| 词条 | Singh |
| 释义 |
| image1 = Rana Sanga.jpg|caption1=Rajput ruler Rana Sangram Singh (1482-1528). | image2 = Guru Gobind Singh creates the Khalsa.jpg|caption2=Creation of the Khalsa by Sikh Guru Gobind Singh, 1699 CE. | image3 = Pratap Singh of Thanjavur.jpg|caption3=Maratha ruler Pratap Singh of Thanjavur (ruled 1739-1763). | image4 = Portrait of mathabar singh thapa.jpg|caption4=Nepalese Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief Mathabar Singh Thapa (1843-1845). | image5 = Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh, 1888.jpg|caption5=Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh of Raj Darbhanga in Bihar, published in Graphic Magazine, December 1888. | image6 = Yogendra Singh Yadav PVC.jpg|caption6=Yogendra Singh Yadav (born 1980), an Indian soldier awarded Param Vir Chakra for his bravery in the Kargil War. }}Singh (IPA: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|ŋ}}) is a title, middle name, or surname which originated in the Indian subcontinent. The word Singh means lion from the Sanskrit, the name is used as a surname to represent males and not females, it has been used as a word meant to represent the lion, it was adopted as a title by warriors in India,[1] and mandated in the 18th century by Guru Gobind Singh for all Sikhs. It was later adopted by several castes and communities. As a surname or a middle name, it is now found throughout India and among the Indian diaspora, cutting across communities and religious groups, becoming more of a title than a surname.[2] It is one of most common surnames, and the most common surname in India, shared by 36 million people.[3] Etymology and variationsThe word "Singh" is derived from the Sanskrit word for horn the word is also synonymous with the male moustache, the word is exaggerated as a title for the lion (सिंह siṃha).[4] Several variants of the word are found in other languages:
HistoryOriginally, the Sanskrit word for lion, variously transliterated as Simha or Singh was used as a title by Kshatriya warriors in northern parts of India. The earliest recorded examples of the names ending with "Simha" are the names of the two sons of the Saka ruler Rudraraman in the second century CE. Jayasimha, the first ruler of the southern Chalukya dynasty to bear the title Simha, ruled around 500 CE. The Vengi branch of the Chalukyas continued using Simha as the last name till the eleventh century. The Rajputs started using Singh in preference to the classical epithet of "Varman". Among the Rajputs, the use of the word Simha came into vogue among the Paramaras of Malwa in 10th century CE, among the Guhilots and the Kachwahas of Narwar in the 12th century CE, and the Rathores of Marwar after the 17th century.[6] By the sixteenth century, "Singh" had become a popular surname among Rajputs.[7] It was adopted by the Sikhs in 1699, as per the instructions of Guru Gobind Singh. Singh is used by all baptized male Sikhs, regardless of their geographical or cultural binding; the women use Kaur.[8][9] In the 18th century, several groups started using the title Singh. These included the Brahmins, the Kayasthas and the Baniyas of what are now Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. In the 19th century, even the Bengal court peons of the lower castes adopted the title Singh.[6] Bhumihars, who originally used Brahmin surnames, also started affixing Singh to their names.[10] In Bihar and Jharkhand, the surname came to associated with power and authority, and was adopted by people of multiple castes, including Brahmin zamindars.[11] Ahir (Yadavs) also characterized themselves as Kshatriya, and used 'Singh' as part of their name.[12] People belonging to several other castes and communities have also used Singh as a title, middle name or a surname; these include non-Sikh Punjabis, Gujjars (e.g. Nirbhay Singh Gujjar), Marathas (e.g. Pratap Singh Rao Gaekwad) and Hindu Jats, (e.g. Bhim Singh Rana), Sikh Jats,(e.g. Maharaja Ranjit Singh),In Jats Jatwan Singh Malik use this title in 12th Century and Harveer Singh Gulia use this title 13th Century.The Jat community prefer Singh Surname as a medal Surname.The surname 'Singh' is used by many caste groups in Bihar.[13] The name is also found among the Indian diaspora. For example, taking advantage of the fact that there was no reliable way to ascertain a person's caste, some of the low-caste Indian indentured labourers brought to British Guiana adopted the surname "Singh", claiming to be high-caste Kshatriyas.[14] UsageSingh is generally used as a surname (e.g. Manmohan Singh) or as a middle name/title (e.g. Mahendra Singh Dhoni). When used as a middle name, it is generally followed by the caste, clan or family name.[15] To avoid being identified by their castes or clans, some Sikhs append "Khalsa" to Singh (e.g. Harinder Singh Khalsa). Some Sikhs add the names of their native villages instead (e.g. Harcharan Singh Longowal, after Longowal).[16] Originally, a common practice among the Rajput men was to have Singh as their last name, while Rajput women had the last name 'Kanwar'. However, now, many Rajput women have Singh in their name as well.[17] Outside of South AsiaA section of around a million adherents of Sikhism that live abroad in Western countries only keep Singh or Kaur as their last name. This has caused legal problems in immigration procedures, especially in Canada. For a decade, the Canadian High Commission in New Delhi stated in letters to its Sikh clients that "the names Kaur and Singh do not qualify for the purpose of immigration to Canada", requiring people with these surnames to adopt new ones. The ban was denounced by the Sikh community, after which the Citizenship and Immigration Canada announced it was dropping the policy, calling the whole issue a misunderstanding based on a "poorly worded" letter.[18] See also
