“Maria José Martínez-Patiño”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Martínez-Patiño was dismissed after a competition that would have set her up for participation at the 1988 Summer Olympics.^[4] She was shamed publicly when she participated in a hurdles event in the Spanish national championships in 1986, but fought the loss of her IAAF license successfully and was able to compete for participation in the 1992 Olympics. Since then she has written about her experience, and her test and its fallout has become a highly publicized and frequently cited case concerning sex testing as well as the privacy of athletes.^[5]

Athletic career

Martínez-Patiño participated in the 100 metres hurdles, where her best time is 13.71 (Madrid 1983). Her best performance in international competition was 13.78, at the 1983 World Championships in Athletics in Helsinki.^[6]

Gender testing

Martínez-Patiño is a 46,XY woman^[7] who has androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS).^[8] She passed a gender test in 1983 at the IAAF World Championships, and received her "certificate of femininity".^[7] However, she failed the sex chromatin test in 1985, and thus was ruled ineligible to participate in women's athletics. The test was taken during the 1985 World University Games in Kobe, Japan; that she had to take it was the result of her having forgotten to bring the result from a test two years before, which she passed.^[1]^[8] The sex chromatin test was, at the time, the first step in the gender verification process, and not intended to provide a definitive and final decision, but officials from the International Olympic Committee and the International Association of Athletics Federations routinely advised athletes to fake an injury after such a test so they could withdraw from competition quietly and protect their privacy.{{#tag:ref|The public humiliation of Ewa Kłobukowska, a Polish sprinter who had been declared a man in 1967, caused an outcry which led to a change in IOC policy.^[9]|group=note}} This is what Martínez-Patiño was advised to do, and she complied.^[10] Two months later she received a letter that classified her as male, citing her karyotype, 46,XY, though any perceived advantage she could be said to have is negated by her AIS: "she was disqualified for an advantage that she did not have".^[7]

In 1986, she entered the 60 metres hurdles event in the Spanish national championships but was told that she could either withdraw quietly or be denounced in public. She competed and won, and was punished in the Spanish press. She lost her scholarship and her athletic residency, besides paying a high personal price by losing her privacy and her fiancé. She continued to fight her expulsion: in 1988 she was defended by the genetic scientist Albert de la Chapelle;{{#tag:ref|De la Chappelle was an avowed critic of the testing performed by the IAAF,^[7] having written in JAMA in 1986 that "the present screening method is both inaccurate and discriminatory".^[11]|group=note}} and her IAAF license was restored three months later. She tried to qualify for the 1992 Olympics, but fell short by one-tenth of a second.^[7]

Published works

Martínez-Patiño described her experience in "Personal Account: A woman Tried and Tested", published by The Lancet in 2005.^[12] In "Reexamining Rationales of 'Fairness': An Athlete and Insider's Perspective on the New Policies on Hyperandrogenism in Elite Female Athletes" published by the American Journal of Bioethics in 2012, Martínez-Patiño and co-author Hida Viloria discussed current sex testing practices in sport.^[13]

See also

Notes

Explanatory notes

1. ^¹{{cite news|url=http://www.outsports.com/2011/9/7/4051788/moment-27-maria-jose-martinez-patino-kicked-off-spanish-track-team|title=Moment #27: María José Martínez-Patiño kicked off Spanish track team, titles stripped|last=Zeigler|first=Cyd|date=7 September 2011|work=Outsports|accessdate=2 March 2015}}
2. ^{{cite news |author=Ruth Padawer |title=The Humiliating Practice of Sex-Testing Female Athletes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/03/magazine/the-humiliating-practice-of-sex-testing-female-athletes.html?_r=0 |quote= |newspaper=New York Times |date=June 28, 2016 }}
3. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/athletics/43890575 |title=Caster Semenya expected to be affected by IAAF rule changes |newspaper=BBC Sport| accessdate=26 April 2018|date=2018-04-26 }}
4. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/30/science/la-sci-olympics-gender-20120730|title=Olympic Games and the tricky science of telling men from women|last=Bardin|first=Jon|date=30 July 2012|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=2 March 2015}}
5. ^{{cite book|last=Ferrante|first=Joan|title=Sociology: A Global Perspective, Enhanced|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AwnIIXI6y38C&pg=PA268|year=2010|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=9780840032041|page=268}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/spain/maria-jose-martinez-patino-268639|title=Athlete profile for María José Martinez Patino|publisher=International Association of Athletics Federations|accessdate=2 March 2015}}
7. ^¹²³{{cite book|last=Schultz|first=Jaime|title=Qualifying Times: Points of Change in U.S. Women's Sport|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-7kAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA112|year=2014|publisher=U of Illinois P|isbn=9780252095962|pages=111–112}}
8. ^¹{{cite book|last=Ljungqvist|first=A.|editor=Barbara L. Drinkwater|title=The Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine: An IOC Medical Commission Publication, Women in Sport|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rPXr-0PUk5gC&pg=PA186|accessdate=2 March 2015|date=2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470756850|pages=183–193|chapter=Gender Verification}}
9. ^{{cite book|last=Schultz|first=Jaime|editor=Helen Jefferson Lenskyj|others=Stephen Wagg|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Olympic Studies|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=buIzAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA449|accessdate=2 March 2015|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780230367463|pages=443–60|chapter=Disciplining Sex: 'Gender Verification' Policies and Women's Sports}}
10. ^¹{{cite book|last=Cole|first=Cheryl L.|editor=Kay Schaffer|others=Sidonie Smith|title=The Olympics at the Millennium: Power, Politics, and the Games|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMzYdZpk8qMC&pg=PA138|accessdate=2 March 2015|year=2000|publisher=Rutgers UP|isbn=9780813528205|pages=128–146|chapter=One Chromosome Too Many?}}
11. ^{{cite journal|last=Wiesemann|first=Claudia|year=2011|title=Is there a right not to know one's sex? The ethics of 'gender verification' in women's sports competition|journal=Journal of Medical Ethics|volume=37|issue=4|pages=216–220|doi=10.1136/jme.2010.039081|jstor=23034791|pmid=21367768}}
12. ^{{Cite journal| pages = 366–538| last = Martínez-Patiño| first = Maria José| title = Personal Account: A woman Tried and Tested| journal = The Lancet| date = December 2005| doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67841-5| volume=366| pmid=16360746}}
13. ^{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/15265161.2012.680543| pmid = 22694024| issn = 1526-5161| volume = 12| issue = 7| pages = 17–19| last1 = Viloria| first1 = Hida Patricia|authorlink1=Hida Viloria| last2 = Martínez-Patino| first2 = Maria Jose| title = Reexamining Rationales of 'Fairness': An Athlete and Insider's Perspective on the New Policies on Hyperandrogenism in Elite Female Athletes| journal = The American Journal of Bioethics| date = July 2012}}