| 词条 | May 2012 Greek legislative election | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| election_name = Greek legislative election, May 2012 | country = Greece | type = parliamentary | ongoing = no | previous_election = Greek legislative election, 2009 | previous_year = 2009 | previous_mps = | next_election = Greek legislative election, June 2012 | next_year = {{nowrap|June 2012}} | next_mps = List of members of the Hellenic Parliament, 2012–14 | seats_for_election = All 300 seats of the Hellenic Parliament | majority_seats = 151 | opinion_polls = Opinion polling for the Greek legislative elections, 2012 | registered = 9,945,859 {{increase}}0.2% | turnout = 6,476,818 (65.1%) {{decrease}}5.8 pp | elected_mps = Members elected | election_date = 6 May 2012 | image1 = | leader1 = Antonis Samaras | leader_since1 = 30 November 2009 | party1 = New Democracy (Greece) | leaders_seat1 = Messenia | last_election1 = 91 seats, 33.5% | seats1 = 108 | seat_change1 = {{increase}}17 | popular_vote1 = 1,192,103 | percentage1 = 18.9% | swing1 = {{decrease}}14.6 pp | image2 = | leader2 = Alexis Tsipras | leader_since2 = 9 February 2008 | party2 = Coalition of the Radical Left | leaders_seat2 = Athens A | last_election2 = 13 seats, 4.6% | seats2 = 52 | seat_change2 = {{increase}}39 | popular_vote2 = 1,061,928 | percentage2 = 16.8% | swing2 = {{increase}}12.2 pp | image3 = | leader3 = Evangelos Venizelos | leader_since3 = 18 March 2012 | party3 = Panhellenic Socialist Movement | leaders_seat3 = Thessaloniki A | last_election3 = 160 seats, 43.9% | seats3 = 41 | seat_change3 = {{decrease}}119 | popular_vote3 = 833,452 | percentage3 = 13.2% | swing3 = {{decrease}}30.7 pp | image4 = | leader4 = Panos Kammenos | leader_since4 = 24 February 2012 | party4 = Independent Greeks | leaders_seat4 = Athens B | last_election4 = Did not stand | seats4 = 33 | seat_change4 = {{increase}}33 | popular_vote4 = 671,324 | percentage4 = 10.6% | swing4 = New party | image5 = | leader5 = Aleka Papariga | leader_since5 = 27 February 1991 | party5 = Communist Party of Greece | leaders_seat5 = Athens B | last_election5 = 21 seats, 7.5% | seats5 = 26 | seat_change5 = {{increase}}5 | popular_vote5 = 536,105 | percentage5 = 8.5% | swing5 = {{increase}}1.0 pp | image6 = | leader6 = Nikolaos Michaloliakos | leader_since6 = 1 November 1993 | party6 = Golden Dawn (Greece) | leaders_seat6 = Athens A | last_election6 = 0 seats, 0.3% | seats6 = 21 | seat_change6 = {{increase}}21 | popular_vote6 = 440,966 | percentage6 = 7.0% | swing6 = {{increase}}6.7 pp | image7 = | leader7 = Fotis Kouvelis | leader_since7 = 27 June 2010 | party7 = Democratic Left (Greece) | leaders_seat7 = Athens B | last_election7 = Did not contest | seats7 = 19 | seat_change7 = {{increase}}19 | popular_vote7 = 386,394 | percentage7 = 6.1% | swing7 = New party | image8 = | leader8 = Six-member committee | leader_since8 = Not determinable | party8 = Ecologist Greens | leaders_seat8 = N/A | last_election8 = 0 seats, 2.5% | seats8 = 0 | seat_change8 = ±0 | popular_vote8 = 185,485 | percentage8 = 2.9% | swing8 = {{increase}}0.4 pp | image9 = | leader9 = Georgios Karatzaferis | leader_since9 = 14 September 2000 | party9 = Popular Orthodox Rally | leaders_seat9 = Athens B (lost) | last_election9 = 15 seats, 5.6% | seats9 = 0 | seat_change9 = {{decrease}}15 | popular_vote9 = 182,925 | percentage9 = 2.9% | swing9 = {{decrease}}2.7 pp | map_image = Greek legislative elections 2012 map.svg | map_size = 350px | map_caption = Electoral districts won by ■ – New Democracy ■ – Coalition of the Radical Left ■ – Panhellenic Socialist Movement ■ – Communist Party of Greece | title = Prime Minister | posttitle = Interim Prime Minister | before_election = Lucas Papademos | before_party = Independent (politician) | after_election = Panagiotis Pikrammenos | after_party = Independent (politician) }}{{Greek economic crisis}} The May 2012 Greek legislative election was held in Greece on Sunday, 6 May, to elect all 300 members to the Hellenic Parliament. Under the constitution, it was due to be held in late 2013, four years after the previous election; however, an early election was agreed under the November 2011 agreement to form a coalition government, formed with a remit to ratify and implement decisions taken with other Eurozone countries and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) a month earlier.