“Sioux Falls, South Dakota”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

As of 2019, Sioux Falls had an estimated population of 187,200.^[8] The metropolitan population of 259,094 accounts for 29% of South Dakota's population. It is also the primary city of the Sioux Falls-Sioux City Designated Market Area (DMA), a larger media market region that covers parts of four states and has a population of 1,043,450.^[9] Chartered in 1856 on the banks of the Big Sioux River, the city is situated in the rolling hills at the junction of Interstate 90 and Interstate 29.

History

The history of Sioux Falls revolves around the cascades of the Big Sioux River. The falls were created about 14,000 years ago during the last ice age. The lure of the falls has been a powerful influence. Ho-Chunk, Ioway, Otoe, Missouri, Omaha (and Ponca at the time), Quapaw, Kansa, Osage, Arikira, Dakota, and Cheyenne people inhabited and settled the region previous to Europeans and European descendants. Numerous burial mounds still exist on the high bluffs near the river and are spread throughout the general vicinity. Indigenous people maintained an agricultural society with fortified villages, and the later arrivals rebuilt on many of the same sites that were previously settled. Lakota populate urban and reservation communities in the contemporary state and many Lakota, Dakota, and numerous other Indigenous Americans reside in Sioux Falls today.^[10]

French voyagers/explorers visited the area in the early 18th century. The first documented visit by an American (of European descent) was by Philander Prescott, who camped overnight at the falls in December 1832. Captain James Allen led a military expedition out of Fort Des Moines in 1844. Jacob Ferris described the Falls in his 1856 book "The States and Territories of the Great West".^[11]

Two separate groups, the Dakota Land Company of St. Paul and the Western Town Company of Dubuque, Iowa organized in 1856 to claim the land around the falls, considered a promising townsite for its beauty and water power. Each laid out {{convert|320|acre|km2|adj=on}} claims, but worked together for mutual protection. They built a temporary barricade of turf which they dubbed "Fort Sod", in response to hostilities threatened by native tribes. Seventeen men then spent "the first winter" in Sioux Falls. The following year the population grew to near 40.

Although conflicts in Minnehaha County between Native Americans and white settlers were few, the Dakota War of 1862 engulfed nearby southwestern Minnesota. The town was evacuated in August of that year when two local settlers were killed as a result of the conflict. The settlers and soldiers stationed here traveled to Yankton in late August 1862. The abandoned townsite was pillaged and burned.

Fort Dakota, a military reservation established in present-day downtown, was established in May 1865.^[12] Many former settlers gradually returned and a new wave of settlers arrived in the following years. The population grew to 593 by 1873, and a building boom was underway in that year. The Village of Sioux Falls, consisting of {{convert|1200|acre|km2}}, was incorporated in 1876 and was granted a city charter by the Dakota Territorial legislature on March 3, 1883.^[13]

The arrival of the railroads ushered in the great Dakota Boom decade of the 1880s. The population of Sioux Falls mushroomed from 2,164 in 1880 to 10,167 at the close of the decade. The growth transformed the city. A severe plague of grasshoppers and a national depression halted the boom by the early 1890s. The city grew by only 89 people from 1890 to 1900.

But prosperity eventually returned with the opening of the John Morrell meat packing plant in 1909, the establishment of an airbase and a military radio and communications training school in 1942, and the completion of the interstate highways in the early 1960s. Much of the growth in the first part of the 20th century was fueled by agriculturally based industry, such as the Morrell plant and the nearby stockyards (one of the largest in the nation).

In 1955 the city decided to consolidate the neighboring incorporated city of South Sioux Falls. At the time South Sioux Falls had a population of nearly 1,600 inhabitants, according to the 1950 census. It was third largest city in the county after Sioux Falls and Dell Rapids. By October 18, 1955 South Sioux Falls residents voted 704 in favor and 227 against to consolidate with Sioux Falls. On the same issue, Sioux Falls residents voted on November 15 by the vote 2,714 in favor and 450 against.

In 1981, to take advantage of recently relaxed state usury laws, Citibank relocated its primary credit card center from New York City to Sioux Falls. Some claim that this event was the primary impetus for the increased population and job growth rates that Sioux Falls has experienced over the past quarter century. Others point out that Citibank's relocation was only part of a more general transformation of the city's economy from an industrially based one to an economy centered on health care, finance and retail trade.^[14]

Sioux Falls has grown at a rapid pace since the late 1970s, with the city's population increasing from 81,000 in 1980 to 183,200 in 2018.

Geography

Sioux Falls is located at 43°32'11" North, 96°43'54" West (43.536285, −96.731780).^[15] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of {{convert|73.47|sqmi|2}}, of which {{convert|72.96|sqmi|2}} is land and {{convert|0.51|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.^[16] The city is in extreme eastern South Dakota, about {{convert|15|mi}} west of the Minnesota border. Sioux Falls has been assigned the ZIP Codes 57101, 57103–57110, 57117–57118, 57188–57189, and 57192–57198 and the FIPS place code 59020.

Metropolitan area

The Sioux Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of four South Dakota counties: Lincoln, McCook, Minnehaha, and Turner. The estimated population of this MSA in 2017 was 259,094, an increase of 13.51% from the 2010 census.^[17] According to recent estimates, Lincoln County is the 16th-fastest-growing county in the United States.^[18] In addition to Sioux Falls, the metropolitan area includes Canton, Brandon, Dell Rapids, Tea, Harrisburg, Worthing, Beresford, Lennox, Hartford, Crooks, Baltic, Montrose, Salem, Renner, Rowena, Chancellor, Colton, Humboldt, Parker, Hurley, Garretson, Sherman, Corson, Viborg, Irene, and Centerville.

Parks and recreation

Sioux Falls has more than 70 parks and greenways. Probably the best known is Falls Park, established around the city's namesake waterfalls on the Big Sioux River, just north of downtown. Other notable parks include Terrace Park, McKennan Park, Sherman Park, and Yankton Trail park. A popular feature of the park system is a paved {{convert|19|mi|adj=on}} path used for biking, jogging, and walking. The path follows the course of the Big Sioux River, forming a loop around Sioux Falls, along with a few spurs off the main bike trail. Recently the city stepped up efforts to beautify a stretch of the bike trails through downtown along an area known as the River Greenway. Two of three planned phases of construction and updates have occurred. Among the updates were newer widened bike paths, new landscaping and lighting, improved street access to the bike trails, a new interactive fountain, a new pedestrian bridge across the river, removal of the old "River Ramp" parking structure, new stepped terraces leading down to the river's edge, new retaining walls along portions of the river, and a new amphitheater/performing space. New trailheads at Elmen, Dunham, and Lien parks have helped to improve access to outlying trail spurs as well. The city is expanding the bike trail network east from Sioux Falls at Lien Park to eventually connect to Brandon, South Dakota, and ultimately the Big Sioux Recreation Area. The South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks has an outdoor campus in Sioux Falls at Sertoma Park with several outdoor areas and acreages devoted to fish and wildlife. The outdoor campus hosts many outdoor activities through the year as well, including stargazing and snowshoeing. During the winter, Great Bear Recreation Park offers skiing, snowboarding, and tubing.

Climate

Due to its inland location, Sioux Falls experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa) characterized by hot, relatively humid summers and cold, dry winters. It is in USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 4b.^[19] The monthly daily average temperature ranges from {{convert|16.6|F|1}} in January to {{convert|73.0|F|1}} in July; there are 18 days of {{convert|90|F|0}}+ highs and 26 days with sub-{{convert|0|F|0}} lows annually. Snowfall occurs mostly in light to moderate amounts during the winter, totaling {{convert|44.6|in|cm|0}}. Precipitation, at {{convert|26.3|in|mm|0}} annually, is concentrated in the warmer months. Extremes range from {{convert|-42|F|0}} on February 9, 1899 to {{convert|110|F|0}} as recently as June 21, 1988.^[24]

Law and government

Economy

Originally centered on quarrying and agriculturally based industries, the economy of Sioux Falls has become diversified and more service-based over the last half-century, making the city a center of financial services, health care, and retail trade.

