“Mathias Colomb First Nation”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Mathias Colomb First Nation, Mathias Colomb Cree Nation (MCCN),{{sfn|aboriginalchamber|2013}}{{sfn|TribalHealth|2004}} Mathias Colomb (Cree) First Nation,{{sfn|AANDC|2005|24}} Pukatawagan/Mathias Colomb Cree Nation{{sfn|NorMan|2000}} is a remote northern Manitoba First Nations, located {{convert|210|km|abbr=on}} north of The Pas and {{convert|819|km|abbr=on}} northwest of Winnipeg, Manitoba, which had two reserves under its jurisdiction, Indian Rreserve (IR) 198 and IR No. 199. They are part of the Treaty 6 and the main community is at Pukatawagan and consists of {{convert|1536.6|ha|km2 mi2|abbr=on}} on the shore of Pukatawagan Lake and lies about {{convert|210|km|abbr=on}} north of The Pas. Their second reserve was the Highrock reserve (IR No. 199) (CSD) located on Highrock Lake, {{convert|30|km|abbr=on}} downstream from Pukatawagan, which was dissolved by 2006.{{sfn|AANDC|2005|24}}

Demographics

According to Statistics Canada and based on the 2016 Census the population of Pukatawagan 198 was 1,724, a decrease of 5.6% from 2011.^[1] Of the 2016 population 1,680 people were registered or Treaty Indian, 45 identified as neither and 25 people identified non-Aboriginal. No other Indigenous peoples were identified. The First Nations peoples identified as Cree, Ojibway, Saulteaux and Sioux. Besides English people in the community spoke Cree-Montagnais languages, a Central Algonquian languages and Ojibway language^[2]

History

The Mathias Colomb Cree Nation was originally part of the Pelican Narrows band,{{sfn|PBCN|2009}}^[3] Saskatchewan.{{sfn|NorMan|2000}}{{sfn|Bear|2002}} Pelican Narrows^[4] join Mirond and Pelican Lakes which lie between the Sturgeon-Weir and Churchill River systems. The Mathias Colomb band first settled along the Churchill River or Missinipi, meaning "big water" in Woodland Cree, at Highrock Lake in the Prayer River area after their separation in 1910 from the Peter Ballantyne band. The Mathias Colomb Indian band, now Mathias Colomb Cree Nation, was formed as a separate reserve in 1910 and officially recognized by the Canadian federal government in 2011.{{sfn|NorMan|2000}}{{sfn|Bear|2002}} In 1910, the inspector of Indian Affairs recognized Pukatawagan as a separate reserve with Mathias Colomb as the first chief of the reserve. He remained as chief until his death in 1932.{{sfn|Bear|2002}}

On 29 August 1926, Ayamihi Sippi (Prayer River) was surveyed as a reserve under the jurisdiction of the "Mathias Colomb Indian Band, over 18,000 acres of the 19,000 acre reserves is rock... Pakitawagan, the original fishing place of the people was also selected as one of the reserves."{{sfn|Bear|2002}} A fire destroyed the Prayer River community in the late 1960s and the band was forced to relocate to the Pukatawagan reserve."{{sfn|NorMan|2000}}

Governance

Arlen Dumas was elected as Chief in 2008 and, in 2017 was elected Grand Chief of the Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs.^[5] remains in the position.^[6] He promised during his election campaign to get the band out of "co-management," where a third party outside accounting firm assigned by the federal government co-managed band affairs.{{sfn|Marks|2010}} Within four months Dumas and his council "developed a new governance structure, including transparent and accountable financial management systems, and were out of co-management."{{sfn|Marks|2010}}

Through a band scholarship Arlen attended Lakefield College School, Ontario. He then studied at Mount Allison University, majoring in political science and Canadian studies.{{sfn|Marks|2010}}

Since the previous Chief has moved on to be the AMC Grand Chief, there has been some changes within the governance of Mathias Colomb. As of 2019 the chief is Lorna Bighetty and the councillors are Gordie Bear, Lorna Bighetty, Shirley Bighetty, Wanda Bighetty, Ralph Caribou, Flora Jean Castel, Shirley Castel, Steven Castel, Darrell Linklater and Valerie Whyte.^[7]

Affiliations

The Swampy Cree Tribal Council Incorporated is the Tribal Council affiliated with this First Nation.{{sfn|AANDC|2013}} The Swampy Cree Tribal Council lists the Mathias Colomb Cree Nation and the Marcel Colomb First Nation with its head office in Lynn Lake, as Missinippi Cree.