[1] Background{{further|Greek economy referendum, 2012|Greek government-debt crisis}}The European sovereign debt crisis and the Greek financial crisis, in particular, have led to an escalated political crisis. There was an announcement by Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou that a referendum would take place to determine whether Greece would accept the next bailout deal with the European Union, the IMF and the European Central Bank (ECB).[2][3][4] However such a referendum never took place. The parties of the opposition and politicians from within the ruling Panhellenic Socialist Movement have demanded an early election ever since.[5][6][7][8][9] At the same time, protests and strikes in Greece have been commonplace, with some turning violent. Social unrest in the country is the result of a series of austerity packages passed by the Greek parliament since 2010. On 4 November 2011, there was a vote of confidence in Parliament, narrowly won by the government of George Papandreou by a vote of 153 to 145 in the 300-seat body.[10] Although a number of Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) MPs said they would not support the government in the vote of confidence, all 152 eventually did support the government after PASOK's leader Papandreou agreed to step down as Prime Minister in order for a government of national unity to take over.[11][12] Following the vote of confidence one previously expelled PASOK member was re-admitted to the party, raising the Papandreou majority to 153 seats. Despite the narrow victory, Papandreou eventually resigned a few days later, making way for a three-party "grand coalition" caretaker government under Lucas Papademos, a former ECB vice president, with the support of PASOK, ND and LAOS. However, LAOS later resigned over further austerity measures.[13] ProcedureVoting is mandatory;[14] however none of the legally existing penalties or sanctions have ever been enforced.[15][16] 250 seats will be distributed on the basis of proportional representation, with a threshold of 3% required for entry into parliament. The other 50 seats will be awarded to the party or coalition{{citation needed|reason=I heard that the 50 seats can only be given to a party, not a coalition|date=May 2012}} that wins a plurality of votes, according to the election law. Parliamentary majority is achieved by a party or coalition of parties that command at least one half plus one (151 out of 300) of total seats. Blank and invalid votes, as well as votes cast for parties that fall short of the 3% threshold, are disregarded for seat allocation purposes.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} DateIn a speech to parliament on 4 November, Evangelos Venizelos said that the caretaker government would last until February.[17] In late December 2011, it was decided that the election would be pushed back to late April,[18] in order to allow the technocrat government to pass austerity measures. Incumbent parliamentFive parties were elected at the 2009 election, but during the course of the parliament changes in party memberships (mostly due to the February 2012 expulsions from the main two parties of representatives who would not vote for the loan agreement{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}), resulted in representation for a further two official parties (parties with more than 10 MPs) and two parliamentary caucuses (i.e. smaller parties). An additional 18 members sat as independents. Leaders of official parties enjoy certain privileges that permit them equal footing to one another and to the prime minister, both in parliamentary procedure and in pre-election debating; such privileges are not extended to caucuses and independents.{{original research inline|date=April 2012}}
Participating partiesA total of 31 parties participated in the election:[19]
