Big Murray Tribe"), stripped of their possessions and buried in the sand.[2] Such detail of how the Maria survivors came to be widely separated into three groups can only be supposition, as none lived to tell the tale. ResponseWord of murders of some white people by natives reached Adelaide and W. J. S. Pullen, some sailors and three Aboriginal interpreters set out to investigate on 28 July, and on 30 July reached a massacre site, recovering two wedding rings. On 1 August, they encountered a group of Aboriginal Australians in possession of blankets and clothing. They returned to Adelaide with the rings which were identified as belonging to Mrs York and Mrs Denham.[3] Major O'Halloran was commissioned to investigate further and left Adelaide on 15 August. Reinforcements were called for and on 22 August, O'Halloran left Goolwa with a mounted troop, including Alexander Tolmer, Captain Henry Nixon, Charles Bonney, and William Pullen following the coast, while boats sailed parallel. On 23 August the force ran into a number of Aboriginal Australians and rounded up 13 men, 2 boys and 50 women and children. He shackled the men and set the others free, though they voluntarily remained nearby.[4]In his report, O'Halloran stated that they yielded up the man who had killed a whaler named Roach some two years previously, and pointed out where one of the Maria murderers could be found. O'Halloran pronounced a death sentence on them. Two Aboriginal Australians who tried to escape by swimming were shot and wounded. Maria's log-book was recovered in one of their wurleys, as were numerous articles of clothing, some blood-stained and other incriminating evidence. At 3.00pm on 25 August, the two condemned men were summarily hanged from sheaoaks near the graves.[4] O'Halloran was not exceeding his brief; in fact he was following his instructions from Governor Gawler to the letter. His instructions were: "...when to your conviction you have identified any number, not exceeding three, of the actual murderers...you will there explain to the blacks the nature of your conduct ...and you will deliberately and formally cause sentence of death to be executed by shooting or hanging"[5] In Australia, little blame was apportioned to O'Halloran for his part in this affair; not so for Governor Gawler, who was severely criticized by sections of the press, notably the Register.[12] In London, the Colonial Office was of the opinion that both Gawler and O'Halloran were liable to be tried for murder.[6] The Aborigines' Protection Society roundly condemned Gawler's actions.[6] The Society also questioned the legality of the actions; the Chief Justice, though, was of the opinion that South Australian law could not be applied, because the tribe had not pledged allegiance to the Crown.[7] The controversy may have played a part in Gawler's recall, some months later. On 10 April 1841, Richard Penny was guided by members of the Tonkinya tribe to a spot where they promised the remains of a drowned white man were buried. He believed it would be of Captain Collet Barker, who was speared to death in the same area on 30 April 1831. They found instead the bodies of four of the five from Maria that were still unaccounted for; one drowned and four bashed to death. The Aboriginal Australians told him how the massacre followed the shipwrecked party's refusal to hand over clothing that they considered their just entitlement for guiding, sustaining and carrying the children across their land. The Maria party had promised any amount of blankets and clothing from Adelaide when they returned, but this did not satisfy the Aboriginal Australians and a fight eventuated.[8] AfterwardsMaria's hull was never found, though pieces of wreckage were washed ashore at Lacepede Bay. A cannon reported to have belonged to the Maria and which "was probably carried for the look of the thing or for signalling" was purchased from the Lee family of Middleton by D. H. Cudmore around 1914 as a garden feature for his home "Adare" in Victor Harbor, South Australia, then as a family tradition fired to welcome each New Year.[9] A plaque commemorating the wreck of Maria was unveiled at Kingston SE on 18 February 1966.[10]See also
Notes
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|title=Shipwreck - Maria|url=https://dmzapp17p.ris.environment.gov.au/shipwreck/public/wreck/wreck.do?key=5565|website= Australian National Shipwreck Database|publisher=Australian Government|accessdate=30 September 2018}} 2. ^* Noble, Captain John 1970), Hazards of the Sea: Three Centuries of Challenge in Southern Waters, Sydney: Angus and Robertson. {{ISBN|0 207 12070 6}} 3. ^{{cite news|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/71619764|title=Supposed Wreck and Murder at Encounter Bay|date=14 August 1840|newspaper=The Southern Australian|accessdate=30 September 2018|via= Trove|page=2}} Pullen's journal, 28 July to 3 August. 4. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/12865952 |title=Late Shipwreck and Murders at Encounter Bay |newspaper=The Sydney Herald |date=8 October 1840 |accessdate=30 September 2018 |page=3 | via= Trove}} 5. ^{{cite news |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/71619994 |title=Major O'Halloran's Instructions and Execution of two Natives at Encounter Bay |newspaper=The Southern Australian|date=15 September 1840 |accessdate=30 September 2018 |page=3 | via= Trove}} 6. ^1 2 Foster R., Nettelbeck A. (2011), Out of the Silence, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=r9ETLG_aKbkC&pg=PA27 p. 27-32] (Wakefield Press). 7. ^{{cite news |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/108085152 |title=A Famous Wreck |newspaper=The Evening News |date=5 October 1895 |accessdate=29 May 2013 |page=1 Supplement: Evening News Supplement | via= Trove}} This reference quite credibly states the bodies were stuffed down wombat holes, where others coyly refer to "shallow graves"; it is also one of the few to touch on the contentious possibility of cannibalism. 8. ^{{cite news |url= https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/71614477 |title=The Milmenrura Murders |newspaper=The Southern Australian |date=23 April 1841 |accessdate=30 September 2018 |page=2 |via= Trove}} 9. ^{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58632076 |title=From Rosaline's Notebook |newspaper=The Mail |location=Adelaide |date=10 February 1934 |accessdate=28 May 2013 |page=16 |publisher=National Library of Australia}} 10. ^{{Citation | author1=National Trust of South Australia. Kingston Branch | title=Souvenir of the occasion of the unveiling of the plaque commemorating the loss of the brigantine "Maria", 1840 : Friday, February 18, 1966 | publication-date=1966 | publisher=Kingston Branch of the National Trust of South Australia | url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/35575352 | accessdate=23 November 2015 }} 11. ^{{cite book|title=The Book of the Murray|editor=G. V. Lawrence and Graeme Kinross Smith|author=H. A. Lindsay|chapter=Ch. 11: Aborigines in the Murray Valley|publisher=Rigby Publishers |date=1975|ISBN=0 85179 917 5}} Further reading
External links
6 : Shipwrecks of South Australia|Massacres in Australia|Brigantines of Australia|Maritime incidents in June 1840|Australian frontier wars|Aborigines in South Australia |
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