Matherne is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

• Beverly Matherne (born 1946), American writer and poet
• Wayne Matherne (born 1949), retired Canadian football player
• Brian Matherne, a coach in a sex abuse case in the archdiocese of Gregory Michael Aymond
• Ethel Jeanne Matherne (1916–2002), wife of educator and businessman Cliff Ammons
• Londa Jean Matherne, wife of Harry Connick Sr.

• Rufous-tailed flycatcher
• Rufous-tailed foliage-gleaner
• Rufous-tailed hawk
• Rufous-tailed hummingbird
• Rufous tailed jacamar
• Rufous-tailed jungle flycatcher
• Rufous-tailed lark
• Rufous-tailed palm thrush
• Rufous-tailed plantcutter
• Rufous-tailed Scrub-robin
• Rufous-tailed shama
• Rufous-tailed Shrike
• Rufous-Tailed Tailorbird
• Rufous-tailed tailorbird
• Rufous-tailed tyrant
• Rufous-tailed weaver
• Rufous-tailed xenops
• Rufous-thighed Hawk
• Rufous-thighed kite
• Rufous-throated antbird
• Rufous-throated bronze cuckoo
• Rufous-throated flycatcher
• Rufous-throated fulvetta
• Rufous-throated honeyeater
• Rufous-throated partridge