Four other parties were banned by the Supreme Court of Greece: National Hope, PAME in GESEEP, the Friends of Man and Citizens Assembly–(Direct) Democracy in Practice. National Hope was prohibited under the electoral law from participating as it is a monarchist party.[19] The court also banned the one-man party Tyrannicides from contesting the election under that name, on the grounds that the title "demonstrated criminal intent."[13] The party's Athanasios Daskalopoulos was however allowed to run in the election as independent candidate, on equal terms with the 51 other approved independent candidates.[19] On 18 March, PASOK held a leadership election in which Finance Minister Evangelos Venizelos was the sole candidate.[20] In order to provide voters with a quick unbiased tool, to check into what degree the voters personal answer in a political survey compared with the answers by the political parties, a joint academic non profit group of researchers from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and four other International universities,[21] developed this free to use internet application Choose4Greece. CampaignAmong the 12 biggest political parties in the opinion polls, the parties that would continue the austerity programme were PASOK, New Democracy, DISY (Democratic Alliance) and DRASI (Liberal Alliance).[22] There was also criticism of the German-led austerity programmes.[23] Golden Dawn's campaign also called for the placement of land mines on the border with Turkey, the revocation of eurozone loan agreements, nationalisation of banks that received state loans and the nationalisation of natural resources. It was also said to have gained support by organising patrols in high-crime neighbourhoods (a similar tactic to Jobbik, who gained entry into the Hungarian parliament for the first time[24][25]). In turn PASOK and New Democracy also ratcheted up rhetoric against illegal immigration, while New Democracy feared further loss of votes to opponents of the austerity measures. LAOS, in turn, called for immigrants to be sent to uninhabited islands.[30] KKE leader Aleka Papariga said that Greece should leave both the eurozone and the EU.[26] ND's Antonis Samaras doubted the ability to create a "grand coalition" with PASOK.[27] The Ecogreens' Yiannis Paraskevopoulos said the prime issue for them was the economy and the direction of the country.[28] Independent Greeks' Panos Kammenos said that Germany was too dominant and criticised the austerity measures he said were dictated to Greece.[29] SYRIZA's Alexis Tsipras said that he was open to working with Independent Greeks or anyone who supported a left-wing government.[30] LAOS's Georgios Karatzaferis, who left the interim government midway through its "mandate," criticised ND and PASOK for their "betrayal," saying that "they depend their political survival on foreign power centres by accepting English law for [Greece's] bonds. This land is governed by {{Interlanguage link multi|Horst Reichenbach{{!}}Reichenbach|de|3=Horst Reichenbach}}," while he justified his initial decision to join the interim government by saying: "I am not the first choice of the Americans and the troika. It's only natural for me to be put under pressure." He also criticised a new initiative against illegal immigration as lax, in what was read as a move to gain back credibility from Golden Dawn.[31] ControversyAt a campaign rally in the Athenian suburb of Maroussi on 21 April, PASOK's Evangelos Venizelos said that "parliament cannot become a reception space for the followers of Nazism and fascism." In response, some Golden Dawn supporters were reported to have thrown bottles and other objects at him.[32] Other eventsAhead of the election, the financial markets started to price in the risk that the election could result in a new government led by parties seeking to reverse the austerity measures.[33][34][35][36] Due to the risk factor, the yield for the new 10-year Greek government bond rose from 18.1% on 15 March to 22.3% on 10 April, at a time when opinion polls predicted the election would result in a new anti-austerity government. On 27 April, the yields slightly recovered to 20.6%, when opinion polls started to show that the election could result in an austerity friendly government.[37] Less than a week before the election Standard & Poor's increased the Greek sovereign debt rating by a notch above default.