Housing

In 2016 there were 384 private dwellings.^[1] In 2007, ten Winnipeg residents visited their first Indian reserve, Pukatawagan, and their essays were published in the Winnipeg Free Press. "They were shocked and appalled at the overcrowded living conditions. A severe housing shortage had as many as 25 people sharing a small house, eating and showering in shifts. The community had few amenities because a diesel spill caused by faulty equipment installed by Indian Affairs and Manitoba Hydro during the 1970s had contaminated the town centre, causing the band hall, nursing station, school and about 100 houses to be torn down. Violence, substance abuse and poverty prevailed in Pukatawagan for decades while the community argued with mainstream officials about who was responsible and who would pay for cleaning up the mess and rebuilding.{{sfn|Marks|2010}}

In his report, based on his visit to Pukatawagan and other First Nations and Inuit communities in Canada in October 2013, James Anaya, the United Nations special rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, reported that "The well-being gap between aboriginal and non-aboriginal people in Canada has not narrowed over the last several years, treaty and aboriginals claims remain persistently unresolved, and overall there appear to be high levels of distrust among aboriginal peoples toward government at both the federal and provincial levels. Canada consistently ranks near the top among countries with respect to human development standards, and yet amidst this wealth and prosperity, aboriginal people live in conditions akin to those in countries that rank much lower and in which poverty abounds. At least one in five aboriginal Canadians live in homes in need of serious repair, which are often also overcrowded and contaminated with mould."{{sfn|Anaya|2013}}{{sfn|Commisso|2013}}^[8]

Youth suicide

James Anaya, the UN’s special rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples{{sfn|Commisso|2013}} was deeply concerned by the suicide rate in aboriginal communities. He noted particularly that in Pukatawagan there has been a suicide (once) every six weeks since January 2013.{{sfn|Commisso|2013}} Twenty-year-old Shawn Bighetty died by suicide in 2009 and his mother, Lorna Bighetty, a resident of Pukatawagan, "says something must be done to help her community, where poverty is prevalent. Since Shawn’s death, there have been as many as 27 more suicides at Pukatawagan, which is home to 2,500 residents."{{sfn|Commisso|2013}}^[9]

Land claims

In May 1997, the Treaty Land Entitlement Committee (TLEC) representing Mathias Colomb and 18 other Entitlement First Nations (EFNs),^[10] signed the Framework Agreement Treaty Land Entitlement with the province of Manitoba and the Government of Canada, in which Canada and Manitoba agreed to "fulfil the acknowledged outstanding treaty land entitlement obligations for those 20 First Nations, satisfying the per capita land provisions of treaties signed by Canada and the First Nations between 1871 and 1910."{{sfn|Wallace|1999}}

Transportation

Pukatawagan Airport is located {{convert|2.5|NM|lk=in}} east of the town and the community-owned Missinippi Airways provides scheduled, charter and medivacs.^[11] The temporary winter road (Kississing Lake to Pukatawagan) is open for about three months{{sfn|NorMan|2000}} of the year based on weather. There is an existing pioneer road Provincial Trunk Highway 10 (PTH 10) to Sherridon.{{sfn|Dillon Consulting|2000a|1}} Like other small, remote northern communities, Mathias Colomb Cree Nation has no all-weather road access, although studies of its economic viability have been undertaken. The absence of an all-weather road imposes added freight and transportation costs on individuals, communities, government, and industry.{{sfn|Dillon Consulting|2000a|1}} The report examined the cost of the construction of an all-weather road from Provincial Trunk Highway 10 (PTH 10) to Pukatawagan and the benefits, if any, to all stakeholders: Pukatawagan First Nations, Sherridon, and Lynn Lake, Hudson Bay Railroad (HBRR), (OmniTRAX), freight haulers, air transporters and Tolko Industries Ltd.{{sfn|Dillon Consulting|2000a|1}}

Rail

On 20 August 1997 the OmniTRAX-owned Hudson Bay Railway (HBRY) began operation, using former Canadian National Railway (CN) lines that HBRY had purchased, covering more than {{convert|1,300|km|abbr=on}} of lines. The branch from The Pas with a branch to Flin Flon, Pukatawagan First Nations, Sherridon and Lynn Lake. Hudbay Minerals and Tolko are two of the major customers for HBRY.