References1. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1346 | title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Book & CD-ROM Set | publisher=OUP Oxford |author1=Angus Stevenson |author2=Maurice Waite | year=2011 | pages=1346 | isbn=9780199601103}} 2. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ | title=Communities, segments, synonyms, surnames and titles | publisher=Anthropological Survey of India | author=Kumar Suresh Singh | year=1996 | isbn=9780195633573 |page=32 |quote=Going by the usage, Singh is more a title than a surname, cutting across communities and religious groups. }} 3. ^"Singh" (surname distribution), Forebears.io, 2014. Retrieved 2018-05-18. 4. ^{{cite book|last=Feuerstein|first=Georg|title=The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass/Hohm |origyear=1998|year=2002|oclc=39013819 |isbn=81-208-1923-3 |page=444}} 5. ^{{cite book| last=Vanita |first=Ruth | authorlink=Ruth Vanita | title=Gandhi's tiger and Sita's smile: essays on gender, sexuality and culture | publisher=Yoda Press | location=New Delhi|year=2005|oclc=70008421|isbn=978-81-902272-5-4|page=37}} 6. ^1 {{cite book|last=Qanungo|first=Kalika Ranjan|title=Studies in Rajput History|publisher=S. Chand|location=Delhi|year=1960|oclc=1326190|pages=138–140}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=Prakash Chander|title=India: Past & Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4_Rl5c_v1-kC&pg=PA120|accessdate=11 January 2013|date=1 January 2003|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-455-8|pages=120 |quote=In those days, "Singh" as a surname was very popular among a famous warrior caste of north India, the Rajputs. Some of the first Sikhs were also Rajputs.}} 8. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=-QR8tAEACAAJ A History of the Sikh People (1469-1988)] by Dr. Gopal Singh {{ISBN|81-7023-139-6}}{{page needed|date=December 2018}} 9. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA269&dq=jat+surname+singh#v=onepage&q=jat%20surname%20singh&f=false | title=India Before Europe | publisher=Cambridge University Press |author1=Catherine B. Asher |author2=Cynthia Talbot | year=2006 | pages=269 | isbn=9780521809047}} 10. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tOXZAAAAMAAJ |title=Community And Caste In Tradition |year=1992 |author=Virendra Prakash Singh |publisher=Commonwealth |page=113 }} 11. ^{{cite news | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Using-surnames-to-conceal-identity/articleshow/4162892.cms | author = Pranava K Chaudhary | title = Using surnames to conceal identity | publisher = The Times of India | date = 2009-02-21 | accessdate = 2013-01-18 }} 12. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te4DAAAAMAAJ |title=Bhavan's Journal, Volume 12, Issues 1-16 |year=1965 |page=123 }} 13. ^{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Santosh|title=Ruled or Misruled: Story and Destiny of Bihar|date=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9789385436420|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVu8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT228&dq=singh+surname&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmxJPO_5bOAhVMPI8KHQNPBXM4ChDoAQgoMAM#v=onepage&q=singh%20surname&f=false|accessdate=28 July 2016|language=en}} 14. ^{{cite book |title=The matrifocal family: power, pluralism, and politics|author=Raymond Thomas Smith |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=0-415-91214-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITRpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA118 |page=118 }} 15. ^Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume I 16. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bfmnmsBfQ4C&pg=PA1846 | title=People of India: Maharashtra, Part 3 | publisher=Popular Prakashan | author=B. V. Bhanu Contributors Kumar Suresh Singh, B. V. Mehta, Anthropological Survey of India | year=2004 | pages=1846 | isbn=9788179911020}} 17. ^Kolff, Dirk H.A., The Rajput of Ancient and Medieval North India: A Warrior-Ascetic; Folk, Faith and Feudalism, edited by NK Singh and Rajendra Joshi, Institute of Rajasthan Studies, Jaipur, India. Rawat Publications, Jaipur and New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-7033-273-7}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/article/240030|title='Singh' ban denounced |work= Toronto Star |author=San Grewal |date=2007-07-26}} 5 : Indian family names|Pakistani names|Titles in India|Sikh names|Punjabi-language surnames |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。