“Singapore Police Force”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Singapore Police Force (Abbreviation: SPF; {{lang-ms|Pasukan Polis Singapura}}; {{zh|c=新加坡警察部队}}; {{lang-ta|சிங்கப்பூர் காவல் துறை}}) is the main government agency tasked with maintaining law and order in the island city-state.^[3] Formerly known as the Republic of Singapore Police (RSP; {{lang-ms|Polis Republik Singapura}}), it has grown from an 11-man organisation to a 38,587 strong force. Singapore has been ranked consistently in the top five positions in the Global Competitiveness Report in terms of its reliability of police services.^[4]^[5]^[6]

The organisational structure of the SPF is split between the staff and line functions, roughly modeled after the military. There are currently 17 staff departments, 3 specialist staff departments and 17 specialist and line units, including 7 land divisions. The headquarters is located in a block at New Phoenix Park in Novena, adjacent to a twin block occupied by the Ministry of Home Affairs.^[7]

History

The Singapore Police Force is almost as old as modern Singapore. The Force was formed in 1820,^[8] with a skeleton force of 11 men under the command of Francis James Bernard, son-in-law of William Farquhar. With no background nor knowledge on policing, Bernard had to work from scratch, as well as occasionally turning to Farquhar for help. In addition, he held multiple roles as magistrate, chief jailer, harbour master, marine storekeeper, as well as personal assistants to Farquhar. Farquhar informed Raffles that he had provisionally introduced licences for opium and alcohol sales that would raise $650 per month, with $300 of this sum being used to run a small police department.^[9]

As the department took form, Bernard became in charge of a Malay writer, one jailor, one jemadar (sergeant) and eight peada (constables) by May 1820.^[8] Raffles approved these arrangements by August 1820, and cemented the formal establishment of a police force in Singapore.^[10] Manpower constraints meant that the men had to perform a wide range of roles, and required the help of headmen among the various ethnic communities to maintain orderliness on the streets, all the more possible as the communities lived in segregated areas around the city.

This partnership with the community was in line with Sir Stamford Raffles' vision of a thriving colony largely self-regulated by local social structures, with the British masters administrating it via indirect rule. The large influx of migrants from China, however, began to test this system when the hands-off approach by the British allowed secret societies in Singapore to thrive. Although originally formed with legal intentions of community bonding and the provision of assistance to fellow migrants, these societies gradually became influential, competitive, and increasingly engaged in illegal activity including monetary extortion from the masses, the operation of gambling dens, and the smuggling of illegal goods on top of more legal commercial operations to meet their financial needs.

Competition gradually heated up between large rival factions, such as that between the larger Ghee Hin Kongsi, the Ghee Hock Kongsi and the Hai San Kongsi. Murders, mass riots, kidnappings, arson and other serious crimes became commonplace in the next four decades since the colony's founding. Faced with violent acts of crime which may involve thousands, such as the Chinese Funeral Procession Riots of 1846 involving 9,000 members from the Ghee Hin and Ghee Hock secret societies, the police force was woefully incapable of bringing the situation under control, and often had to call in the army for assistance. The escalating number of serious crimes prompted the need for stronger legislation to deter would-be criminals. Singapore's first executions were thus held in the wake of the first criminal session in June 1828, when a Chinese and Indian were found guilty and convicted for murder.

Headed by Europeans and predominantly staffed by Malay and Indian officers, the force had little Chinese representation as the military and policing professionals were traditionally shunned by the Chinese community, which therefore impaired policing efforts among the large Chinese populace. In 1843, the force comprised a sitting magistrate doubling up as a superintendent, three European constables and an assistant native constable, 14 officers and 110 policemen. With a total strength of no more than 150 men, the police was compelled to avoid direct intervention in these mass acts of violence, else risking almost total annihilation.

A repeat of this scenario occurred in 1851, when lingering displeasure against Roman Catholic ethnic Chinese erupted into major rioting leaving over 500 Chinese dead. The army was called in again, although it involved having to induct Indian convicts into military service almost overnight. In 1854, twelve consecutive days of violence sparked by a dispute between the Hokkiens and Teochews disrupted trade. This particular incident led to the formation of the military's Singapore Rifle Corps on 8 July 1854, the earliest predecessor of the Singapore Armed Forces' People's Defence Force today.

