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词条 Single-source publishing
释义

  1. Definition

  2. History

  3. Criticism

  4. See also

     List of single-source publishing tools 

  5. References

  6. Further reading

  7. External links

Single-source publishing, also known as single-sourcing publishing, is a content management method which allows the same source content to be used across different forms of media and more than one time.[1][2][3][4] The labor-intensive and expensive work of editing need only be carried out once, on only one document;[5] that source document can then be stored in one place and reused.[6] This reduces the potential for error, as corrections are only made one time in the source document.[7]

The benefits of single-source publishing primarily relate to the editor rather than the user. The user benefits from the consistency that single-sourcing brings to terminology and information. This assumes the content manager has applied an organized conceptualization to the underlying content (A poor conceptualization can make single-source publishing less useful).[4] Single-source publishing is sometimes used synonymously with multi-channel publishing though whether or not the two terms are synonymous is a matter of discussion.[8]

Definition

While there is a general definition of single-source publishing, there is no single official delineation between single-source publishing and multi-channel publishing, nor are there any official governing bodies to provide such a delineation. Single-source publishing is most often understood as the creation of one source document in an authoring tool and converting that document into different file formats or human languages (or both) multiple times with minimal effort. Multi-channel publishing can either be seen as synonymous with single-source publishing, or similar in that there is one source document but the process itself results in more than a mere reproduction of that source.[8]

History

The origins of single-source publishing lie, indirectly, with the release of Windows 3.0 in 1990.[9] With the eclipsing of MS-DOS by graphical user interfaces, help files went from being unreadable text along the bottom of the screen to hypertext systems such as WinHelp. On-screen help interfaces allowed software companies to cease the printing of large, expensive help manuals with their products, reducing costs for both producer and consumer. This system raised opportunities as well, and many developers fundamentally changed the way they thought about publishing. Writers of software documentation did not simply move from being writers of traditional bound books to writers of electronic publishing, but rather they became authors of central documents which could be reused multiple times across multiple formats.[9]

The first single-source publishing project was started in 1993 by Cornelia Hofmann at Schneider Electric in Seligenstadt, using software based on Interleaf to automatically create paper documentation in multiple languages based on a single original source file.[10]

XML, developed during the mid- to late-1990s, was also significant to the development of single-source publishing as a method. XML, a markup language, allows developers to separate their documentation into two layers: a shell-like layer based on presentation and a core-like layer based on the actual written content. This method allows developers to write the content only one time while switching it in and out of multiple different formats and delivery methods.[11]

In the mid-1990s, several firms began creating and using single-source content for technical documentation (Boeing Helicopter, Sikorsky Aviation and Pratt & Whitney Canada) and user manuals (Ford owners manuals) based on tagged SGML and XML content generated using the Arbortext Epic editor with add-on functions developed by a contractor. The concept behind this usage was that complex, hierarchical content that did not lend itself to discrete componentization could be used across a variety of requirements by tagging the differences within a single document using the capabilities built into SGML and XML.

Ford, for example, was able to tag its single owner's manual files so that 12 model years could be generated via a resolution script running on the single completed file. Pratt & Whitney, likewise, was able to tag up to 20 subsets of its jet engine manuals in single-source files, calling out the desired version at publication time. World Book Encyclopedia also used the concept to tag its articles for American and British versions of English.

Starting from the early 2000s, single-source publishing was used with an increasing frequency in the field of technical translation. It is still regarded as the most efficient method of publishing the same material in different languages.[12] Once a printed manual was translated, for example, the online help for the software program which the manual accompanies could be automatically generated using the method.[13] Metadata could be created for an entire manual and individual pages or files could then be translated from that metadata with only one step, removing the need to recreate information or even database structures.[14]

Although single-source publishing is now decades old, its importance has increased urgently as of the 2010s. As consumption of information products rises and the number of target audiences expands, so does the work of developers and content creators. Within the industry of software and its documentation, there is a perception that the choice is to embrace single-source publishing or render one's operations obsolete.[5]

