“Sino-Korean vocabulary”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Sino-Korean vocabulary or Hanja-eo ({{Korean|hangul=한자어|hanja={{linktext|漢字|語}}}}) refers to Korean words of Chinese origin. Sino-Korean vocabulary includes words borrowed directly from Chinese, new Korean words created from Chinese characters, and words borrowed from Sino-Japanese vocabulary. About 60 percent of Korean words are of Chinese origin ^[1]; however the percentage of Sino-Korean words in modern usage is estimated to be lower.

History

The use of Chinese and Chinese characters in Korea dates back to at least 194 BCE. While Sino-Korean words were widely used during the Three Kingdoms period, they became even more popular during the Silla period. During this time, male aristocrats changed their given names to Sino-Korean names. Additionally, the government changed all official titles and place names in the country to Sino-Korean.^[1]

Sino-Korean words remained popular during the Goryeo and Joseon periods.^[1] Ultimately, the majority of Sino-Korean words were introduced before 1945, including Sino-Japanese words that were introduced to Korea during the Japanese occupation.^[2] However, Sino-Korean vocabulary has continued to grow in South Korea, where the meanings of Chinese characters are used to produce new words in Korean that do not exist in Chinese. By contrast, North Korean policy has called for many Sino-Korean words to be replaced by native Korean terms.^[3]

Usage

Sino-Korean words constitute about 60 percent of South Korean vocabulary, the remainder being native Korean words and loanwords from other languages, mostly English. Sino-Korean words are typically used in formal or literary contexts,^[2] and to express abstract or complex ideas.^[4] Almost all Korean surnames and most Korean given names are Sino-Korean.^[1] Additionally, Korean numerals can be expressed with Sino-Korean and native Korean words, though each set of numerals has different purposes.^[4]

Sino-Korean words may be written either in the Korean alphabet, known as Hangul, or in Chinese characters, known as Hanja.^[5]

Examples

Words borrowed from Chinese

Sino-Korean words borrowed directly from Chinese come mainly from Chinese classics, literature, and colloquial Chinese.^[3]

Words created from Chinese

These Chinese words below are created in Korea. They are not used in China or Japan or Vietnam.

Words borrowed from Sino-Japanese

Sino-Korean words borrowed from Sino-Japanese are used only in Korean and Japanese, not in Chinese.^[3]

See also

References

1. ^¹²³⁴{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4CsWDEi52IC&lpg=PA44&dq=sino-korean%20words&pg=PA44#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Korean Language in Culture And Society|last=Sohn|first=Ho-Min|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2006|isbn=0824826949|location=|pages=44-55}}
2. ^¹{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ggVsnUCbiAC&pg=PA83&dq=sino-korean+words&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSubC616_ZAhULqlkKHSrnAr0Q6AEIRzAF#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Using Korean: A Guide to Contemporary Usage|last=Choo|first=Miho|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=1139471392|location=|pages=85-92}}
3. ^¹²{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfb2QHJtw54C&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=history+of+sino-korean+words&source=bl&ots=DtyslmYbfm&sig=v8gu8sV_o711rtyhyGOS9Xy2sLg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiEnvuIkrHZAhWBuFMKHbuFA-E4ChDoAQhQMAY#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A History of Korean Literature|last=Lee|first=Peter H.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=1139440861|location=|pages=21-25}}
4. ^¹{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QP8nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=sino-korean+words&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSubC616_ZAhULqlkKHSrnAr0Q6AEIUjAH#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Modern Korean Grammar: A Practical Guide|last=Byon|first=Andrew Sangpil|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2017|isbn=1351741292|location=|pages=3-18}}
5. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psO_Oli22m8C&pg=PR9&dq=sino-korean+words&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSubC616_ZAhULqlkKHSrnAr0Q6AEIPzAE#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Handbook of Korean Vocabulary: An Approach to Word Recognition and Comprehension|last=Choo|first=Miho|last2=O'Grady|first2=William|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1996|isbn=0824818156|location=|pages=ix}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://hanja.naver.com/word?q=%E7%88%B6%E6%AF%8D&cp_code=0&sound_id=0|title=父母|last=|first=|date=|website=Naver Hanja Dictionary|language=ko-KR|access-date=2018-02-19}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://hanja.naver.com/word?q=%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F&cp_code=0&sound_id=0|title=學生|last=|first=|date=|website=Naver Hanja Dictionary|language=ko-KR|access-date=2018-02-19}}
8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://hanja.naver.com/word?q=%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD&cp_code=0&sound_id=0|title=太陽|last=|first=|date=|website=Naver Hanja Dictionary|language=ko-KR|access-date=2018-02-19}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://hanja.naver.com/word?q=%E8%B3%AA%E5%95%8F&cp_code=0&sound_id=0|title=質問|last=|first=|date=|website=Naver Hanja Dictionary|language=ko-KR|access-date=2018-02-19}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://hanja.naver.com/word?q=%E4%BE%BF%E7%B4%99&cp_code=0&sound_id=0|title=便紙|last=|first=|date=|website=Naver Hanja Dictionary|language=ko-KR|access-date=2018-02-19}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=http://hanja.naver.com/word?q=%E9%85%92%E7%85%8E%E5%AD%90&cp_code=0&sound_id=0|title=酒煎子|last=|first=|date=|website=Naver Hanja Dictionary|language=ko-KR|access-date=2018-02-19}}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://hanja.naver.com/word?q=%E9%A3%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%A9%9F&cp_code=0&sound_id=0|title=飛行機|last=|first=|date=|website=Naver Hanja Dictionary|language=ko-KR|access-date=2018-02-19}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://hanja.naver.com/word?q=%E5%B7%A5%E5%A0%B4&cp_code=0&sound_id=0|title=工場|last=|first=|date=|website=Naver Hanja Dictionary|language=ko-KR|access-date=2018-02-19}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=http://hanja.naver.com/word?q=%E6%98%A0%E7%95%AB&cp_code=0&sound_id=0|title=映畫|last=|first=|date=|website=Naver Hanja Dictionary|language=ko-KR|access-date=2018-02-19}}