However, criminal violence was not merely in the domain of the ethnic Chinese. Rivalries between Malay princes and communities also often result in acts of violence, which prompted the passing of Singapore's first arms law in March 1823 restricting the right to bear arms to 24 of the Malay Sultan's followers. Nearly two centuries later, these anti-arms laws continue to be strictly enforced, resulting in a society relatively free from firearms-related criminal offences.^[11]Murder rate in Singapore is reportedly low.^[12]

Organisational structure

Leadership

Staff departments

Specialist staff departments

Specialist and land units

Finances

The Singapore Police Force receives the highest budget allocation annually as compared to the various departments of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), typically accounting for about 50% of its annual budget. For the fiscal year of 2013 (for the year beginning 1 April 2013), S$3.89 billion was budgeted to the MHA, of which 47.8%, or S$1.86 billion was allocated for the Police Programme. Actual expenses in the 2013 fiscal year was S$2.04 billion, of which S$1.88 billion was spent on operating expenditure (against the budgeted S$1.79 billion) and S$159.1 million on development expenditure (budgeted at $71.83 million).^[34] Manpower costs amounting to S$1.16 billion continue to dominate the SPF's expenditure, accounting for 61.7% of its operating expenditure and 56.9% of total expenditure in FY2013.^[34]

The latest budget for fiscal year 2015, S$2.47 billion was allocated to the Police Programme,^[34] or 49.5% of MHA's total budget of S$5 billion (the Ministry of Defence, in comparison, received a S$13.12 billion budget allocation).^[35] This includes S$2.26 billion for Operating Expenditure and $210.93 million for Development Expenditure. The main Development Expenditures expected in FY2015 included the construction of new buildings such as the Woodlands Police Divisional HQ as well as the acquisition of new patrol craft for the Police Coast Guard and the installation of police cameras at more HDB blocks and multi-storey car parks.^[36]

Manpower

As of 31 March 2017, the total strength of the force stands at 45,176, of which 16,0253 are full-time staff.^[2] Manpower trends in recent years are as follows:

Regulars

Regulars, or uniformed, full-time officers, constitute about 20% of the police's total workforce and number approximately 9,000 in strength. Basic entry requirements for police officers include normal fitness levels, good eyesight, and at least five passes in the GCE Ordinary level or a NITEC from the Institute of Technical Education, although those with lower qualifications may still be considered.^[37] Those joining the senior police officers require a basic degree from a recognised university.^[38] Alternatively, police officers from the junior ranks may also be considered for promotion into the senior ranks.^[39] Officers serving in the force as national servicemen are also regularly considered for absorption into the regular scheme. Basic training for all officers are conducted at the Home Team Academy, under the purview of the Police Training Command. It takes about six months^[40] and nine months^[41] to train a new police officer and senior police officer respectively.

As is the case with many other civil service positions in Singapore, the salaries of police officers are reviewed in accordance to market rates. Salaries are kept competitive as part of anti-corruption measures. Gross starting salaries for police officers may range from S$1,820 to S$2,480,^[42] and that of senior police officers from S$3,400 to S$4,770,^[43] depending on entry qualifications, relevant/useful work experiences and National Service.

Police officers commence their careers as Sergeants (Full GCE 'A' level or Diploma holders),^[42] while senior police officers start as Inspectors (Bachelor's degree). Reviews of an officer's performance for promotion consideration are conducted annually.