Commerce and industry

Partially due to the lack of a state corporate income tax, Sioux Falls is home to a number of financial companies. The largest employers among these^[28] are Wells Fargo and Citigroup. Other important financial service companies in Sioux Falls include Great Western Bank, Western Surety Company (CNA Surety), Total Card Inc., Capital Card Services, Midland National Life Insurance Company, MetaBank, and First Premier Bank.

Sioux Falls is a significant regional health care center. It has four major hospitals: Sanford Health (formerly Sioux Valley), Avera McKennan Hospital, the South Dakota Veterans Affairs Hospital, and the Avera Heart Hospital of South Dakota. Sanford Health and Avera Health are the largest and second-largest employers in the city, respectively. Emergency medical services (EMS) are provided by Paramedics Plus and Sioux Falls Fire Rescue.

Companies based in Sioux Falls include Raven Industries, retailers Lewis Drug and Sunshine Foods, and communications companies SONIFI Solutions and Midco.

Because of the relatively long distances between Sioux Falls and larger cities, Sioux Falls has emerged as an important regional center of shopping and dining. The Empire Mall, with over 180 stores, anchors one of the primary retail zones in the southwest section of the city. This area, centered mainly around the intersection of 41st Street and Louise Avenue, contains many large national chain stores and restaurants.

In Central Downtown, shops line Phillips Avenue, and in the "EastBank" shops and restaurants fill a boardwalk style center called "8th and Railroad." "The Bridges" is an outdoor shopping center at the intersection of 57th Street and Western Avenue on the south side of the city that contains over 30 restaurants, boutiques, and private businesses. Dawley Farm Village is a major commercial development on the east side of the city at the intersection of Arrowhead Parkway (SD Highway 42) and Veterans Parkway (SD Highway 11, previously known as Powder House Road).

While no longer as economically dominant as it once was, the manufacturing and food processing sector remains an important component of the economy of Sioux Falls. The Smithfield Foods/John Morrell meatpacking plant is the city's third-largest employer. Other important manufacturing companies include Orion foods systems, Wheeler Tank, Maguire Iron, Amesbury Group, Teem, Raven Industries, Bell Incorporated, Tyco International, Gage Brothers, and Rosenbauer America.

The USGS Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science is approximately 10 miles north of Sioux Falls. It houses one of the largest computer complexes in the Department of the Interior. EROS has approximately 600 government and contractor employees.

Demographics

2010 census

As of the census^[32] of 2010, there were 153,888 people, 61,707 households, and 37,462 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|2109.2|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 66,283 housing units at an average density of {{convert|908.5|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 86.8% White, 4.2% African American, 2.7% Native American, 1.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.0% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.4% of the population.

There were 61,707 households of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.5% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.3% were non-families. 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.02.

The median age in the city was 33.6 years. 24.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29.7% were from 25 to 44; 24.1% were from 45 to 64; and 10.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.6% male and 50.4% female.

In 2015, the median household income in Minnehaha County, SD was $59,884, while Lincoln County, SD was $76,094. This represents a 0.29% growth from the previous year. The median family income for Sioux Falls was $74,632 in 2015. Males had a median income of $40,187 versus $31,517 for females. The per capita income for the county was $26,392. 11.8% of the population and 8.5% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 16.8% of those under the age of 18 and 8.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.^[33]

Religion

After statehood in 1889, South Dakota was settled mainly by European immigrants, with Germans and Scandinavians the largest ethnic groups. At present, the religious majority in the state and city is Lutheran, while Roman Catholics are the second-largest group.

The Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod has 8 churches in Sioux Falls: Memorial Lutheran Church, Faith Lutheran Church, Christ Lutheran Church, Lord Of Life Lutheran Church, Our Redeemer Lutheran Church, Resurrection Lutheran Church, Zion Lutheran Church, and Trinity Lutheran Church of the Deaf.

The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod has two churches in Sioux Falls: Bethel Lutheran Church^[34] and Good Shepherd Lutheran Church.^[35]

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux Falls, one of two dioceses in the state, built St. Joseph Cathedral on Duluth Avenue beginning in 1915 and completed in 1919. Sioux Falls is also the seat of the Episcopal Diocese of South Dakota.

Education

Higher education

Sioux Falls is home to the University of Sioux Falls, Augustana University, Sioux Falls Seminary, Southeast Technical Institute, National American University, the South Dakota School for the Deaf, the University of South Dakota's Sanford School of Medicine (Sioux Falls campus), Stewart School and the South Dakota Public Universities and Research Center (formerly known as USDSU).

Public schools

The Sioux Falls School District serves over 23,000 students living in Sioux Falls and some of its surrounding suburbs.^[36] Suburbs around Sioux Falls continue to experience dramatic growth as Sioux Falls expands. Suburbs experiencing rapid growth are Brandon, Valley Springs, Baltic, Garretson, West-Central, Tri-Valley, Lennox, Parker, Canton, Harrisburg, and Tea. Many of these districts serve students who live on the outer edges of Sioux Falls city limits, and serve thousands of metro-area students.

The Sioux Falls School District has signed an agreement that will allow it to participate in an athletic conference known as the Metro Conference. Sioux Falls Lincoln, Washington, Roosevelt, O'Gorman and Brandon Valley High Schools will compete in this conference, potentially with other suburban districts, to help cut costs and increase competition between schools in the Sioux Falls Metro Area.

High schools

In January 2019, The Sioux Falls School District board of education approved the naming and building plans of Thomas Jefferson High School. Construction will begin in 2019 and the school is scheduled to open for the 2021-22 school year.^[38]

The district also operates two alternative high schools serving grades 9–12 and one specialized middle/high school alternative education center:

Middle schools

In January 2019, The Sioux Falls School District board of education approved the naming of Ben Reifel Middle School.^[40] Construction will begin in 2019 and the school is scheduled to open for the 2021-22 school year.

Elementary schools

There are 25 public elementary schools in Sioux Falls, serving grades K-5. There is one Spanish Immersion school. Some also serve early childhood:

Private schools

Sioux Falls Catholic Schools is a centralized Catholic school system that includes eight schools: six elementary schools, all PreK-6 (St. Mary, St. Lambert, St. Michael-St. Katharine Drexel, Holy Spirit and Christ the King); one junior high (O'Gorman Junior High, grades 7–8); and one high school, O'Gorman (9–12). The junior and senior high O'Gorman schools are on the same campus. Approximately 2,800 students attend Sioux Falls Catholic Schools. As of the 2009–10 school year the Sioux Falls Catholic School system's St. Joseph Cathedral School was closed.

The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod has two schools in Sioux Falls: Bethel Lutheran^[66] and Good Shepherd Lutheran.^[67]

Other private schools include Sioux Falls Christian Schools, Christian Center, The Baan Dek Montessori, Cornerstone School, Open Arms Christian Child Development Center, Sioux Falls Lutheran School, and Lutheran High School of Sioux Falls.

Culture

Events

Downtown Sioux Falls hosts a SculptureWalk^[68] every summer. The exhibits change yearly and usually have historical significance and reflect the city's progressive standards.

Downtown Sioux Falls also hosts "First Fridays." "First Fridays" are the first Friday of each summer month, and businesses and associations in the Downtown area take part in creating a major evening event. Concerts are held at the EastBank, and stores and restaurants are open with live music all along Phillips Avenue in south central Downtown.

The Downtown Riverfest is an annual Sioux Falls festival that embraces the beauty of the Big Sioux.

Festival of Bands is a regional competition that hosts over 40 marching bands each year from across the Midwest.

