1. Name

2. History
     The Holocaust  

3. Notable Sinti
     List of Notable Sinti  

4. See also

5. References

6. Bibliography

7. Further reading

8. External links

The Sinti (also Sinta or Sinte; masc. sing. Sinto; fem. sing. Sintesa) are a Romani people of Central Europe.^[1] They were traditionally itinerant, but today only a small percentage of Sinti remain unsettled. In earlier times, they frequently lived on the outskirts of communities.

The Sinti of Central Europe are closely related to the group known as Manouche in France.

They speak the Sinti-Manouche variety of Romani, which exhibits strong German influence.

Name

The origin of the name Sinti is disputed.

Some, including many Sinti themselves, believe it derives from Sindhi, the name of a people of Sindh (a region in modern India and Pakistan), based on indications that Romani peoples originated in the Indian subcontinent.^[2][2] In addition to the documented linguistic connections between Romani language and Sanskrit, a recent study by Estonian and Indian researchers found genetic similarities between European Romani men and Indian men in their sample.^[3]

The word India derives from Indus, and "Indus" civilization is basically the English name for the historical Sindhu civilization (Moen-Jo-Daro), also known as Sindh. Sindh are known as Sindhis, those are based on Indus River or Sindhu River, Sindh divided in two parts of India and Pakistan. Thus, Sinti peoples are clearly historical Sindhi peoples of Sindh (Now Pakistan and India).{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}} The Sindhi of Sindh (Pakistan and India) like Music Singing Dancing and Sinti peoples also love music. and Dancing girl´s Statue was also found from Moen Jo Darro an oldest Sindhu or Indus Civilization, which also connects Sindhis and Sintis.^[4] According to British spy, explorer, historian and scholar Richard Burton who lived in Sindh India in the era of British India who wrote that Sinti peoples come from the Jat tribe of Sindh.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}

Others, including scholar Yaron Matras, argue that "Sinti" is a later term only in use by the Sinti from the 18th century on and is likely a European loanword.^[4][5]

History

The Sinti arrived in Germany and Austria in the Late Middle Ages along with Romani from the Indian Subcontinent,^[6] eventually splitting into two groups: Eftavagarja ("the Seven Caravans") and Estraxarja ("from Austria").^[7] They arrived in Germany before 1540.^[8] The two groups expanded, the Eftavagarja into France, Portugal and Brazil, where they are called "Manouches", and the Estraxarja into Italy and Central Europe, mainly what are now Croatia, Slovenia, Hungary, Romania,{{dubious|date=August 2013}} the Czech Republic and Slovakia, eventually adopting various regional names.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} In Italy they are present mainly in Piedmont region (where in Piedmontese they are called Sinto, although the word for Romani people is sìngher, as the Italian zingaro), with some communities in Veneto and Emilia Romagna as well.

The Holocaust

Sinti and Roma had migrated to Germany in the late 15th century. Nonetheless, they were still generally regarded as beggars and thieves, and by 1899, the police kept a central register on Romani people. The National Socialists considered them racially inferior (see Nazism and Race), and percecuted them throughout Germany during the Nazi period—the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 often being interpreted to apply to them as well as the Jews.

Adolf Eichmann recommended that the Third Reich solve the "Gypsy Question" simultaneously with the Jewish Question, resulting in the deportation of the Sinti to clear room to build homes for ethnic Germans.^[9] Some were sent to Poland, or elsewhere (including some deported to Yugoslavia by the Hamburg Police in 1939^[10]), others were confined to designated areas, and many were eventually murdered in gas chambers^[11].

In concentration camps, the Sinti were forced to wear either a black triangle, indicating their classification as "asocial",^[12] or a brown triangle, specifically reserved for Romani people.

Notable Sinti

There are a number of Sinti notable for their contributions in music. Django Reinhardt was a guitarist who fused traditional dance hall musettes with American jazz in 1930s and 1940s. Along with Stéphane Grappelli and other members of the Quintette du Hot Club de France, he founded the style of music known as Gypsy jazz.