[38] The Bank of Greece made an unusual political statement on 24 April when it claimed that the economic recovery depends upon a "strict adherence to the economic reforms and fiscal adjustment commitments Greece has agreed with its eurozone partners." It claimed that choosing a different path would only lead to a worsening of the recession. The central bank called on citizens and the political system to undertake "the historic responsibility of choice" and asked for "the greatest possible consensus" in society and in the political sphere when deciding if Greece should stay in the eurozone by applying the agreement with Greece’s creditors or to drop out. It warned that Greece’s eurozone membership was at stake if Greece failed to follow through on its pledges after the election.[35][39] Opinion polling{{Main|Opinion polling for the Greek legislative election, May 2012}}Surveys carried out since 2009 showed a sharp decline in support for the two major parties, PASOK and New Democracy, with PASOK, the sole ruling party until 2011, seeing the largest losses in support. Polling numbers for LAOS, having risen until late 2011, declined in the run up to the next election, while support for previously minor left-wing parties as well as the new, right-wing ANEL party seemed to surge. The poll by VPRC in January 2012 featured PASOK in fifth place, the first time in over thirty years that the party was not amongst the top two;[40] however by April 2012 it had returned to second place in the polls. Golden Dawn, a extreme right party, was set to enter parliament for the first time, capturing traditional LAOS voters after their support fell when they joined the interim governing coalition.[41] According to Greek law, opinion polls may not be published in the last two weeks preceding an election.[42] Results{{main|List of members of the Hellenic Parliament, May–June 2012}}
|title=Vote share |titlebar=#ddd |width=600px |barwidth=400px |bars={{Bar percent|ND|{{New Democracy (Greece)/meta/color}}|18.85}}{{Bar percent|SYRIZA|{{Coalition of the Radical Left/meta/color}}|16.79}}{{Bar percent|PASOK|{{Panhellenic Socialist Movement/meta/color}}|13.18}}{{Bar percent|ANEL|{{Independent Greeks/meta/color}}|10.62}}{{Bar percent|KKE|{{Communist Party of Greece/meta/color}}|8.48}}{{Bar percent|XA|{{Golden Dawn (Greece)/meta/color}}|6.97}}{{Bar percent|DIMAR|{{Democratic Left (Greece)/meta/color}}|6.11}}{{Bar percent|OP|{{Ecologist Greens/meta/color}}|2.93}}{{Bar percent|LAOS|{{Popular Orthodox Rally/meta/color}}|2.89}}{{Bar percent|DISY|{{Democratic Alliance (Greece)/meta/color}}|2.55}}{{Bar percent|DIXA|tomato|2.15}}{{Bar percent|DRASI-FS|#F37021|1.80}}{{Bar percent|ANTARSYA|#EF2018|1.19}}{{Bar percent|Others|{{Other/meta/color}}|5.48}} }}{{Bar box |title=Parliamentary seats |titlebar=#ddd |width=600px |barwidth=400px |bars={{Bar percent|ND|{{New Democracy (Greece)/meta/color}}|36.00}}{{Bar percent|SYRIZA|{{Coalition of the Radical Left/meta/color}}|17.33}}{{Bar percent|PASOK|{{Panhellenic Socialist Movement/meta/color}}|13.67}}{{Bar percent|ANEL|{{Independent Greeks/meta/color}}|11.00}}{{Bar percent|KKE|{{Communist Party of Greece/meta/color}}|8.67}}{{Bar percent|XA|{{Golden Dawn (Greece)/meta/color}}|7.00}}{{Bar percent|DIMAR|{{Democratic Left (Greece)/meta/color}}|6.33}} }} ReactionsND's Antonis Samaras said "I understand the rage of the people, but our party will not leave Greece ungoverned." Golden Dawn's Nikolaos Michaloliakos told his party supporters that "Europe of the nations returns, Greece is only the beginning" amid applaud and chants of "Greece belongs to Greeks." He also told the media: "The resistance of Golden Dawn against the bailout dictators will continue. Inside and outside the Greek parliament. We will continue the battle for Greece. Free from the international speculators. For a proud and independent Greece. For Greece without the bailout slavery and the loss of our national sovereignty."[43] The absence of a parliamentary majority was highlighted as a reason of concern.[44] Financial analysts expressed their opinion that the poor result of the parties that had supported the austerity measures and neo-liberal economic policies would be detrimental for financial markets. The financial markets reacted negatively, with some opinions being expressed that Greece could withdraw from the eurozone before the end of 2013.[45] The Athex fell by a record 10% during the first hours of the trading day after the election.[46] At the close of the first trading day after the election, Athex had slightly recovered to a decline of 6.7%,[47] while the yield for 10-year government bond rose from 20.6% to 23.0%.