The Sioux Empire Spectacular draws Drum Corps participants and fans from across the nation to Sioux Falls for a regional competition. Thousands attend the event, held at Howard Wood Memorial Field in July every summer. The event is run by DCI and the music departments of the Sioux Falls School District.

Party in the Park is an annual outdoor musical event held at Terrace Park. The Sioux Empire Fair is a regional fair held at the W. H. Lyon Fairgrounds, and the Sioux Falls JazzFest is hosted at Yankton Trail Park each year.

SiouxperCon is an annual nonprofit fan convention that celebrates comic books, sci-fi, fantasy, anime, board games, and video gaming.^[69]

Arts

In the beginning of the 21st century, Sioux Falls experienced a renaissance of cultural interest. The Sioux Empire Arts Council continues to lead in the Sioux Falls area arts scene and gives out Mayor's Awards each year in several categories for excellence demonstrated by Sioux Falls residents.^[70] The Sioux Falls SculptureWalk was the first visual evidence of the renaissance and is an attraction for both visitors and resident artists, hosting over 55 sculptures.^[71]^[72] One of the earliest promoters of the contemporary arts scene was Sheila Agee, who still lives in nearby Brandon.^[73] Her work was essential to the renovation of the original Washington High School into the Washington Pavilion (housing two performing arts, a visual arts, and a science center).^[74]

The Northern Plains Indian Art Market (NPIAM) was established in 1988 by American Indian Services, Inc., of Sioux Falls as the Northern Plains Tribal Arts Show (NPTA). Northern Plains Tribal Arts dominated the Sioux Falls art scene from its inception in 1988. American Indian Services produced the juried art show and market from 1988 to 2003. Since 2004, Sinte Gleska University of Rosebud has been the producing organization. 2012 marked the show's 25th year. Directors have included Marilyn Lone Hill and Jack Herman. In the first 25 years of its existence—one of the longest-running Indian art shows in the country—over 800 artists from 7 northern plains states and two Canadian provinces exhibited at NPTA/NPIAM. Writers for national publications, filmmakers, and researchers have all joined the audiences over the years. Northern Plains Indian Art Market continues under the auspices of Sinte Gleska.^[75]

A permanent Northern Plains Tribal Arts collection is housed in the Egger Gallery at the Washington Pavilion. Since the Washington Pavilion opened its doors to the public in 1999, this unique collection of Native American artwork has called the Visual Arts Center home. Originally the pieces were on an extended loan from American Indian Services, Inc. In 2013, thanks to many supporters, the works were acquired under the title of the Augustana Tribal Arts Collection, and now officially belong to the Visual Arts Center.^[76]

A lifelong and well-respected area musician and artist, Jim Groth, became an educator when the Office of Indian Ed opened up and needed teachers for the new Native Connections classes, including his own, at Lincoln High School. He began a pit ceramics program for the students and many students working with him were able to move into the arts through the programming. The connections classes have grown to serve the city in cultural humanities and arts and Groth continues to be a leader in music in the city.^[77]^[78]^[79]

Poetry and literary events began to come to greater popularity with the opening of the Sioux Empire Arts Council Horse Barn Gallery as the 21st century began (then directed by Deb Klebanoff),^[80] and due to a National Endowment for the Arts-supported Y Writer's Voice, founded and directed by Allison Hedge Coke.^[81] The Y Writer's Voice included a reading series of 38 nationally known poets and writers per year who performed works and youth workshops through the Sioux Falls Writers Voice in local performance spaces, at the YMCA after-school program, and in local schools, gaining national attention.^[82]

These two entities are among a resurgence of events regularly hosted at the Washington Pavilion's Leonardo's Cafe (Lincoln High School Writer's Guild advised by SFSD Official Writer in Residence, Allison Hedge Coke, who also served on the Pavilion's Community Task Force, see Washington Pavilion Visual Arts Center – Timeline),^[83] the Sioux Empire Arts Council's Horse Barn Art Gallery, and several coffeehouses.

During this renaissance, Allison Hedge Coke moved to Sioux Falls from Rapid City (shortly after winning an American Book Award), as she was serving the state of South Dakota (SDAC & ArtsCorr), first as a part-time literary artist in the Sioux Falls Schools (while still serving schools and incarcerated youth centers across the state) and then as a full-time literary artist in residence for the Sioux Falls school district (SFSD, SDAC, & Office of Indian Ed funded). She held the literary artist role with the school district while simultaneously teaching at Kilian College and the University of Sioux Falls and founding/directing a Y Writers Voice at the Sioux Falls YMCA for several years, hosting readings at the Washington Pavilion, the Dakota Conference at the Great Plains Center of Augustana College, with Deb Klebanoff at the Art Barn, in Siouxland Sioux Falls Library, in Zandbroz Bookstore, and with the Sioux Falls Multicultural Center. The Lincoln High School Creative Writers Guild and district-wide Wings Program (both advised by Hedge Coke) began holding reading performances and study periods in cafes across the city, including Leonardo's. Hedge Coke edited and published two anthologies during her tenure at Sioux Falls School District: Coming to Life: Poems of Peace in the Wake of 9/11 and They Wanted Children: Poems and Stories of Coping with Sudanese, Native, Latino, Asian, and EuroAmerican students. Hedge Coke successfully lobbied for the preservation and protection of Blood Run (now Good Earth State Park, just minutes east of town),^[84] writing the verse play during her lobbying period under an SDAC grant. She continually participated at-large in the national literary field as a visiting writer/performing artist and publishing widely while serving on the Sioux Falls Housing Board and as a city Housing Revitalization Task Member, promoting arts, civil rights, affordability and inclusion.^[81]^[85]^[86]^[87]^[88]^[88]^[89]^[90]^[91]^[92]^[93]

Hedge Coke also formally proposed a Poetry Sidewalk contest for selected poems to be etched in Sioux Falls Quartzite to match the park aesthetic during city council meetings for the cleaning up and development of Falls Park and the downtown area.^[94] A version of the project is coming to fruition (in concrete, to match the Cathedral District).^[95] "Everyone deserves beauty," said Wayne Wagner, housing development director for Affordable Housing Solutions. Since the contest began in 2014, Wagner has installed poems in the sidewalk of new affordable housing within the neighborhood.

Charles Luden has long been the widely accepted unofficial resident poet.^[96]^[97] Ron Robinson, a Sioux Falls writer and professor of English at Augustana College,^[98]^[99]^[100] was consistently on the scene.^[101] Steve Boint; Charles Luden; Nicole Allen; Jason Freeman; and Suzanne Sunshower's lives converged in Sioux Falls while performing poetry at Michelle's Coffee and at the Horsebarn Arts Center. Together they published From the lonely cold: poems by Nicole Allen, Charles Luden, Jason Freeman, Suzanne Sunshower, Steve Boint.^[102] Jason Freeman, poet and disability advocate was born in Sioux Falls (son of artist-writer/neurologist Jerome Freeman^[103]) and has been a part of the literary arts scene since his youth.^[104] Tom Foster moved to Sioux Falls from California, having already developed a presence in the California Slam scene, and was integral to keeping public open mics going strong. The Washington Pavilion continued to donate space for literary activities, as did the Siouxland Sioux Falls Library. Eventually, David Allan Evans returned to Sioux Falls as the State of South Dakota Poet Laureate and enhanced the literary scene. Patrick Hicks, poet/writer, came to the city to teach at Augustana College and in 2010 published the anthology A Menagerie of Words: Contemporary South Dakota Poetry.^[105]^[106] Rosalee Blunk was the initial organizer of the Poetry Out Loud state finals held annually in Sioux Falls.^[107] Maddie Lukomski, a Poetry Out Loud junior at Sioux Falls Lincoln High School was named a winner in the National Endowment for the Arts Poetry Ourselves competition spoken category in 2016.^[72]^[108]