Police National Servicemen (PNS)

When full-time National Service (NS) was first introduced in Singapore in 1967, it was initially solely aimed and geared towards the building-up of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). Meanwhile, in Singapore's police force, NS was not extended to that of compulsory full-time service, with police NS being only part-time, unlike that of the SAF. There was little urgency and pressure for the police force to increase its overall manpower-strength until the Laju incident of 1974, Singapore's first encounter with international terrorism, demonstrated the need for additional trained reserve-officers who could be called up at short-notice in the event of a national crisis or a major and serious public emergency. Singapore's full-time National Service policy was thus extended to the Singapore Police Force in 1975, which stemmed from the then-primary aim of guarding and protecting key and vital public installations, such as sensitive ones like power substations and petro-chemical industries, and to act as a swift-response reserve unit. Subsequent expansion of this NS scheme, along with changing security needs and requirements and the trend in outsourcing key-installation protection (such as to the various local auxiliary police forces) has expanded the role of police national servicemen to more varied functions, which may range from mainstream administration and operations (such as the role of office-based Staff Assistants (SAs)), to basic police investigation (like under the Ground Response Force (GRF) of the SPF's Land Divisions) to frontline policing (as seen in the Police Coast Guard) alongside their regular counterparts.

Volunteers

Formed in 1946, The Volunteer Special Constabulary (VSC) is an important component of the Singapore Police Force, contributing more than fifty years of volunteer service to the nation.^[44]

The VSC is composed of volunteers from all walks of life in Singapore, from businessmen to blue-collar executives to even bus captains, bonded with the same aspiration to serve the nation by complementing the Singapore Police Force. They are vested with equal powers of a police officer to enforce law and order in Singapore. VSC Officers don the same police uniform and patrol the streets, participate in anti-drug operations and sometimes even high-speed sea chases.

Previously headquartered at the Eu Tong Sen Street Police Station and Toa Payoh Police Station, it relocated to the new Police Cantonment Complex in year 2000.

Civilian staff

Civilian staff in the Police Force are deployed in areas such as technology, logistics, human resource and administrative and finance services as well as investigation, planning and intelligence.^[45]

The civilian staff schemes falls under the general civil service schemes managed by the Public Service Division. These schemes include:

The civilization of non-core police functions have accelerated over the years in order to free up additional manpower for redeployment into Police Divisions. Other changes include the deployment of contract staff through organisations such as Ministry of Finance's VITAL.org for administrative staff and partners such as Singapore Technologies and Cyber Security Agency for technical support.

Staff welfare

Uniforms

Dark blue is the organisational colour of the Singapore Police Force, and has remained so continuously since 1969. Derivatives of the standard blue uniform (collectively called the No.3 uniform) was adopted for specialized forces and for all officers in various occasions which calls for more formal or casual attire.

The Traffic Police Department adopted a short-sleeved white tunic, dark blue breeches, a black leather Sam Browne belt, and riding boots for its officers performing mobile squad duties. A white crash helmet is worn when on the move, while a new dark blue jockey cap with chequered white and dark blue patterns around its circumference is worn when convenient while performing static duty. Members of the Vigilante Corps are also attired by a white short-sleeved top similar in design to the dark blue version for normal officers, gold-coloured buttons and badges, and a dark blue beret in place of the peak cap.

Combat uniforms has also been adopted for specialist units such as those from the Special Operations Command and the Police Coast Guard (PCG), collectively known as the No. 4 uniforms. These involve the replacement of metal buttons with sewn-on plastic ones, the avoidance of all other metallic accruements which are deemed potentially hazardous to the officer or to others and the use of long-sleeved shirts.

On 16 April 2018, the SPF introduced new uniforms made of 98% polyester and 2% spandex with better stretchability, perspiration absorption, and faster drying characteristics, as "part of ongoing efforts to improve officers' operational effectiveness and support them in their work". The word "police" is embroidered above the name tag of the new uniforms and the metallic buttons replaced with concealed plastic buttons for better comfort to allow officers put on the body vests over their uniforms. Riveted buttons are also fixed on the shoulders to allow the attachment of a body worn camera.^[46]

Ranks

The rank of corporal (CPL) was abolished in 1972, but reinstated in 1976. In 1997, the location of all rank devices was shifted from the sleeves to the shoulder epaulettes except for the Gurkha Contingent. Also in the same year, the station inspector rank insignia was changed from collar pips to a coat of arms of Singapore with upward-pointing chevrons above and an arc below, a design similar to that of the warrant officers of the Singapore Armed Forces, while the rank of senior station inspector (SSI) was also introduced. In 1998, the senior station inspector (2) (SSI(2)) rank was introduced, and changes were made to the SI, SSI, and SSI(2) rank designs. The rank of lance corporal was abolished in 2002. In 2006, the Gurkha Contingent adopted embroidered ranks as part of an overhaul of its combat dress, but are worn on the right chest pocket.