[37] Following the failure of ND to form a government, European financial markets fell,[48] as well as U.S. futures markets.[49] U.S. stock indices also fell as a result.[50] As a result of the failure to form a government five days later, following both ND and SYRIZA's attempts, U.S. financial markets continued to slide.[51] After two failed attempts to form governments, Trevor Williams, the chief economist at Lloyds TSB said that the markets were beginning to factor in a Greek withdrawal from the eurozone.[52] This observation was at the same time also confirmed by a Bloomberg poll, as it showed 57% of investors now expected Greece would leave the euro in 2012.[53] Four days after the election, the Athex general index had declined 10.8%,[47] while yields for the 10-year government bond had increased from 20.6% to 24.7%.[37] Over the course of the next eight days following successive failed attempts at government formation, stock markets in Europe and elsewhere fell,[54][55] while sovereign bond yields in Italy and Spain also rose amid fears of a renewed crisis within the eurozone.[56]
A European Commission spokesman said that it had "hopes and expects that the future government of Greece will respect the engagements that Greece has entered into."[58]
Local media reactions included {{Interlanguage link multi|Imerisia|el|3=Ημερησία (εφημερίδα)}}'s headline "Country in Limbo" and Ta Nea's "Nightmare of Ungovernability."[61] Results by region
Analysis{{More citations needed|date=May 2012}}New Democracy won most districts of the Greek countryside, winning in its traditional strongholds of Greek Macedonia and Peloponnese. However, 19% of the vote for New Democracy is an all-time low for the party, down from its previous all-time low of 33% which occurred in the previous election in 2009. SYRIZA won the highest number of votes in most urban areas, including Athens and Thessaloniki. This is the first time since the election of 1977 that a party besides New Democracy or PASOK finished as one of the top two parties. PASOK, who have spent 21 years in government on-and-off since 1981, suffered their worst defeat since 1974, reduced to just 13% of the vote. PASOK finished in first place in four prefectures: Heraklion, Lasithi, Rethymno, and Rhodope. It has been suggested that Syriza's sudden success depended on PASOK joining the right-wing pro-austerity coalition and Syriza convincing voters that it was "the only 'true' leftist party" which unlike their rivals would actively renegotiate the austerity terms.[62] Even though the Communist Party increased its share of the vote by almost 1% and increased its presence in the parliament by 5 seats, it finished outside of the top three for the first time since 1993. The Communist Party finished in first place in the Samos Prefecture. Extremist neo-Nazi Golden Dawn entered parliament for the first time, while right-wing LAOS lost all parliament seats after it joined the governing coalition. Government formation{{main|Greek government formation, May 2012}}As the election resulted in no single party with a majority of parliament seats, the Greek law stipulates a procedure, where the largest party first will be given a chance to negotiate a government formation within three days. Failing that, the second largest party will be given the chance within the next three days, and if this attempt also fails the third ranked party will get a further three days to try and form a government. If none of the three largest parties can succeed to form a government, the baton will be handed over to the president for a last neutral attempt. If the process fails, then another election will be called.[58][63] The day after the election, President Karolos Papoulias met with the leader of New Democracy Antonis Samaras to task him with the first attempt to form a government.[61] On 8 May, Tsipras was tasked with forming a government[64] within the stipulated three days by Papoulias at noon. At the same time the EU decided to continue with Greece's disbursements which meant sending US$5.4 billion on 10 May, but an additional US$1.29 billion was held back. As a result of the political imbroglio, both PASOK and ND suggested the EU and IMF agreement could have to be re-evaluated.[65] If PASOK leader Venizelos failed Papoulias would make a final attempt to form a unity government.