Criticism

Editors using single-source publishing have been criticized for below-standard work quality, leading some critics to describe single-source publishing as the "conveyor belt assembly" of content creation.[15]

While heavily used in technical translation, there are risks of error in regard to indexing. While two words might be synonyms in English, they may not be synonyms in another language. In a document produced via single-sourcing, the index will be translated automatically and the two words will be rendered as synonyms. This is because they are synonyms in the source language, while in the target language they are not.[16]

See also

  • Content management
  • Darwin Information Typing Architecture
  • EPUB
  • Markup language

List of single-source publishing tools

  • Adobe FrameMaker[17]
  • Adobe RoboHelp
  • Apache Cocoon
  • Apache Forrest
  • Altova
  • Booktype
  • DocBook XSL
  • DITA Open Toolkit
  • Help & Manual
  • HelpNDoc
  • MadCap Flare
  • Oxygen XML editor
  • Scenari
  • Sphinx[18]
  • XPLM Publisher

References

1. ^Kay Ethier, XML and FrameMaker, pg. 19. New York: Apress, 2004. {{ISBN|9781430207191}}
2. ^Lucas Walsh, "The Application of Single-Source Publishing to E-Government." Taken from Encyclopedia of Digital Government, pg. 64. Eds. Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko and Matti Mälkiä. Hershey: IGI Global, 2007. {{ISBN|9781591407904}}
3. ^Single-Source Publishing at Stylus Studio. Copyright © 2005-2013 Progress Software. Accessed June 11, 2013.
4. ^1 Single-Source Publishing with Flare. Copyright © 2010 WritersUA. Published November 16, 2010; accessed June 11, 2013.
5. ^1 Barry Schaeffer, Single-Source Publishing: Creating Customized Output. CMS Wire, 3 April 2012. Accessed 10 June 2013.
6. ^Ann Rockley and Charles Cooper, [https://books.google.com/books?id=82X6jGY_dHMC&pg=PT75&dq=single+source+publishing&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rRehU_TxFs2W0QXT6YCQAQ&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=single%20source%20publishing&f=false Managing Enterprise Content: A Unified Content Strategy], Chapter 5: Product content. 2nd ed. Berkeley: New Riders Press, 2012. {{ISBN|9780132931649}}
7. ^Janet Mackenzie, The Editor's Companion, pg. 92. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. {{ISBN|9781107402188}}
8. ^1 Single-Source & Multi-Channel Publishing {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406072258/http://www.mekon.com/index.php/pages/knowledge_zone/single-sourcing-multi-channel-publishing/technology_standards |date=2010-04-06 }}. © 2013 Mekon, accessed 23 June 2013.
9. ^1 Bob Boiko, [https://books.google.com/books?id=p6nUDn3ZaBoC&pg=PA162&dq=Single+source+publishing&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CUiqU6LEDaLV0QXd44CQDw&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=Single%20source%20publishing&f=false Content Management Bible], pg. 162. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2005. {{ISBN|9780764583643}}
10. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=inCeft4AkXcC&pg=PA65&dq=single+source+publishing&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rRehU_TxFs2W0QXT6YCQAQ&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=single%20source%20publishing&f=false Translating Into Success: Cutting-edge Strategies for Going Multilingual in a Global Age], pg. 227. Eds. Robert C. Sprung and Simone Jaroniec. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2000. {{ISBN|9789027231871}}
11. ^Doug Wallace and Anthony Levinson, "The XML e-Learning Revolution: Is Your Production Model Holding You Back?" Taken from [https://books.google.com/books?id=4RK7tJ-OO3cC&pg=PA65&dq=Single+source+publishing&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CUiqU6LEDaLV0QXd44CQDw&ved=0CEgQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=Single%20source%20publishing&f=false Best of The eLearning Guild's Learning Solutions: Articles from the eMagazine's First Five Years], pg. 63. Ed. Bill Brandon. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2008. {{ISBN|9780470277157}}
12. ^Bert Esselink, "Localisation and translation." Taken from [https://books.google.com/books?id=a4W7lWgCqYoC&pg=PA73&dq=Single+source+publishing&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CUiqU6LEDaLV0QXd44CQDw&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=Single%20source%20publishing&f=false Computers and Translation: A Translator's Guide], pg. 73. Ed. H. L. Somers. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2003. {{ISBN|9789027216403}}
13. ^Burt Esselink, A Practical Guide to Localization, pg. 228. Volume 4 of Language international world directory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2000. {{ISBN|9781588110060}}
14. ^Cornelia Hofmann and Thorsten Mehnert, "Multilingual Information Management at Schneider Automation." Taken from Translating Into Success, pg. 67.
15. ^Mick Hiatt, The Myth of Single-Source Authoring {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929043721/http://mashstream.com/mashups/the-myth-of-single-source-authoring/ |date=2013-09-29 }}. Mashstream, November 18, 2009.
16. ^Nancy Mulvany, [https://books.google.com/books?id=G0Eqm8FbiTMC&pg=PA312&dq=single+source+publishing&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rRehU_TxFs2W0QXT6YCQAQ&ved=0CEcQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=single%20source%20publishing&f=false Indexing Books], pg. 154. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009. {{ISBN|9780226550176}}
17. ^Sarah S. O'Keefe, Sheila A. Loring, Terry Smith and Lydia K. Wong, [https://books.google.com/books?id=b-yEKgcQmN8C&pg=PA6&dq=single+source+publishing&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rRehU_TxFs2W0QXT6YCQAQ&ved=0CE0Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=single%20source%20publishing&f=false Publishing Fundamentals: Unstructured FrameMaker 8], pg. 6. Scriptorium Publishing, 2008. {{ISBN|9780970473349}}
18. ^{{cite web | url = http://pythonic.pocoo.org/2008/3/21/sphinx-is-released | title = Sphinx is released! » And now for something completely Pythonic... | publisher = Georg Brandl | work = And now for something completely Pythonic... | accessdate = 2011-04-03 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120322064904/http://pythonic.pocoo.org/2008/3/21/sphinx-is-released | archivedate = 2012-03-22 | df = }}

