“Maulika Kayastha”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Maulika Kayastha (মৌলিক কায়স্থ) is a sub caste in the Hindu religion in Bengal. The Bengali Kayasthas are subdivided into different classes or ranks. They are also divided in terms of their geographical locations. According to legend, the Bengali Hindu King Ballal Sena started the ranking system of Brahmins and Kayasthas. The highest ranked Brahmins and Kayasthas are known as Kulin Brahmins and Kulin Kayastha respectively. The Kayasthas who are not Kulins (highest ranked) are considered Maulika (Maulik, Moulik or Moulika).^[1]

Bengali Kayastha were subdivided into different classes based on where they lived. Four geographical locations were used for such differentiation - Dakshin Rahri, Uttar Rahri, Bangaj (Bangaja or Vangaja) and Varendra (Barendra). In each region, the Kayasthas were divided into Kulina and Maulika ranks. Among the kulins of one region there were no more divisions, although kulins from different regions were considered very different. Depending on the region same family could be either Kulina or Maulika. Among Dakshin Radhi Kayasthas Guha is Maulika, among Bangaja Guha is a kulin. On the other hand, depending on the region, Maulikas were further classified into different ranks.

Dakshin Rahri Maulika Kayasthas are ranked into only two classes - Siddhya Maulika and Sadhya Maulika.^[2] Eight families were classified into Siddhya Maulika class and seventy two families were classified into Sadhya Maulika (also known as bahatture) class.^[3] Siddhya Maulikas were considered superior to Sadhya Maulika. However, in present days these classifications are no longer recognized.^[4]

There is some confusion about last names of the 72 Sadhya Maulika families. However, the following 72 names are most common.^[6]

Bangaj (Bangaja or Vangaja) Maulika Kayasthas are divided into three classes - Madhyalaya (Madhyalya) (highest ranked) , Mahapatra (second ranked) and Sadharana (Achala) (lowest ranked). Among the Sadharana rank there were two subgroups as described below.

The Sadharana families were ranked into two classes. The last names of the higher 15 sadharana families are

References

1. ^{{cite book|first=Ronald B. |last=Inden|title=Marriage and Rank in Bengali Culture: A History of Caste and Clan in Middle Period Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P8b9A7J_v-UC&pg=PA133|accessdate=2011-10-31|year=1976|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02569-1|page=1}}
2. ^{{cite journal|last1=University|first1=Calcutta|title=Bengal: Its castes and curses|journal=Calcutta Review|date=1895|volume=100-101|pages=144–172|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KcbAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=January 8, 2015}}
3. ^{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=K. S.|title=India's communities|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
4. ^{{cite book|last1=Gangopadhyay|first1=Bela|title=Marriage Regulations Among Certain Castes of Bengal|date=1964|publisher=Deccan College}}
5. ^{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharya, .|first1=Jogendranath|title=Hindu Castes and Sects|date=1896|publisher=Thacker, Spink & Company, Calcutta}}
6. ^{{cite book|last1=Risley, .|first1= Sir Herbert H. |title=The Tribes and Castes of Bengal: Ethnographic Glossary, Volume 2|date=1892|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press, Calcutta}}
7. ^{{cite book|last1=Sinha |first1=Bindheswari |title= Kayasthas in making of modern Bihar Notes on the Races, Castes and Trades of Eastern Bengal |date=2003|publisher=Impression Publication}}
8. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=ba8Ov8huExoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22James+Wise%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjw_MmW7KXbAhUFrlkKHdkcBnI4ChDoAQhMMAY#v=onepage&q&f=false {{cite book|last1=Wise |first1=James|title=Notes on the Races, Castes and Trades of Eastern Bengal |date=2003|publisher=Her Majesty's printer Harrison and Sons, London}}]