| 词条 | Marytė Melnikaitė |
| 释义 |
|name = Marytė Melnikaitė |birth_date = March 18, 1923 |death_date = {{death date and age|1943|7|13|1923|3|18}} |birth_place = Zarasai, Lithuania |death_place = Kaniūkai, Ignalina District, Nazi-occupied Lithuania |image = Мария Мельникайте.png |caption = |nickname = |allegiance = {{USSR}} |branch = |serviceyears= |rank = |commands = |battles = |awards = Hero of the Soviet Union }} Marytė or Marija Melnikaitė (March 18, 1923 – July 13, 1943) was a Soviet partisan and the only Lithuanian woman awarded Hero of the Soviet Union.[1] While her partisan career lasted less than two months, Soviet propaganda exaggerated her duties and accomplishments. Many works, including a film and an opera, were dedicated to her. Several streets in the former Soviet Union (including Tyumen, Minsk, Almaty, Shymkent) are still named after her. Early lifeMelnikaitė was born to a family of a Russian mother and a Lithuanian father in Zarasai. She had four other siblings and the parents took assorted jobs to provide for the large family. They moved frequently in search for jobs (Zarasai, Anykščiai, Rokiškis, Zarasai, Marijampolė). Melnikaitė completed a primary school in Rokiškis and started working at Avanti confectionery at age 14 and studied sewing.[3] In 1940, after Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union, Melnikaitė joined Komsomol and started evening classes. Reportedly her father did not approve her Komsomol activities, which included her singing in a choir. Partisan activitiesAfter the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Melnikaitė along with other Komsomol members was evacuated to Russia where she took a job at a machine tool plant in Tyumen. In July 1942, she joined the Soviet Army (16th Rifle Division) and was sent to a saboteur school in Balakhna. In May 1943, she finished the studies and together with 35 other partisans (including two other women) were airlifted to the Rasony District in Belarus. From there, they needed to travel on foot to partisan headquarters in forests near {{ill|Kaziany|be|Казяны (Браслаўскі раён)}}.[3] Melnikaitė and a few others were assigned to he native Zarasai where she joined the Soviet partisan group Kęstutis under the name of Ona Kuosaitė. Melnikaitė's partisan life lasted less than two months. Her Soviet biographers claimed that she participated in sabotage operations that derailed German trains carrying weapons to the front lines or bombed German warehouses. There is some evidence of only one diversion where a small train carrying gravel and sugar was derailed.[3] In July 1943, she and several other partisans were sent on a mission to bring more weapons from the Soviet partisans operating in Belarus. Local inhabitants spotted the group near Apvardai Lake in Ignalina District and called Lithuanian policemen. During a shootout, several partisans were killed. There is reliable evidence of only one policeman (Igoris Kazanas) who was killed by the partisans. Melnikaitė and a man (likely Fatėjus Sapožnikovas) were captured and their custody was transferred to the German police. After five days of torture, they were shot in the cemetery of Kaniūkai village.[3] Since Melnikaitė's family was not repressed while Sapožnikovas' and other partisans' families were killed or arrested, it is likely that Melninkaitė did not give up her real identity.[3] Her story was rediscovered in spring 1944 when Motiejus Šumauskas, leader of Lithuanian Soviet partisans, searched for a Lithuanian version of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya.[3] Melnikaitė was posthumously awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union on March 22, 1944. The death of the twenty-year-old was used by Soviet propaganda, which exaggerated her duties, accomplishments, and circumstances of her death. For example, in March 1944, Antanas Sniečkus wrote in Tiesa that the shootout lasted a day and that Melnikaitė personally killed seven policemen, was badly injured, attempted to commit suicide with a grenade, and even after brutal torture did not betray her fellow partisans.[13] Her first biographer Antanas Venclova later admitted in his memoirs that he was given just the basic facts (name, dates of birth and death, and a few words on the circumstances of her death) and a deadline of next morning to produce her heroic biography.[3] Until 1965, when documents were discovered that proved she was shot, her biographers claimed that she was publicly hanged and that her last words praised the Lithuanian SSR and comrade Stalin.[3] Honors and memorials
See also
References1. ^1 {{cite web| url=http://www.zarasumuziejus.lt/?page_id=714 |title=Zarasų istorija |publisher=Zarasų krašto muziejus |language=lt |accessdate=17 February 2019}} [8][9][10]2. ^{{cite encyclopedia |title=Lithuanian Film Studio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cuw1vHuxITYC&pg=PA410 |encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema |first=Peter |last=Rollberg |page=410 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2008 |isbn=9780810862685}} 3. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xXZhKagLO4C&pg=PA672 |page=672 |title=A Short History of Opera |first1=Donald Jay |last1=Grout |first2=Hermine Weigel |last2=Williams |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2003 |isbn=9780231507721}} 4. ^1 {{cite book| title=Tarybinė lietuvių poezija didžiojo tėvynės karo metais |first= Elena |last=Baliutytė |pages=14, 41–42 |publisher= Lietuvių kalbos ir literatūros institutas |year=1985 |language=lt |oclc=1014508742}} 5. ^{{cite web| url=http://english.spravkaru.net/streets/7/727/133842/page2/ |title=Phone directory of Almaty/Alma-Ata, sorted by street names |accessdate=17 February 2019 |publisher=SpravkaRu.Net}} 6. ^{{cite web| url=http://shimkent.info/?p=6084 |title=Улица Невезения в Шымкенте, там застревают даже большегрузные КАМАЗы |lang=ru |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012175653/http://shimkent.info/?p=6084 |dead-url=yes |archivedate=12 October 2011 |date=13 February 2011 |author=OTYRAR TV |publisher=Shimkent.info }} 7. ^1 {{cite encyclopedia | editor-first=Jonas |editor-last=Zinkus| encyclopedia=Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija | title=Melnikaitė, Marytė | year=1985–1988 | publisher=Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija | volume=III | location=Vilnius | page=45 |language=lt|display-editors=etal}} 8. ^1 {{cite book |first=Kazys I. |last= Ėringis |title=Lietuvos kariuomenės tragedija. Faktai, prisiminimai, dokumentai |location=Vilnius |publisher=Raštija |year=1993 |oclc=932223134 |pages=145–148}} 9. ^1 {{cite book| title= Heroines of the Soviet Union 1941-45 |first=Henry |last=Sakaida |publisher=Osprey Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P4XvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT94 |year=2012 |isbn=9781780966519 |page=52}} 10. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite book |title=Dramatiškos biografijos: kovotojai, kūrėjai, karjeristai, kolaborantai |first=Rokas |last=Subačius |publisher=Mintis |location=Vilnius |year=2007 |isbn=978-5-417-00920-4 |language=lt |pages=131–142}} }}{{Female HSU Partisans}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Melnikaite, Maryte}} 13 : 1923 births|1943 deaths|Soviet partisans|Heroes of the Soviet Union|Recipients of the Order of Lenin|Lithuanian people of World War II|People from Zarasai|Executed Lithuanian people|People executed by Germany by firearm|Lithuanian people executed by Nazi Germany|Executed Soviet people from Lithuania|Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany|Soviet military personnel killed in World War II |
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