The Sioux Falls mayor's awards in literary arts designated movers and shakers during the growth and development of the literary arts scene.^[109] Deb Klebanoff, born in Sioux Falls, began the reading series at the Horse Barn with Allison Hedge Coke, after serving on the Sioux Falls Chamber of Commerce's Cultural Affairs committee, including a term as its chair and for almost a decade with the Sioux Empire Arts Council, including 8 years as its executive director. She later moved south of Sioux Falls and founded a writers' retreat, The Retreat at Pointer's Ridge.^[110]

In addition to literary awards, there are mayor's awards in visual arts, performing arts, music, organizing in the arts, advocacy, and lifetime achievement, per the mayor's discretion.^[109] Many visual artists got their start in and/or represent the city, including Carl Grupp, Mary Groth, Ceca Cooper, Marian Henjum, Brad Kringen, Nancyjane Huehl, Don Hooper, Nathan Holman, Gary Hartenhoff, Sheila Agee, Mary Selvig, Martha Baker, Chad Mohr, Paul Schiller, Liz Heeren, Edward Two Eagle, Edwin Two Eagle, James Starkey, and painter/muralist Byob Mergia.^[111]^[112]^[113]

The Sioux Falls Jazz and Blues Festival is a three-day outdoor musical event featuring two stages and is free to the public. It is held the third weekend in July at Yankton Trail Park.^[114]^[115] The Sioux Falls Jazz & Blues Society hosts national musicians during its annual concert series. Each year the series includes approximately five concerts with acts from all over the world. JazzFest, with over 125,000 in annual attendance, has expanded over the years to include the Jazziest Diversity Project, the All-City Jazz Ensemble, the Concert Series, and JazzFest Jazz Camp.^[116] 2016 was the festival's 25th anniversary year.^[114]

The Downtown Riverfest^[117] brings live music, art, kids' activities and more in an annual festival that embraces the beauty of the Big Sioux.^[118]

Downtown Sioux Falls boasts Ipso Gallery, directed by Liz Bashore Heeren,^[119] The Orpheum Theater, SculptureWalk, Sioux Empire Community Theater, Sioux Falls State Theater, The Museum of Visual Materials, The Interactive Water Fountain, Exposure Gallery and Studios, Falls Park and Cinema Falls, Creative Spirits, Eastbank Art Gallery, JAM Art and Supplies, and the Washington Pavilion, home to the South Dakota Symphony Orchestra and the occasional Poets & Painters show (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5...). Prairie Star Gallery, recently closed, was an additional American Indian Arts gallery and store.^[120]

The LifeLight Music Festival is held yearly in Worthing (20 miles south) the last weekend in August. One of the largest outdoor Christian music festivals in the world, yearly attendance has continued to grow from less than 2,000 people in its first year (1998) to over 300,000 in 2013. The festival has drawn multiple performances over the years from some of biggest names in Christian music, including Skillet, Tenth Avenue North, and Remedy Drive.

Landmarks

The Washington Pavilion contains the Kirby Science Discovery Center, as well as two performing arts centers that host several Broadway productions and operas. The South Dakota Symphony's home hosts dance groups as well as smaller theater and choral events. The Visual Arts Center, also part of the Pavilion complex, hosts six galleries of changing exhibits, all free of charge. The Wells Fargo Cinedome is a multiformat {{convert|60|ft|m|abbr=on}} dome theater that plays several films each month.

The Great Plains Zoo & Delbridge Museum provides the area with natural history and animal exhibits in its {{convert|50|acre|m2|adj=on}} park, and has dioramas depicting wildlife.^[121]

The USS South Dakota Battleship Memorial to the World War II battleship USS South Dakota is on State Highway 42 (West 12th Street) and Kiwanis Avenue.

The 114th Fighter Wing is at Joe Foss Field and houses F-16C/D fighter aircraft. The SD ANG unit is known for its support of community activities and services.

Transportation

Roads

Most residents of Sioux Falls travel and commute by car. Interstate 90 passes east to west across the northern edge of the city, while Interstate 29 bisects the western portion of the city from the north and south. Interstate 229 forms a partial loop around Sioux Falls, and connects with Interstate 90 to the northeast and Interstate 29 to the southwest. A grid design system for city streets is the standard for the central (older) area of the city, while secondary streets in newer residential areas have largely abandoned this plan.

Due to current and expected regional growth, several large construction projects have been or will be undertaken. New interchanges have recently been added to Interstate 29. An interchange was also completed on I-90 at Marion Road. I-29 has recently been improved from I-90 to 57th Street. This upgrade includes additional lanes and auxiliary lanes. Over the next decade, the city of Sioux Falls and the South Dakota Department of Transportation plan to construct a limited-access highway around the outer edges of the city to the south and east known as South Dakota Highway 100.^[122] This highway will start at the northern Tea exit (Exit 73 on I-29, 101st Street) and will travel east on 101st Street, and curve northeast east of Western Avenue, then turn northerly near Sycamore Avenue. The highway will end at the Timberline Avenue exit (Exit 402 on I-90).

Public/mass transit

Sioux Area Metro, the local public transit organization, operates 16 bus lines within the city, with most routes operating Monday through Saturday.^[123] Recently, the city added a new transfer station in Sioux Falls on Louise Avenue between 49th and 57th Streets. The Sioux Area Metro Paratransit serves members of the community who would otherwise not be able to travel by providing door to door service.

Air travel

Five domestic airlines (Delta Air Lines, United Airlines, American Airlines, Allegiant Air, and Frontier Airlines) serve Sioux Falls Regional Airport.^[125] The airport is also known as Joe Foss Field (in honor of famed aviator and former Governor Joe Foss). Airlines offer non-stop flight service to a number of major U.S. airports, including Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Chicago-O'Hare International Airport, Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport, Denver International Airport, Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport, Orlando-Sanford International Airport, Los Angeles International Airport (seasonal), Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport, Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport, Las Vegas-McCarran International Airport and Tampa-St. Pete–Clearwater International Airport.

Sports

The Sioux Falls Canaries were known as the Sioux Falls Fighting Pheasants from 2010 to 2013.

Championships

Special sporting events

Sioux Falls has several multipurpose athletic stadiums: the primarily-baseball Sioux Falls Stadium, indoor Sioux Falls Arena, indoor Sanford Pentagon, and indoor Denny Sanford Premier Center. Sioux Falls Stadium played host to the 2007 American Association of Independent Professional Baseball all-star game.^[126] Sioux Falls Arena hosted the Continental Basketball Association all-star game in 1996, 2000 and 2003. It also hosted the NBA Development League Showcase in early 2007 and the United States Hockey League Prospects/All-Star Game in the 2002 and 2009 seasons.

Constructed in 2014, the Denny Sanford Premier Center is home to The Summit League Men's Basketball Tournament and The Summit League Women's Basketball Tournament.^[127] Also The Premier Center hosted the 2017 USHL/NHL Top Prospects Game.

Sioux Falls hosted the 16U Amateur Softball Association A National Championship of fastpitch softball in July 2009 and the 14U ASA A National Championship of fastpitch softball in July 2012. In August 1989 and 2009, Sioux Falls hosted the Air National Guard National Softball Tournament at Sherman Park Complex.