In July 2016, the a major rank overhaul was undertaken with the removal of the ranks of corporal, staff sergeant, senior station inspector and senior station inspector (2), as well as the removal of the distinction between police officers and senior police officers, to create a unified rank-scheme.^[48] In addition, the sergeant rank has three different grades noted by a number from 1 to 3 placed in parentheses and suffixed to the rank abbreviation; namely, SGT(1), SGT(2), and SGT(3).{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

Equipment

Weapons

Police officers in the various divisions are armed when conducting regular uniformed patrols and plainclothes duties. Officers from different units are issued with different weapons.

The five-shot .38 Taurus Model 85 with 3-inch barrel featuring a laser sight by Crimson Trace is the standard issued sidearm of the Singapore Police Force with 10 rounds of ammunition. From 2016, the CZ P-07 semi-automatic pistol will gradually replace the Taurus Model 85 revolver in front-line policing. Addition to the use of the handguns, Singapore Police Force also uses the Heckler & Koch MP5 sub-machine gun and the Remington 870 shotgun.

Extendable batons were initially used by specialist units such as Security Command and Special Operations Command, however it has since been used by officers from other frontline units, replacing the Monadnock PR-21 side-handle baton. Sabre Red pepper spray canisters are exclusively equipped to the officers of Police Coast Guard and Police Tactical Unit. A pair of handcuffs is issued to the officers as restraints.

The Taser X26E stun gun was procured in late 2000s and is part of the officers' equipment, which provides another non-lethal means of subduing suspects. Despite safety concerns due to incidents experienced by foreign police forces, the weapon was deemed suitable for use by trained personnel, and was rolled out across other NPCs. In 2018, the Taser X26E was replaced with the X26P model.

Vehicles

Land division officers typically patrol and respond to calls in vehicles known as the Fast Response Car (FRC).^[49] Car models that have been used by the SPF include the Subaru Impreza TS 1.6.^[50]

In 2005, the SPF introduced the new Fast Response Vehicle (FRV),^[51] consisting of modified Toyota Hi-Lux sport utility vehicles with a back compartment to carry equipment.^[52]

In 2009, the SPF introduced Forward Command Vehicles.^[53] These were replaced in 2017 by Division Command Vehicles with greater mobility designed to enhance command, control and coordination.^[54] In addition, the SPF introduced new unmanned aerial vehicles with red and blue siren lights, a searchlight, a high-definition camera and an audio warning system. The UAVs are controlled by two-man teams (consisting of a pilot and a safety officer) and are designed to conduct search and rescue operations, attending public order incidents, traffic management, hostage situations and crowd monitoring.^[54]

Police from the Community Policing Units may also patrol in residential neighbourhoods on bicycles.^[55] At the 2007 Singapore National Day Parade, the Singapore Police Force unveiled a Tenix S600 APC (Armored Personnel Carrier) had been purchased for its operations for the Special Operations Command,{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}} and in NDP 2015, the Achleitner HMV Survivor and the Gurkha MPV by Terradyne Armored Vehicles Inc was unveiled.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}

The various specialist units may also make use of other specialised equipment specific to their scope of duty.

Auxiliary police

In Singapore, auxiliary police are security guards appointed under Section 92(1) or (2) of the Police Force Act 2004 and are vested with all the power, protection and immunity of a police officer of corresponding rank and are licensed to carry firearms when carrying out their duties. Auxiliary police officers are full-time employees of companies known as auxiliary police forces (APF), and are not directly affiliated to the SPF. Auxiliary police officers are trained through attending a residential training course, the curriculum of which is set by the Security Industry Regulatory Department, a department of the SPF established by in 2004 to regulate the security industry. After passing the training course and being appointed as auxiliary police, each auxiliary police officer is issued with a warrant card signed by the Commissioner of Police of the SPF.