Other notable Sinti musicians include Schnuckenack Reinhardt, Drafi Deutscher, and the jazz guitarists Jimmy Rosenberg and Paulus Schäfer. The Sinto Häns'che Weiss produced a record in Germany in the 1970s in which he sang about the Poraimos (Romani Holocaust) in his own language. Many younger Germans first learned about this part of Holocaust history as a result of this recording. Titi Winterstein and several members of Reinhardt's clan still play traditional and modern Gypsy jazz. The jazz keyboardist Joe Zawinul was also of Sinti descent.

Marianne Rosenberg is a successful Sinti/Roma-German singer. She is the daughter of Auschwitz survivor Otto Rosenberg, who in 1936, at nine years of age was placed in a concentration camp where his father, his grandmother, and all his siblings were murdered. She sings mainly in German but has sung in English, French, Italian, and the Sinti language. She finished tenth in the German preselection for the 1975 Eurovision song contest with "Er gehört zu mir". Her biography Kokolores is a bestseller in Europe.{{fact|date=May 2017}}

Sinti are also notable for sporting achievements. Johann Trollmann won the 1933 light-heavyweight boxing championship of Germany but was stripped of the title by the Nazis, who could not tolerate a "non-Aryan" champion. Trollman was murdered in a concentration camp in 1943 by another inmate.^[13]

List of Notable Sinti

• Otto Rosenberg (1927-2001), Holocaust survivor, author of A Gypsy in Auschwitz (1999), activist and founder of Sinti Union of Berlin and Organization for German Sinti and Roma.^[14][15]
• Django Reinhardt, musician
• Schnuckenack Reinhardt, musician
• Stéphane Grappelli, musician
• Jimmy Rosenberg, musician
• Paulus Schäfer, musician
• Häns'che Weiss, musician
• Titi Winterstein, musician
• Joe Zawinul, musician
• Oto Pestner (b. 1956), Slovenian singer of swing, jazz, Slovenian folk music, gospel, best known for singing with the group New Swing Quartet.
• Marianne Rosenberg, musician and daughter of Otto Rosenberg
• Johann Trollmann, boxer

See also

• History of the Romani people
• Romani people by country
• Sindhi diaspora
• Sinte Romani (language)

References

Bibliography

• {{cite book|last=Susan Tebbutt,|first=Nicholas Saul|title=The role of the Romanies : images and counter-images of 'Gypsies'/Romanies in European cultures|date=2004|publisher=Liverpool Univ. Press|location=Liverpool|isbn=9780853236795|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KNVhLzzIcCEC#v=onepage&q=sinti&f=false |author2=Tebbutt, Susan |ref=susan}}

Further reading

• Walter Winter, Struan Robertson (translator). Winter Time: Memoirs of a German Who Survived Auschwitz. Hertfordshire Publications, (2004), {{ISBN|1-902806-38-7}}.
  • Reviewed by Emma Brockes "[https://www.theguardian.com/secondworldwar/story/0,14058,1361751,00.html We had the same pain]" in The Guardian November 29, 2004.

External links

• Non-Jewish Victims of Persecution in Nazi Germany on the Yad Vashem website
• Wege nach Ravensbrück (Ravensbrück concentration camp: Memories of surviving female Sinti) {{de icon}}
• [https://archive.org/details/lehrbuchdesdial00fincgoog F. N. Finck, Lehrbuch des Dialekts der deutschen Zigeuner (1903)] on Internet Archive {{de icon}}

• Stanley Bindoff
• Stanley Bish
• Stanley Black and Decker
• Stanley Blacker
• Stanley Blaine Hicks
• Stanley Blumenfeld
• Stanley B. Mulaik
• Stanley Branche
• Stanley Brehaut Ryerson
• Stanley Brett
• Stanley brett
• Stanley, Brian
• Stanley Bruce Herschensohn
• Stanley B. Smullen
• Stanley "Buckwater" Dural, Jr.
• Stanley B. Weaver
• Stanley B. Weston
• Stanley B. Zdonik
• Stanleycaris hirpex
• Stanley C. Armstrong
• Stanley Carter (disambiguation)
• Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research
• Stanley Chan
• Stanley, Charles
• Stanley Charlton