Educational services

Sakastew primary/secondary school, with an annual enrolment of 550 students, is community-operated.{{sfn|AANDC|2005|24}} About 600 students attend school off the reserve.{{sfn|AANDC|2005|24}}

Health care services

Pukatawagan has a nursing station and a child and family services agency field office.{{sfn|AANDC|2005|24}} Mathias Colomb First Nation Health Authority is affiliated with the Cree Nation Tribal Health Centre in The Pas which delivers culturally relevant health services to First Nations comunities in the Swampy Cree Tribal Council Region.{{sfn|TribalHealth|2004}}^[12]

Economic development

Missinippi Airways, with the official name of Beaver Air Services Limited Partnership, is 100% aboriginal owned and operates regular flights between The Pas and Pukatawagan. In 1988 the Mathias Colomb Cree Nation created the Missinippi Construction Company Ltd which is 100% aboriginal owned.{{sfn|aboriginalchamber|2013}}

Subsistence hunting and fishing is augmented by some trapping and commercial fishing.{{sfn|AANDC|2005|24}}

External links

Notes

1. ^¹²³{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=4623064&Geo2=PR&Code2=46&Data=Count&SearchText=Pukatawagan%20198&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=4623064&TABID=1|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census Pukatawagan 198, Indian reserve [Census subdivision], Manitoba and Manitoba [Province]|accessdate=2019-03-15}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/abpopprof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=4623064&Data=Count&SearchText=Pukatawagan%20198&SearchType=Begins&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=4623064&SEX_ID=1&AGE_ID=1&RESGEO_ID=1 |title=Aboriginal Population Profile, 2016 Census Pukatawagan 198, Indian reserve [Census subdivision], Manitoba|accessdate=2019-03-15}}
3. ^The First Nation people residing at Lac La Ronge selected James Robert as their Chief and became known for sometime as the James Robert's Band, later known as the Lac La Ronge Indian Band (Stonechild, 1980, pp. 1-2). At the time of the adhesion to Treaty 6 on 11 February 1889, at Montreal Lake in northern Saskatchewan, Lac La Ronge Band Wood Cree Indians under James Roberts numbered two hundred & seventy-eight (278) persons. In 1900 the people at Pelican Narrows (also known as Oppawikoschikanik meaning "fearing the narrows"), requested that the Chief and Council of the James Roberts Band consent to the separation of the Pelican Narrows people. "In 1907, Pakitawakan people (Pukatawagan people) requested for separate annuity payments to be paid in Pakitawagan (Pukatawagan.)"{{sfn|Bear|2002}}
4. ^In the 1890s "future members of the Cree Nation centered at Pelican Narrows entered Treaty Six, paddling to La Rouge to state their case with the Indian Agent of the day. In 1898, Indian Agent Hilton Keith traveled to Pelican Narrows and admitted over 100 more individuals living there into the Lac La Range Indian Band. As Pelican Narrows continued pressing their claim to be recognized as a separate Band, the Department of Indian Affairs finally relented and recognized the Cree Nation as a separate entity apart from the Lac La Ronge Indian Band in August, 1900."{{sfnref|PBCN|2009}}
5. ^[https://manitobachiefs.com/about/ Representing Manitoba First Nations]
6. ^Swampy Cree Tribal Council
7. ^First Nation Officials
8. ^"One in five aboriginal Canadians lives in a home in need of serious repairs."{{sfn|Commisso|2013}}
9. ^The "suicide rate among youth on reserves is "alarming" at a rate five times greater than that of all Canadians."{{sfn|Commisso|2013}}
10. ^Other EFN include Barren Lands, Buffalo Point, Brokenhead Ojibway, Fox Lake, God's Lake, God's River, Mathias Colomb Cree, Nisichawaysihk Cree, Oxford House, Norway House Cree, NortWands, Opaskwayak Cree, Rolling River, Sapotaweyak Cree, Sayisi Dene, Shamattawa, War Lake, Wuskwi Sipihk and York Factory
11. ^[https://www.missinippiair.ca/aboutus About Us]
12. ^Other First Nations include Opaskwayak Cree Nation, Chemawawin Cree Nation, Grand Rapids First Nation, Sapotaweyak Cree Nation, Marcel Colomb First Nation, Wuskwi Sipihk First Nation and Mosakahiken Cree Nation.