[66] Venizelos met with Papoulias on 12 May to return his mandate.[67] On 12 May, an opinion poll showed that 72% of respondents felt that the parties must make mutual concessions and work together, 22.9% of them called for a new election. At the same time, 78.1% requested that the new government should do everything necessary in order to keep Greece within the eurozone.[68] The talks failed on 15 May, with an early election expected in June.[69] A caretaker cabinet under Council of State president Panagiotis Pikrammenos was appointed on 16 May, and the election date announced to be scheduled for 17 June.[70] The formal decrete to dissolve the newly elected parliament and call for new elections at 17 June, was jointly signed by the President of the Republic Karolos Papoulias and caretaker Prime Minister Panagiotis Pikrammenos at 19 May, to fully comply with the constitutional rule of calling for new elections within 30 days after having dissolved the parliament.[71] See also
References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.in.gr/greece/article/?aid=1231136367 |title=Κατ' αρχήν συμφωνία Παπανδρέου — Σαμαρά για την κυβέρνηση συνεργασίας |trans-title=Agreement between Papandreou and Samaras for coalition government |language=Greek |publisher=In.gr |accessdate=7 November 2011}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.skai.gr/news/politics/article/184900/dimopsifisma-kai-psifo-ebistosunis-zitise-o-prothupourgos-/ |script-title=el:Ρίσκα και αβεβαιότητες από την πολιτική "βόμβα" για δημοψήφισμα |trans-title=Risks and uncertainties by the political "bomb" for a referendum |language=Greek |publisher=Skai TV |accessdate=31 October 2011}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.euronews.net/2011/10/31/papandreou-calls-referendum-on-eu-deal-/ |title=Papandreou calls referendum on EU deal |publisher=Euronews |accessdate=31 October 2011}} 4. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15526719 |title=Greece debt crisis: Referendum promised on EU deal |publisher=BBC |accessdate=31 October 2011 |date=1 November 2011}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.enet.gr/?i=news.el.politikh&id=322397 |script-title=el:Ομοβροντία από την αντιπολίτευση που ζητάει εκλογές |trans-title=Opposition bursts, demanding elections |language=Greek |publisher=Eleftherotypia |accessdate=31 October 2011}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=22767&subid=2&pubid=63507374 |script-title=el:ΚΚΕ: Εκλογές τώρα |trans-title=Communist Party of Greece: Elections now |language=Greek |publisher=Ethnos |accessdate=31 October 2011}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=22767&subid=2&pubid=63507382 |script-title=el:ΝΔ: Ο Παπανδρέου πατάει γκάζι για το γκρεμό |trans-title=New Democracy: Papandreou is heading full speed ahead for the cliff |language=Greek |publisher=Ethnos |accessdate=31 October 2011}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=22767&subid=2&pubid=63507380 |script-title=el:Δημοκρατική Αριστερά: Ας προχωρήσει η χώρα σε πρόωρες εκλογές |trans-title=Democratic Left: Let the country head for elections |language=Greek |publisher=Ethnos |accessdate=31 October 2011}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.enet.gr/?i=news.el.politikh&id=322611 |script-title=el:Το ΠΑΣΟΚ είναι πλέον άδειο σακί |trans-title=PASOK is now an empty sack |language=Greek |publisher=Eleftherotypia |accessdate=1 November 2011}} 10. ^{{cite news|title=Greek government survives confidence vote |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-13869428 |publisher=BBC |accessdate=4 November 2011 |date=21 June 2011}} 11. ^{{cite news|title=Greece PM Papandreou faces knife-edge confidence vote |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15586673 |publisher=BBC |accessdate=4 November 2011 |date=4 November 2011}} 12. ^{{cite news|title=Ντόλιος — Κρεμαστινός: Ψήφος εμπιστοσύνης και μετά κυβέρνηση κοινής αποδοχής |trans-title=Dolios — Kremastinos: Vote of confidence and then a government of common acceptance |url=http://www.skai.gr/news/politics/article/185251/dolios-kremastinos-psifos-ebistosunis-kai-meta-kuvernisi-koinis-apodohis/ |language=Greek |publisher=Skai TV |accessdate=4 November 2011 |date=4 November 2011}} 13. ^1 2 {{cite web|author=Sam Bollier |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/05/20125120322955327.html |title=A guide to Greece's political parties – Features |publisher=Al Jazeera English |accessdate=7 May 2012}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hellenicparliament.gr/UserFiles/f3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8/001-156%20aggliko.pdf |title=Constitution of Greece |quote=Article 51, Clause 5: The exercise of the right to vote is compulsory. |work=Hellenic Parliament |accessdate=5 November 2011}} 15. ^{{cite web |url=http://archive.