Foldings

Sister cities

In accordance with Sister Cities International, an organization that began under President Dwight Eisenhower in 1956, Sioux Falls has been given three international sister cities in an attempt to foster cross-cultural understanding:

Media

Awards

Notable people

References

1. ^
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp|publisher=USPS|title=Zip Code Lookup|accessdate=May 22, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101160345/http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp |archivedate=January 1, 2008|df=}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=United States Geological Survey|date=2007-10-25}}
4. ^{{cite book |last=Ullrich |first=Jan F. |title=New Lakota Dictionary |url=http://www.lakotadictionary.org/nldo.php |edition=2nd |year=2014 |publisher=Lakota Language Consortium |location=Bloomington, Indiana |isbn=978-0-9761082-9-0 |access-date=February 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018034145/http://www.lakotadictionary.org/nldo.php |archive-date=October 18, 2016 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|accessdate=2011-06-07|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties}}
6. ^{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/2007/06/27/real_estate/258_fastest_growing_cities/index.htm|title=The 258 fastest growing U.S. cities|publisher=money.cnn.com|accessdate=January 6, 2011|date=2007-06-27}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://images.businessweek.com/ss/10/01/0128_americas_fastest_growing_cities/42.ht|title=America's Fastest-Growing Cities 2010|publisher=businessweek.com|accessdate=January 6, 2011}}
8. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.argusleader.com/story/news/city/2019/02/04/city-hall-4-000-more-moved-sioux-falls-2018/2773237002/|title=City Hall: 4,000 more moved to Sioux Falls in 2018|work=Argus Leader|access-date=2018-02-05|language=en}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.viamediatv.com/market_Sioux%20Falls_SD.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-10-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012121344/http://www.viamediatv.com/market_Sioux%20Falls_SD.htm |archivedate=2013-10-12 |df= }}
10. ^{{cite web| last =| first =| authorlink =| coauthors =| title =American Indian Services Inc.| work =| publisher =| date =| url =http://www.americanindianservicesinc.org/| accessdate =2008-04-22| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080304030725/http://www.americanindianservicesinc.org/| archivedate =March 4, 2008| df =mdy-all}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=History of Sioux Falls |publisher=City of Sioux Falls |accessdate=2008-11-23 |url=http://www.siouxfalls.org/Information/history/siouxfalls.aspx |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705075009/http://www.siouxfalls.org/Information/history/siouxfalls.aspx |archivedate=2008-07-05 |df= }}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.angelfire.com/mn3/rambow/vtour.html |title=Ft. Dakota Virtual Tour |website=Angelfire.com |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/us/A0845380.html |title=Sioux Falls |website=Factmonster.com |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
14. ^Hetland, Cara. Sioux Falls 25 years after Citibank's arrival. , Minnesota Public Radio. February 24, 2006. (accessed March 23, 2007)
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}
16. ^¹{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=2012-06-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/64vfLAeJ2?url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archivedate=2012-01-24 |df= }}
17. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2017/demo/popest/total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html|title=Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals: 2010-2017|work=2017 Population Estimates|publisher=United States Census Bureau, Population Division|date=October 3, 2018|accessdate=October 3, 2018}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2017/demo/popest/counties-total.html|title=Estimates for the 100 Fastest Growing U.S. Counties in 2017: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2017|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 3, 2018}}
19. ^{{Cite news|title = USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map|accessdate = 2013-07-18|url = http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/Default.aspx|publisher = United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service}}
20. ^{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USW00014944.normals.txt |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=Station Name: SD SIOUX FALLS |accessdate=2013-03-10}}
21. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=fsd | title = NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data | accessdate = 2013-02-18 | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration }}
22. ^¹{{cite web| url = http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USSD0315| title = Average Weather for Sioux Falls, SD − Temperature and Precipitation| accessdate = 2010-05-14| publisher = The Weather Channel }}
23. ^{{cite web|title=Council Members|url=http://www.siouxfalls.org/council/members|publisher=City of Sioux Falls|accessdate=15 May 2018}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.siouxfalls.org/upload/documents/comdev/2006%20plan%20draft%20comment.pdf |format=PDF |title=2006 Action Plan Draft |publisher=City of Sioux Falls |year=2006 |accessdate=2007-03-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704194931/http://www.siouxfalls.org/upload/documents/comdev/2006%20plan%20draft%20comment.pdf |archivedate=2007-07-04 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
25. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/datagraph.php?year=2004&fips=46&f=0&off=0&elect=0 | title = 2004 Presidential Election Data Graphs – South Dakota | publisher = Uselectionatlas.org | accessdate = 2007-03-23}}
26. ^{{cite web | url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/ | title = 2008 Presidential Election Data Graphs – South Dakota | publisher = Uselectionatlas.org | accessdate= 2008-10-26}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.argusleader.com/story/news/business-journal/2019/03/22/sioux-falls-jobs-sanford-avera-health-walmart-wells-fargo-hyvee-top-employers/3224514002|title=Major Area Employers 2019|publisher=Sioux Falls Argus Leader|accessdate=March 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211094959/http://siouxfallsdevelopment.com/Publications/CDP-2016.pdf|archive-date=March 22, 2019|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.argusleader.com/story/news/business-journal/2019/03/22/sioux-falls-jobs-sanford-avera-health-walmart-wells-fargo-hyvee-top-employers/3224514002/http://www.siouxfallsdevelopment.com/Publications/CDP-2016.pdf|title=Major Area Employers|publisher=Sioux Falls Development Foundation|accessdate=January 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211094959/http://siouxfallsdevelopment.com/Publications/CDP-2016.pdf|archive-date=December 11, 2016|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2017.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=October 3, 2018}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=U.S. Decennial Census|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=May 29, 2013}}
31. ^¹{{cite web|title=Population Estimates|url=https://census.gov/data/tables/2017/demo/popest/total-cities-and-towns.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 3, 2018}}
32. ^¹{{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2012-06-21}}
33. ^2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
34. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.bethelwels.com/ |title= Bethel Evangelical Lutheran – Church and School |location= Sioux Falls, SD}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://gswels.org/church/who-we-are/|title=Meet Good Shepherd}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/our-district/vision-and-mission/district-overview|title=District Overview – Sioux Falls School District|last=|first=|date=|website=Sf.k12.sd.us|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=2019-02-11}}
37. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.argusleader.com/story/news/education/2019/01/28/sioux-falls-school-district-school-board-gets-first-look-thomas-jefferson-high/2701021002/|title=New Sioux Falls high school will have academic 'suites,' secure outdoor space|website=Argus Leader|language=en|access-date=2019-02-11}}
38. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.argusleader.com/story/news/education/2019/01/28/sioux-falls-school-district-school-board-gets-first-look-thomas-jefferson-high/2701021002/|title=New Sioux Falls high school will have academic 'suites,' secure outdoor space|website=Argus Leader|language=en|access-date=2019-02-11}}
39. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.argusleader.com/story/news/education/2018/12/10/sioux-falls-school-district-board-set-buy-land-new-middle-school-southwest-sioux-falls/2265166002/|title=School board unanimously votes to buy land for new middle school in southeast Sioux Falls|website=Argus Leader|language=en|access-date=2019-02-11}}
40. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/images/docs/school_board/school_board_reports/2019/10C-NamingCommitteeRpt-Recommendation.pdf|title=New Northwest High School and the Southwest Middle School Naming Committee Report EXECUTIVE SUMMARY|last=|first=|date=2019-01-28|website=Sioux Falls School District|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-11}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/schools/elementary-schools/all-city-at-jane-addams#data-information|title=School - All City Elementary School (ACE)|accessdate=September 21, 2018}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/schools/elementary-schools/anne-sullivan#data-information|title=School - Anne Sullivan Elementary School|accessdate=September 21, 2018}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/schools/elementary-schools/challenge-center#data-information|title=School - Challenge Center School|accessdate=September 21, 2018}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/schools/elementary-schools/cleveland#data-information|title=School - Cleveland Elementary School|accessdate=September 21, 2018}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/schools/elementary-schools/discovery#data-information|title=School - Discovery Elementary School|accessdate=September 21, 2018}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/schools/elementary-schools/elementary-immersion-center|title=School - Elementary Immersion Center|accessdate=September 21, 2018}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/schools/elementary-schools/eugene-field#data-information|title=School - Eugene Field A+ Elementary School|accessdate=September 21, 2018}}
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/schools/elementary-schools/garfield#data-information|title=School - Garfield Elementary School|accessdate=September 21, 2018}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/schools/elementary-schools/harvey-dunn|title=School - Harvey Dunn Elementary School|accessdate=September 21, 2018}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/schools/elementary-schools/hawthorne#data-information|title=School - Hawthorne Elementary School|accessdate=September 21, 2018}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/schools/elementary-schools/hayward#data-information|title=School - Hayward Elementary School|accessdate=September 21, 2018}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/schools/elementary-schools/horace-mann#data-information|title=School - Horace Mann Elementary School|accessdate=September 21, 2018}}
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/schools/elementary-schools/john-f-kennedy#data-information|title=School - John F. Kennedy Elementary School|accessdate=September 21, 2018}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/schools/elementary-schools/john-harris#data-information|title=School - John Harris Elementary School|accessdate=September 21, 2018}}
55. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/schools/elementary-schools/laura-b-anderson#data-information|title=School - Laura B. Anderson Elementary School|accessdate=September 21, 2018}}
56. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/schools/elementary-schools/laura-wilder#data-information|title=School - Laura Wilder Elementary School|accessdate=September 21, 2018}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/schools/elementary-schools/lowell#data-information|title=School - Lowell Elementary School|accessdate=September 21, 2018}}
58. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/schools/elementary-schools/oscar-howe#data-information|title=School - Oscar Howe Elementary School|accessdate=September 21, 2018}}
59. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/schools/elementary-schools/renberg#data-information|title=School - Renberg Elementary School|accessdate=September 21, 2018}}
60. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/schools/elementary-schools/r-f-pettigrew#data-information|title=School - R. F. Pettigrew Elementary School|accessdate=September 21, 2018}}
61. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/schools/elementary-schools/robert-frost#data-information|title=School - Robert Frost Elementary School|accessdate=September 21, 2018}}
62. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/schools/elementary-schools/rosa-parks#data-information|title=School - Rosa Parks Elementary School|accessdate=September 21, 2018}}
63. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/schools/elementary-schools/sonia-sotomayor#data-information|title=School - Sonia Sotomayor Spanish Immersion Elementary School|accessdate=September 21, 2018}}
64. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/schools/elementary-schools/susan-b-anthony#data-information|title=School - Susan B. Anthony Elementary School|accessdate=September 21, 2018}}
65. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/schools/elementary-schools/terry-redlin#data-information|title=School - Terry Redlin Elementary School|accessdate=September 21, 2018}}
66. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bethelwels.com/resources/school/|title=School – Bethel Evangelical Lutheran}}
67. ^{{cite web|url=http://gswels.org/school/aboutschool/|title=About Good Shepherd Lutheran School}}
68. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.sculpturewalksiouxfalls.com/ |title=SculptureWalk Sioux Falls homepage |first=Jim|last=Clark |accessdate=November 25, 2009}}
69. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kdlt.com/2017/05/13/siouxpercon-returns-second-year/|title=SIOUXPERCON Returns For Second Year - KDLT|date=May 13, 2017|publisher=}}
70. ^{{cite web| last =| first =| authorlink =| coauthors =| title =Mayor's Awards for the Arts| work =| publisher =Sioux Empire Arts Council| date =| url =http://www.siouxempireartscouncil.com/Mayor.htm| accessdate =2008-04-22| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080514072826/http://www.siouxempireartscouncil.com/Mayor.htm| archivedate =May 14, 2008| df =mdy-all}}
71. ^{{cite web|url=http://sculpturewalksiouxfalls.com/about/ |title=About |publisher=SculptureWalk Sioux Falls |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
72. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://visitsiouxfalls.com/why-sioux-falls/so-much-to-see-in-sioux-falls/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517021054/http://visitsiouxfalls.com/why-sioux-falls/so-much-to-see-in-sioux-falls/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=May 17, 2015|title=So Much to See in Sioux Falls - Visit Sioux Falls|date=May 17, 2015|publisher=}}
73. ^{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.argusleader.com/story/life/2015/01/24/whatever-happened-art-agees-dream-come-true/22269169/ |title=Whatever Happened To: Art is Agee’s dream come true |website=Argusleader.com |date=2015-01-24 |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
74. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpavilion.org/online/default.asp?doWork::WScontent::loadArticle=Load&BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::article_id=150A970F-CCD6-4CC6-98DC-6061447A2AB3&menu_id=E8CADA75-EEF5-4335-90C6-53107DBCE58C |title=About the Pavilion |website=Washingtonpavilion.org |date=1970-01-01 |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
75. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.npiam.org |title=Home |publisher=NPIAM |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
76. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpavilion.org/online/default.asp?doWork::WScontent::loadArticle=Load&BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::article_id=E4652B00-6C9C-4FD3-8450-CD317C6C441D |title=VAC: Northern Plains Tribal Art |website=Washingtonpavilion.org |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828082624/https://www.washingtonpavilion.org/online/default.asp?doWork::WScontent::loadArticle=Load&BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::article_id=E4652B00-6C9C-4FD3-8450-CD317C6C441D |archive-date=August 28, 2016 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
77. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/our-district/student-support-services/indian-education |title=Indian Education – Sioux Falls School District |website=Sf.k12.sd.us |date=2016-07-14 |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
78. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.artscouncil.sd.gov/ta/jgroth.aspx |title=Jim Groth |website=Artscouncil.sd.gov |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
79. ^ {{dead link|date=March 2017}}
80. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/SiouxFallsHorseBarnArtCenter/ |title=Security Check Required |publisher=Facebook |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
81. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems-and-poets/poets/detail/allison-adelle-hedge-coke |title=Allison Adelle Hedge Coke |publisher=Poetry Foundation |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
82. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ymca.net/arts_and_humanities/national_writers_voice.html |title=YMCA National Writer's Voice |author=YMCA of the USA |accessdate=November 25, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012130735/http://www.ymca.net/arts_and_humanities/national_writers_voice.html |archivedate=October 12, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}
83. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/PavilionVAC/photos/a.432112608676.222468.40826783676/10155119134248677 |title=Preparing bolo ties that will be... – Washington Pavilion Visual Arts Center |publisher=Facebook |date=2016-07-27 |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
84. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.expeditionoklahoma.com/2014/06/good-earth-state-park-at-blood-run-.html |title=Good Earth State Park at Blood Run South Dakota |publisher=Expedition Oklahoma |date=2014-06-14 |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