The first APF originated from the Airport Security Force formed under the Department of Civil Aviation in 1956 to guard and patrol at the former Paya Lebar Airport. In July 1963, it was officially designated as an APF.

In 1965, Malayan Airways formed its own APF as well. In 1967, when Malayan Airways was renamed Malaysia Singapore Airlines (MSA), the Security Department was called MSA Police. When MSA was broken up into Singapore Airlines and Malaysian Airlines System in 1972, the Singapore component of the MSA Police became the SIA Auxiliary Police Force. In 1973, when Singapore Airport Terminal Services (SATS) was incorporated by SIA as a fully owned subsidiary, the SIA Auxiliary Police Force was renamed the SATS Auxiliary Police Force. In 1989, it was restructured as SATS Security Services, a wholly owned subsidiary of SATS Ltd.

In 1972, to meet the need of the commercial world in Singapore for armed guards, till then provided by the SPF's Guards and Escort Unit, the Parliament of Singapore passed an act to spin off the Guards and Escort Unit into a statutory board named the Commercial and Industrial Security Corporation (CISCO).

There were also other auxiliary police forces in Singapore such as the Pulau Bukom Auxiliary Police, CIAS Auxiliary Police (since renamed the Aetos Auxiliary Police Force), and the PSA Auxiliary Police (since merged with Aetos). These auxiliary police forces were granted licences and powers under the Police Force Act to operate only in restricted geographical areas, such as in the ports, airports, or Pulau Bukom Island.

In October 2004, following the enactment of the Police Force Act 2004, these auxiliary police forces were no longer restricted to operate in the airport or seaports and could offer their services throughout the whole island of Singapore.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}