Further reading

  • {{cite book | last = Ament | first = Kurt | authorlink = | title = Single Sourcing: Building Modular Documentation | publisher = William Andrew | date = 2007-12-17 | location = | pages = 245 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-8155-1491-3 }}
  • {{cite book | last = Hackos | first = JoAnn T. | authorlink = | title = Content Management for Dynamic Web Delivery | publisher = Wiley | date = 2002-02-14 | location = | pages = 432 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-471-08586-3 }}
  • {{cite book | last = Glushko| first = Robert J. | authorlink = |author2=Tim McGrath | title = Document Engineering: Analyzing and Designing Documents for Business Informatics and Web Services | publisher = MIT Press| year = 2005 | location = | pages = 728| url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-262-57245-1 }}
  • {{cite book | last = Maler | first = Eve | authorlink = |author2=Jeanne El Andaloussi | title = Developing SGML DTDs: From Text to Model to Markup | publisher = Prentice Hall PTR | date = 1995-12-15 | location = | pages = 560 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-13-309881-8 }} (the "bible" for Data Modeling)

External links

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20110710182242/http://www.elkera.com/cms/articles/seminars_and_presentations/planning_a_single_source_publishing_application_for_business_documents/ Planning a Single Source Publishing Application for Business Documents] (A paper presented by Peter Meyer at OpenPublish, Sydney, on 29 July 2005)
  • [https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb29-1/tb91sojka.pdf Single-source publishing in multiple formats for different output devices]
  • Single Sourcing Information - An Agile Practice for Effective Documentation
  • Society for Technical Communication Single-sourcing Special Interest Group
  • What Is Single Source Publishing? at WiseGeek
  • tekom Europe (Articles about Information Development and Single Source Publishing)

3 : Technical communication|Computer file systems|Data management
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