85. ^{{cite web|url=http://allisonhedgecoke.com/FINAL%20UCR%20-%20ALLISON%20ADELLE%20HEDGE%20COKE%20CV%202016%20w_%20media%20links.pdf |format=PDF |title=Allison Adelle Hedge Coke : Selected Resume |website=Allisonhedgecoke.com |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
86. ^{{cite web|url=http://allisonhedgecoke.com |title=Welcome to the Official Allison Adelle Hedge Coke Website |website=Allisonhedgecoke.com |date=2013-12-20 |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
87. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lannan.org/bios/allison-hedge-coke/ |title=Allison Hedge Coke – Lannan Foundation |website=Lannan.org |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
88. ^¹²{{cite web |url=http://www.artscouncil.sd.gov/aisc/litcoke.aspx |format=PDF |title=Allison Adelle Hedge Coke : Resume |website=Artscouncil.sd.gov |accessdate=2017-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103085201/http://www.artscouncil.sd.gov/aisc/litcoke.aspx |archive-date=January 3, 2017 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
89. ^{{cite web|url=https://pen.org/allison-hedge-coke?member |title=Allison Hedge Coke Reads from Naeem Murr’s The Perfect Man – PEN America |website=Pen.org |date=2006-04-30 |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
90. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blackhillsradio.com/sdaae.htm |title=SDAAE |website=Blackhillsradio.com |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
91. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.unomaha.edu/college-of-communication-fine-arts-and-media/writers-workshop/mfa-program/mfa-faculty/allison-adelle-hedge-coke.php |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-08-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803132010/http://www.unomaha.edu/college-of-communication-fine-arts-and-media/writers-workshop/mfa-program/mfa-faculty/allison-adelle-hedge-coke.php |archivedate=2016-08-03 |df= }}
92. ^{{cite web|url=http://vcfa.edu/writing-publishing/news/allison-adelle-hedge-coke-joining-mfa-writing-publishing-faculty |title=Allison Adelle Hedge Coke Joining the MFA in Writing & Publishing Faculty | VCFA |website=Vcfa.edu |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
93. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.booksamillion.com/p/Sioux-Falls-South-Dakota/Source-Wikipedia/9781156867013 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-08-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822031005/http://www.booksamillion.com/p/Sioux-Falls-South-Dakota/Source-Wikipedia/9781156867013 |archivedate=2016-08-22 |df= }}
94. ^[https://www.siouxfalls.org/mayor/boards-commissions/.../2004-report]{{dead link|date=March 2017}}
95. ^{{cite web|author= |url=http://ksoo.com/sioux-falls-poetry-contest-set-in-stone/ |title=Sioux Falls Poetry Contest Set in Stone |website=Ksoo.com |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
96. ^{{cite web |url=http://sdhumanities.org/festival-of-books/presenters/detail/60/ |title=Charles Luden | South Dakota Festival of Books |website=Sdhumanities.org |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103085256/http://sdhumanities.org/festival-of-books/presenters/detail/60/ |archive-date=January 3, 2017 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
97. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.southdacola.com/blog/category/chuck-luden/ |title=Chuck Luden — South DaCola |website=Southdacola.com |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
98. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sdrta.net/howardeunicehovland2014.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-08-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816150204/http://www.sdrta.net/howardeunicehovland2014.pdf |archivedate=2016-08-16 |df= }}
99. ^{{cite web|author=Story and photos by Ron Robinson |url=http://www.southdakotamagazine.com/amaranth |title=Amaranth: The Once and Future Crop? |website=Southdakotamagazine.com |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
100. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.augie.edu/sites/default/files/fall_2010_newsletter.pdf |format=PDF |title=The Center For Western studies Newsletter |date=2010 |volume=30 |website=Augie.edu |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
101. ^{{cite web|url=http://listen.sdpb.org/post/storycorps-art-huseboe-and-ron-robinson#stream/0 |title=StoryCorps: Art Huseboe and Ron Robinson | SDPB Radio |website=Listen.sdpb.org |date=2013-08-21 |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
102. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/from-the-lonely-cold-poems-by-nicole-allen-charles-luden-jason-freeman-suzanne-sunshower-steve-boint/oclc/489684493 |title=From the lonely cold : poems by Nicole Allen, Charles Luden, Jason Freeman, Suzanne Sunshower, Steve Boint (Book, 2009) |website=WorldCat.org |date=2017-01-21 |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
103. ^{{cite book|asin=B00GZUD99S |title=Bringing Kindness to Medicine: Stories from the Prairie |author=Jerome W. Freeman |website=Amazon.com |date= }}
104. ^{{cite web|last=Freeman |first=Jason |url=http://www.onbeing.org/blog/jason-freeman-from-my-limitations-to-achieving-the-extraordinary/8462 |title=From My Limitations to Achieving the Extraordinary |publisher=On Being |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
105. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.augie.edu/faculty-7 |title=Faculty |website=Augie.edu |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
106. ^{{cite web|url=http://library.sd.gov/prog/sdbookbag/hicks_harvestofwords.pdf |format=PDF |title=Patrick Hicks, ed. A Harvest of Words: Contemporary South Dakota Poetry. Sioux Falls: The Center for Western Studies, Augustana College, 2010. : SUMMARY OF THE BOOK |website=Library.sd.gov |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
107. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sdpb.org/poetryoutloud/ |title=Poetry Out Loud |publisher=SDPB |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
108. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.arts.gov/art-works/2016/introducing-poetry-ourselves-winners |title=Introducing the Poetry Ourselves Winners! | NEA |website=Arts.gov |date=2016-05-06 |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
109. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.artssiouxfalls.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Mayors-Award-for-the-Arts-History-of-Honorees.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-08-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922212743/http://www.artssiouxfalls.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Mayors-Award-for-the-Arts-History-of-Honorees.pdf |archivedate=2016-09-22 |df= }}
110. ^{{cite web|url=http://pointersridge.org/wordpress/who-we-are/ |title=Who We Are – The Retreat at Pointer's Ridge |website=Pointersridge.org |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
111. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.augie.edu/events/2010-02-11/axum-artwork-eyob-mergia |title="Axum: The Artwork of Eyob Mergia" |website=Augie.edu |date=2010-03-11 |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
112. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sfacf.org/featured-artists/ |title=Featured Artists – Sioux Falls Area Community Foundation |website=Sfacf.org |date=2014-06-20 |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
113. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.argusleader.com/story/life/2014/07/27/beyond-sculpturewalk-citys-art/13185063/ |title=Beyond SculptureWalk: Our city's art |website=Argusleader.com |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
114. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.siouxfallsjazzfest.com/festival-info/about-jazzfest/ |title=About JazzFest – Sioux Falls JazzFest 2017 |website=Siouxfallsjazzfest.com |date=2016-07-15 |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
115. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jazzfestsiouxfalls.com |title=Sioux Falls JazzFest 2017 |website=Jazzfestsiouxfalls.com |date=2016-07-15 |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
116. ^{{cite web|url=http://sfjb.org/about-us/history-of-sfjb/ |title=History of SFJB | Sioux Falls Jazz and Blues |website=Sfjb.org |date=2016-08-12 |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
117. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dtsf.com/events/details/downtown-riverfest2/2016-8-13 |title=Downtown Riverfest | Downtown Sioux Falls |website=Dtsf.com |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103052846/http://www.dtsf.com/events/details/downtown-riverfest2/2016-8-13 |archive-date=January 3, 2017 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
118. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/SiouxFallsArtistCommunity/ |title=Security Check Required |publisher=Facebook |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
119. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dtsf.com/events/details/ipso-gallery-presents-boonie/2015-6-5 |title=Ipso Gallery Presents: Boonie | Downtown Sioux Falls |website=Dtsf.com |date=2015-06-05 |accessdate=2017-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103052911/http://www.dtsf.com/events/details/ipso-gallery-presents-boonie/2015-6-5 |archive-date=January 3, 2017 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
120. ^{{cite web|url=http://dtsf.com/discover-downtown/arts-attractions/P10 |title=Arts & Attractions |website=Dtsf.com |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
121. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.greatplainszoo.org/Visit/history-mission |title=Our History & Our Mission |author=Great Plains Zoo & Delbridge Museum of Natural History |date=April 8, 2005 |accessdate=November 25, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418044347/http://www.greatplainszoo.org/Visit/history-mission |archivedate=April 18, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}
122. ^{{cite web | title = South Dakota 100 Corridor Preservation Project | publisher = South Dakota Department of Transportation | accessdate = 2010-05-10 | url = http://www.sddot.com/sd100/index.asp}}
123. ^{{cite news|last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Sioux Falls Transit First to Deploy RouteMatch Software's Fixed Route CAD/AVL Solution |work=Market Wire |publisher= |date=August 2007 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_pwwi/is_/ai_n19466093 |accessdate=2008-10-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701191951/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_pwwi/is_/ai_n19466093 |archivedate=2014-07-01 |df= }}
124. ^Jim Cribbins, The Milwaukee Road Remembered, 1990, pp. 61-66
125. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.sioux-falls-airport.com/ |title=Sioux Falls Regional Airport – Home |website=Sfairport.com |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
126. ^{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =2007 American Association All Star Game | work = | publisher =aabfan.com | date =July 17, 2007 | url =http://aabfan.com/league/allstar/allstar07.shtml | accessdate =2008-10-16 }}
127. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.startribune.com/sports/blogs/294543001.html | newspaper = Minneapolis Star Tribune | date = March 6, 2015 | first = Patrick | last = Reusse | title = Sioux Falls sports scene benefits from Sanford | accessdate = April 4, 2015}}
128. ^{{cite web|last=Sports KSFY |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=SpitFire Suspend Operations |work= |publisher=KSFY |date=September 26, 2007 |url=http://www.ksfy.com/sports/headlines/10060496.html |accessdate=2008-10-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214093712/http://www.ksfy.com/sports/headlines/10060496.html |archivedate=February 14, 2009 }}
129. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.potsdam.de/cms/ziel/27222/DE/|title=Die Partnerstädte der Landeshauptstadt Potsdam|work=www.potsdam.de|accessdate=June 24, 2010|language=German|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625001110/http://www.potsdam.de/cms/ziel/27222/DE/|archivedate=June 25, 2010|df=mdy-all}}
130. ^{{cite web|author=Megan Raposa |url=http://siouxfallsbusinessjournal.com/content/view/416/99 |title=Sioux Falls Business Journal |publisher=Sioux Falls Business Journal |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
131. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.menshealth.com/cda/article.do?site=MensHealth&channel=health&category=metrogrades&conitem=9ca8a9f3340dc010VgnVCM10000013281eac____&page=2 |title = How Angry Is Your City? |publisher = Men's Health |work = Health:MetroGrades |accessdate = November 24, 2009 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090214111530/http://www.menshealth.com/cda/article.do?site=MensHealth&channel=health&category=metrogrades&conitem=9ca8a9f3340dc010VgnVCM10000013281eac____&page=2 |archivedate = February 14, 2009 |df = mdy-all }}
132. ^{{cite web|url=http://media.allstate.com/categories/6/releases/4293 |title=3rd Annual Allstate America's Best Drivers Report |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616125024/http://media.allstate.com/categories/6/releases/4293 |archivedate=June 16, 2007 }}
133. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=article.main&articleId=55991 |title=Rounding out the top 10 markets |author=David Broughton and Bill King |publisher=Street & Smith's Sports Group |date=August 20, 2007 |accessdate=November 25, 2009}}
134. ^{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2008/fsb/0803/gallery.best_places_to_launch.fsb/45.html |first=Peter|last=McDougall |title=100 best places to live and launch |publisher=CNNMoney.com |date =July 2, 2008 | accessdate =2009-03-10 }}
135. ^{{cite web|url=http://calitreview.com/author/james_abourezk |title=California Literary ReviewJames Abourezk |website=Calitreview.com |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
136. ^American Writer, March 2017, Pp. 7–8
137. ^{{cite web|title=Shayna Baszler|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Shayna-Baszler-12116|publisher=sherdog.com|accessdate=September 23, 2013}}
138. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jwpepper.com/10281737.item#.UkDShdYo6Uk |title=Black and White Rag by George Botsford/arr. Daehn| J.W. Pepper Sheet Music |website=Jwpepper.com |date= |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
139. ^{{cite web|title=Chris Browne|url=http://www.ksfy.com/story/20962983/hagar|publisher=WorldNow and KSFY.|accessdate=September 24, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927004830/http://www.ksfy.com/story/20962983/hagar|archivedate=September 27, 2013|df=mdy-all}}
140. ^{{cite web|title=Benny Castillo|url=http://www.keloland.com/newsdetail.cfm/canaries-hire-castillo-as-hitting-coach/?id=63075|publisher=KELOLAND TV.|accessdate=September 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927090257/http://www.keloland.com/newsdetail.cfm/canaries-hire-castillo-as-hitting-coach/?id=63075|archive-date=September 27, 2013|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
141. ^{{cite web|title=Dallas Clark|url=http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/news/local_news/getting-to-know-tampa-bay-buccaneer-dallas-clark-with-this-weeks-10-questions-for|publisher=Scripps TV Station Group|accessdate=September 24, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927165348/http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/news/local_news/getting-to-know-tampa-bay-buccaneer-dallas-clark-with-this-weeks-10-questions-for|archivedate=September 27, 2013|df=mdy-all}}
142. ^{{cite web|title=Donn Clendenon|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/c/clenddo01.shtml|publisher=BASEBALL REFERENCE. COM|accessdate=September 24, 2013}}
143. ^{{cite web|title=William Dougherty|url=http://www.kdlt.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3670&Itemid=57|publisher=.kdlt.com|accessdate=September 24, 2013}}
144. ^{{cite web|title=Joe Foss|url=http://acepilots.com/usmc_foss.html|publisher=by Acepilots.com|accessdate=September 24, 2013}}
145. ^{{cite web|title=Michael E. Fossum|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/fossum.html|publisher=.jsc.nasa.gov|accessdate=September 24, 2013}}
146. ^{{cite web|title=Neil Graff|url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/G/GrafNe00.htm|publisher=pro-football-reference.com|accessdate=September 24, 2013}}
147. ^¹²³{{cite magazine |last=Grigsby |first=Lutha |date=November 1, 1995 |title=Colonel Melvin Grigsby and Family |url=http://grigsbyfoundation.org/NGPF%20Documents/24%20Colonel%20Melvin%20Grigsby%201845-1917%20and%20Family.pdf |magazine=National Grigsby Family Society Newsletter |page=49 |publisher=GrigsbyFoundation.org}}
148. ^{{cite web|title=Donald A. Haggar|url=http://legis.state.sd.us/historical/LegislatorDetail.aspx?MemberID=49|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614041450/http://legis.state.sd.us/historical/LegislatorDetail.aspx?MemberID=49|dead-url=yes|archive-date=June 14, 2008|publisher=South Dakota Legislature|accessdate=September 24, 2013}}
149. ^{{cite web|title=Mary Hart|url=http://www.sdhalloffame.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=78&iid=203|publisher=sdhalloffame.com|accessdate=September 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930093049/http://www.sdhalloffame.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=78&iid=203|archive-date=September 30, 2011|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
150. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/poetry/prize-fellow/bynner.html?loclr=eape |title=Witter Bynner Fellowships (Prizes and Fellowships, The Poetry and Literature Center at the Library of Congress) |website=Loc.gov |date=2016-12-20 |accessdate=2017-03-18}}
151. ^{{cite web|title=Mike Martz|url=http://www.cccaasports.org/hof_view.asp?HofId=68|publisher=California Community College Athletic Association|accessdate=September 24, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928232731/http://www.cccaasports.org/hof_view.asp?HofId=68|archivedate=September 28, 2013|df=mdy-all}}
152. ^{{cite web|title=Pat O'Brien|url=http://www.goyotes.com/genrel/051203aaa.html|publisher=CBS Interactive.|accessdate=September 24, 2013}}
153. ^{{cite web|title=Joan Tabor|url=http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?gl=ROOT_CATEGORY&rank=1&new=1&so=1&MSAV=0&msT=1&gss=ms_f-2_s&gsfn=Joan&gsln=Tabor&msdpn__ftp=SD|publisher=Ancestry.com|accessdate=September 24, 2013}}
154. ^{{cite web| url=http://thune.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Biography.Home | title=About John Thune }}
155. ^{{cite web|title=Shane Van Boening|url=http://www.azbilliards.com/people/4315-shane-van-boening/|publisher=AZBilliards.com EPPA inc.|accessdate=September 24, 2013}}
156. ^{{cite web|title=Jerry verDorn|url=http://www.soapoperadigest.com/jerry-verdorn-411|publisher=American Media, Inc.|accessdate=September 24, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927012439/http://www.soapoperadigest.com/jerry-verdorn-411|archivedate=September 27, 2013|df=mdy-all}}