Defunct assets

Defunct divisions and establishments

Land Divisions

Police Coast Guard

Popular media works related to SPF

See also

References

Notes

1. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.hometeam.sg/article.aspx?news_sid=20150803zh5YvZSYMjoP |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924031145/http://www.hometeam.sg/article.aspx?news_sid=20150803zh5YvZSYMjoP |archive-date=24 September 2015 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
2. ^¹{{cite web |title=Singapore Police Force Annual 2014 |url=https://www.police.gov.sg/html/spf/annual/2017/index.html |website=Singapore Police Force |publisher=Singapore Police Force |accessdate=18 November 2018 |page=67}}
3. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.photius.com/countries/singapore/national_security/singapore_national_security_public_order_and_int~1587.html |title=Singapore PUBLIC ORDER AND INTERNAL SECURITY - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System |access-date=15 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117105926/http://www.photius.com/countries/singapore/national_security/singapore_national_security_public_order_and_int~1587.html |archive-date=17 January 2008 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GCR_Report_2011-12.pdf |title=The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 |website=World Economic Forum |accessdate=2 May 2015 |page=332 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701161530/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GCR_Report_2011-12.pdf |archive-date=1 July 2014 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
5. ^{{cite web |title=The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 |url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2012-13.pdf |website=World Economic Forum |accessdate=2 May 2015 |page=335 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224126/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2012-13.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2015 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
6. ^{{cite web |title=The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 |url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2013-14.pdf |website=World Economic Forum |accessdate=2 May 2015 |page=357 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604005151/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/06/12/afx3810988.html |archive-date=4 June 2011 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
7. ^{{cite web |title=New Phoenix Park |url=http://www.mha.gov.sg/About-Us/our-heritage/Pages/our-heritage.aspx#HeritageTabs7 |website=Ministry of Home Affairs |accessdate=2 May 2015 |location=Year 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805103353/https://www.mha.gov.sg/About-Us/our-heritage/Pages/our-heritage.aspx#HeritageTabs7#HeritageTabs7 |archive-date=5 August 2016 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
8. ^¹Farquhar to Raffles, 5 May 1820, L.10, Straits Settlement Records.
9. ^Farquhar to Raffles, 2 November 1819, L. 10, Straits Settlement Records.
10. ^Jennings to Farquhar, 15 August 1820, L. 4, Straits Settlement Records.
11. ^{{cite web |title=Singapore - Gun Facts, Figures and the Law |url=http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/singapore |website=GunPolicy.org |accessdate=2 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430045149/http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/singapore |archive-date=30 April 2015 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
12. ^{{cite news |title=Murder rate low, but S'poreans still rattled |url=http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20110803-292570.html |accessdate=27 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104173354/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20110803-292570.html |archive-date=4 January 2015 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
13. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.sg/sgdi/ministries/mha/departments/spf |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118042256/https://www.gov.sg/sgdi/ministries/mha/departments/spf |archive-date=18 November 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/centre-for-protective-security|title=Centre for Protective Security|website=Singapore Police Force|access-date=30 December 2018}}
15. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/community-partnership-department|title=Community Partnership Department|website=Singapore Police Force|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231221839/https://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/community-partnership-department|archive-date=31 December 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
16. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/digital-transformation-department|title=Digital Transformation Department|last=|first=|date=|website=Singapore Police Force|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=30 December 2018}}
17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/inspectorate-and-compliance-office|title=Inspectorate and Compliance Office|website=Singapore Police Force|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231212526/https://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/inspectorate-and-compliance-office|archive-date=31 December 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
18. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/internal-affairs-office|title=Internal Affairs Office|last=|first=|date=|website=Singapore Police Force|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610073434/http://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/internal-affairs-office|archive-date=10 June 2017|dead-url=no|access-date=30 December 2018|df=dmy-all}}
19. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/international-cooperation-department|title=International Cooperation Department|last=|first=|date=|website=Singapore Police Force|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231105121/https://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/international-cooperation-department|archive-date=31 December 2018|dead-url=no|access-date=30 December 2018|df=dmy-all}}
20. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/manpower-department|title=Manpower Department|last=|first=|date=|website=Singapore Police Force|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230234147/https://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/manpower-department|archive-date=30 December 2018|dead-url=no|access-date=30 December 2018|df=dmy-all}}
21. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/operations-department|title=Operations Department|website=Singapore Police Force|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503174939/http://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/operations-department|archive-date=3 May 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
22. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/planning-and-organisation-department|title=Planning & Organisation Department|website=Singapore Police Force|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231013645/https://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/planning-and-organisation-department|archive-date=31 December 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
23. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/police-licensing-and-regulatory-department|title=Police Licensing and Regulatory Department|website=Singapore Police Force|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525145746/http://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/police-licensing-and-regulatory-department|archive-date=25 May 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
24. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/police-logistics-department|title=Police Logistics Department|website=Singapore Police Force|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231004240/https://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/police-logistics-department|archive-date=31 December 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
25. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/police-national-service-department|title=Police National Service Department|website=Singapore Police Force|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520203033/http://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/police-national-service-department|archive-date=20 May 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
26. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/police-technology-department|title=Police Technology Department|website=Singapore Police Force|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527083206/http://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/police-technology-department|archive-date=27 May 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
27. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/public-affairs-department|title=Public Affairs Department|website=Singapore Police Force|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230234300/https://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/public-affairs-department|archive-date=30 December 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
28. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/service-delivery-department|title=Service Delivery Department|website=Singapore Police Force|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504041759/http://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/service-delivery-department|archive-date=4 May 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
29. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/training-and-capability-development-department|title=Training & Capability Development Department|website=Singapore Police Force|access-date=30 December 2018}}
30. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/volunteer-special-constabulary|title=Volunteer Special Constabulary|website=Singapore Police Force|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231011749/https://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/staff-departments/volunteer-special-constabulary|archive-date=31 December 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
31. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/specialist-staff-departments/commercial-affairs-department|title=Commercial Affairs Department|website=Singapore Police Force|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231015801/https://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/specialist-staff-departments/commercial-affairs-department|archive-date=31 December 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
32. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/specialist-staff-departments/criminal-investigation-department|title=Criminal Investigation Department|website=Singapore Police Force|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120143100/https://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/specialist-staff-departments/criminal-investigation-department|archive-date=20 January 2019|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
33. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/specialist-staff-departments/police-intelligence-department|title=Police Intelligence Department|website=Singapore Police Force|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528225941/http://www.police.gov.sg/about-us/organisational-structure/specialist-staff-departments/police-intelligence-department|archive-date=28 May 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
34. ^¹²{{cite web |title=Ministry of Home Affairs Annex 2015 |url=http://www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/data/budget_2015/download/38%20MHA%20Annex%202015.pdf |website=Singapore Budget |publisher=Ministry of Finance |accessdate=21 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328124938/http://www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/data/budget_2015/download/38%20MHA%20Annex%202015.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2016 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
35. ^{{cite web |title=Analysis of Revenue and Expenditure FY2015 |url=http://www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/data/budget_2015/download/FY2015_Analysis_of_Revenue_and_Expenditure.pdf |website=Singapore Budget |accessdate=21 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306221108/http://www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/data/budget_2015/download/FY2015_Analysis_of_Revenue_and_Expenditure.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2016 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
36. ^{{cite web |title=Ministry of Home Affairs FY2015 Expenditure Estimates |url=http://www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/data/budget_2015/download/37%20MHA%202015.pdf |website=Singapore Budget |publisher=Ministry of Finance |accessdate=21 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309232343/http://www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/data/budget_2015/download/37%20MHA%202015.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2016 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
37. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.spf.gov.sg/career/po_entry.htm#top |title=Singapore Police Force—Police Officer Entry Requirements |publisher=Spf.gov.sg |date= |accessdate=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120193711/http://www.spf.gov.sg/career/po_entry.htm#top#top |archive-date=20 November 2008 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
38. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.spf.gov.sg/career/so_entry.htm#top |title=Singapore Police Force—Senior Police Officer Entry Requirements |publisher=Spf.gov.sg |date= |accessdate=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209050111/http://www.spf.gov.sg/career/so_entry.htm#top#top |archive-date=9 December 2008 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
39. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080826-84339.html |title=Retention bonus for police |publisher=Asiaone.com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208193156/http://www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080826-84339.html |archive-date=8 December 2008 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
40. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.spf.gov.sg/career/po_training.htm#top |title=Singapore Police Force—Police Officer Training and Postings |publisher=Spf.gov.sg |date= |accessdate=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120192946/http://www.spf.gov.sg/career/po_training.htm#top#top |archive-date=20 November 2008 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
41. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.spf.gov.sg/career/so_training.htm#top |title=Singapore Police Force—Senior Police Officer Training and Postings |publisher=Spf.gov.sg |date= |accessdate=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120191409/http://www.spf.gov.sg/career/so_training.htm#top#top |archive-date=20 November 2008 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
42. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://morethanjustajob.spf.sg/#!uniformed_careers/content/6 |website=More than Just a Job |title=Police Officer |publisher=Singapore Police Force |accessdate=21 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217150721/http://morethanjustajob.spf.sg/#!uniformed_careers/content/6#!uniformed_careers/content/6 |archive-date=17 December 2015 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
43. ^{{cite web |url=http://morethanjustajob.spf.sg/#!uniformed_careers/content/4 |website=More than Just a Job |title=Senior Police Officer |publisher=Singapore Police Force |accessdate=21 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217150721/http://morethanjustajob.spf.sg/#!uniformed_careers/content/4#!uniformed_careers/content/4 |archive-date=17 December 2015 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
44. ^{{cite web |title=About - Volunteer Special Constabulary |url=http://www.hometeamvolunteers.gov.sg/htvms/web/volunteerspecialconstabulary-individualpoliceofficer |accessdate=17 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920112141/http://www.hometeamvolunteers.gov.sg/htvms/web/volunteerspecialconstabulary-individualpoliceofficer |archive-date=20 September 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
45. ^{{cite web |title=Civilian Careers |url=http://morethanjustajob.spf.sg/#!civilian_careers |website=More Than Just a Job |publisher=Singapore Police Force |accessdate=21 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217150721/http://morethanjustajob.spf.sg/#!civilian_careers#!civilian_careers |archive-date=17 December 2015 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
46. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/police-officers-uniforms-new-spf-singapore-10126008|title=Police officers in Singapore to get new uniforms|last=Mahmud|first=Aqil Haziq|date=11 April 2018|work=Channel NewsAsia|access-date=1 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101194010/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/police-officers-uniforms-new-spf-singapore-10126008|archive-date=1 January 2019|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
47. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmpb.gov.sg/web/portal/cmpb/home/life-in-ns/spf/ranks-and-drill-commands|title=RANKS AND DRILL COMMANDS|website=cmpb.gov.sg|access-date=28 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229031446/https://www.cmpb.gov.sg/web/portal/cmpb/home/life-in-ns/spf/ranks-and-drill-commands|archive-date=29 December 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
48. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/changes-to-police-officers-ranks-kick-in-from-july-7968494|title=Changes to police officers' ranks kick in from July|last=Leong Wai Kit|date=22 June 2016|work=Channel NewsAsia|access-date=28 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126181034/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/changes-to-police-officers-ranks-kick-in-from-july-7968494|archive-date=26 November 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
49. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.asiaone.com/singapore/day-life-neighbourhood-police-officer|title=A day in the life of a Neighbourhood Police officer|date=18 November 2018|work=AsiaOne|access-date=29 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229171452/http://www.asiaone.com/singapore/day-life-neighbourhood-police-officer|archive-date=29 December 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spf.gov.sg/prints/plm/2006/may06_pg01.htm|title=SPF’s New Fleet Hits the Road|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604171911/http://www.spf.gov.sg/prints/plm/2006/may06_pg01.htm|archivedate=4 June 2007|accessdate=14 November 2018}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www2.mha.gov.sg/mha/upload/mid27/type1/cat4/1976_313_Report%2005-06%20P2.pdf|title=Home Team Departments|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221211034/http://www2.mha.gov.sg/mha/upload/mid27/type1/cat4/1976_313_Report%2005-06%20P2.pdf|archivedate=21 February 2007|accessdate=14 November 2018}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spf.gov.sg/prints/plm/2006/may06_pg01.htm|title=SPF’s New Fleet Hits the Road|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604171911/http://www.spf.gov.sg/prints/plm/2006/may06_pg01.htm|archivedate=4 June 2007|accessdate=14 November 2018}}
53. ^{{Cite news|url=http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Crime/Story/A1Story20090417-135750.html|title=Spike in loanshark harassment cases|last=Chan|first=Rachel|date=17 April 2009|work=my paper|access-date=29 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125102226/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Crime/Story/A1Story20090417-135750.html|archive-date=25 January 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
54. ^¹{{Cite news|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/new-drones-command-vehicles-to-help-police-fight-crime-better-9819786|title=New drones, command vehicles to help police fight crime better|last=Mahmud|first=Aqil Haziq|date=31 December 2017|work=Channel NewsAsia|access-date=29 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615135140/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/new-drones-command-vehicles-to-help-police-fight-crime-better-9819786|archive-date=15 June 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
55. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/walking-cycling-to-keep-neighbourhoods-safe|title=Community police walking, cycling to keep neighbourhoods safe|last=Mohamed Yusof|first=Zaihan|date=22 October 2018|work=The Straits Times|access-date=29 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229220214/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/walking-cycling-to-keep-neighbourhoods-safe|archive-date=29 December 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
56. ^{{Cite act|title=Auxiliary Police Forces|type=Supplementary Legislation|number=992|date=12 May 1961|url=https://sso.agc.gov.sg/SL/235-N1|accessdate=28 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229031449/https://sso.agc.gov.sg/SL/235-N1|archivedate=29 December 2018}}
57. ^{{cite news |publisher=Lianhe Zaobao |date=22 November 1999 |title=Aaron Kwok stole police car in S'pore?}}