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=112,dt=12.06.2004,id=20721500 |script-title=el:Υποχρεωτική η ψήφος αλλά "παγωμένες" οι κυρώσεις |trans-title=Voting is mandatory, but penalties "frozen" |language=Greek |publisher=Eleftherotypia |accessdate=7 November 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130217164234/http://archive.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=112,dt=12.06.2004,id=20721500 |archivedate=17 February 2013 |df=dmy-all }} 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.kerkyra.gr/portal/ekloges/PD_96-2007.doc |script-title=el:Προεδρικό Διάταγμα 96/2007 |trans-title=Presidential Decree 96/2007 |language=Greek |quote=Article 117, Clause 1: The elector who unjustifiably does not vote is punished with imprisonment of [at least] one month and up to one year.}} 17. ^{{cite news|script-title=el:Ευ. Βενιζέλος: Μέχρι τον Φεβρουάριο η διάρκεια του νέου κυβερνητικού σχήματος |trans-title=Ev. Venizelos: New government to last until February |url=http://www.skai.gr/news/politics/article/185318/eu-venizelos-mehri-ton-fevrouario-i-diarkeia-tou-neou-kuvernitikou-shimatos/ |language=Greek |publisher=Skai TV |accessdate=4 November 2011 |date=4 November 2011}} 18. ^Greek elections delayed until April EuropeanVoice, 28 December 2011 19. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://www.athensnews.gr/portal/8/55123|date=26 April 2012|accessdate=6 May 2012|title=Thirty-two parties to contest elections|newspaper=The Athens News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505032921/http://www.athensnews.gr/portal/8/55123|archive-date=5 May 2012|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_4380_18/03/2012_433470 |title=PASOK gets new leader |publisher=ekathimerini.com |accessdate=7 May 2012}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.choose4greece.com/wordpress/en/?page_id=16|title=Choose4Greece: About Us|accessdate=30 April 2012|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120729112618/http://www.choose4greece.com/wordpress/en/?page_id=16|archive-date=29 July 2012|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://geopoli.net/archives/274|title=Anti-austerity parties lead in Greek polls|publisher=The Geopolitikal|date=16 February 2012|access-date=29 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223194953/http://geopoli.net/archives/274|archive-date=23 February 2012|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 23. ^{{cite news|last=Donahue |first=Patrick |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-04-29/europe-seeks-to-restore-calm-after-spain-downgrade-growth-spat.html |title=Europe’s Anti-Austerity Calls Mount as Elections Near |publisher=Bloomberg |accessdate=7 May 2012 |date=30 April 2012}} 24. ^{{cite web|author=Cathy Nugent |url=http://www.workersliberty.org/story/2012/02/29/hungary-rise-jobbik |title=Hungary: rise of Jobbik | Workers' Liberty |publisher=Workersliberty.org |date=29 February 2012 |accessdate=7 May 2012}} 25. ^{{cite web|author=HungarianAmbiance |url=http://www.hungarianambiance.com/2012/03/jobbik-parliamentarian-tamas-sneider.html |title=Jobbik parliamentarian Tamás Sneider starts patrolling the streets in the gypsy crime infested town of Kerecsend |publisher=Hungarian Ambiance |date=1 March 2012 |accessdate=7 May 2012}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_27/03/2012_434857 |title=Communist leader wants Greece out of euro and EU |publisher=ekathimerini.com |accessdate=7 May 2012}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4Dcgi/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_12/04/2012_437648 |title=Samaras raises coalition doubts, points to second round of voting |publisher=Ekathimerini.com |date=12 April 2012 |accessdate=7 May 2012}} 28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.athensnews.gr/portal/8/55172?action=print |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730200522/http://www.athensnews.gr/portal/8/55172?action=print |dead-url=yes |archive-date=30 July 2012 |title=Greens say they are 'part of the solution' | Athens News |publisher=Athensnews.gr |date=26 April 2012 |accessdate=7 May 2012 }} 29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.athensnews.gr/portal/8/55139 |title=Kammenos battles German 'domination' | Athens News |publisher=Athensnews.gr |accessdate=7 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427021727/http://www.athensnews.gr/portal/8/55139 |archive-date=27 April 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_27/04/2012_439601 |title=Leftist leader reaches out to the right |publisher=ekathimerini.com |accessdate=7 May 2012}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_09/04/2012_437123 |title=LAOS chief accuses PASOK, ND of betraying the country |publisher=ekathimerini.com |accessdate=7 May 2012}} 32. ^1 {{cite news|last=Stoukas |first=Tom |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-04-29/fascist-salutes-return-to-greece-as-anti-immigrants-chase-voters.html |title=Fascist Salutes Return to Greece as Anti-Immigrants Chase Voters |publisher=Bloomberg |accessdate=7 May 2012 |date=29 April 2012}} 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite2_1_25/04/2012_439332 |title=IIF worries about poll results|publisher=Ekathimerini|date=25 April 2012}} 34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite2_1_22/04/2012_438802 |title=IMF warning on Greek eurozone exit|publisher=Ekathimerini|date=22 April 2012}} 35. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite2_1_24/04/2012_439052 |title=BoG chief sees 5-pct recession; stresses need for reforms|publisher=Ekathimerini|date=24 April 2012}} 36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite2_1_29/04/2012_439864|title=IMF concerned about election result|publisher=Ekathimerini|date=29 April 2012}} 37. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/GGGB10YR:IND/chart|title=Greece Govt Bond 10 Year Acting as Benchmark|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|accessdate=30 April 2012}} 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2012/05/2012521490766188.html |title=Greece's debt rating raised out of default – Europe |publisher=Al Jazeera English |accessdate=7 May 2012}} 39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite2_1_24/04/2012_439171|title=Provopoulos calling for consensus|publisher=Ekathimerini|date=24 April 2012}} 40. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.eklogika.gr/uploads/files/Dimoskopiseis/Political_Conjuncture_and_Governance_Jan2012.pdf |title="Πολιτική Συγκυρία & Διακυβέρνηση" — Ιανουάριος 2012 |language=Greek |date=26 January 2012 |work=VPRC |publisher=vprc.gr| accessdate=26 January 2012}} 41. ^{{cite web|url=https://vancouversun.com/news/Greece+Secretive+right+party+taps+into+Greeks+anger+fear/6519781/story.html|title=Golden Dawn set to enter parliament for first time, wants to expel all immigrants|work=Vancouver Sun|date=25 April 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627001708/http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Greece+Secretive+right+party+taps+into+Greeks+anger+fear/6519781/story.html|archivedate=27 June 2012|df=dmy-all}} 42. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-04-26/recession-wracked-greece-nears-vote-that-may-decide-fate-in-euro.html|title=Recession-Wracked Greece Nears Vote That May Decide Fate in Euro|publisher=Bloomberg News|date=26 April 2012|first=Maria|last=Petrakis}} 43. ^{{cite news|author=7 May 2012 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/greece/9250142/Greece-elections-Ultra-nationalists-Golden-Dawn-celebrate-parliamentary-first.html |title=Video: Greece elections: Ultra-nationalists Golden Dawn celebrate parliamentary first |publisher=Telegraph |date=31 May 2011 |accessdate=7 May 2012 |location=London}} 44. ^{{cite journal|last=Xypolia|first=Ilia|title=Sorry, folks..the wake is over|journal=London Progressive Journal|date=26 May 2012|url=http://londonprogressivejournal.com/article/view/1140|accessdate=14 October 2012}} 45. ^{{cite news|last=Petrakis |first=Maria |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-05-06/greek-election-gridlock-raises-risk-for-bailout-euro-future.html |title=Greek Election Gridlock Raises Risk for Bailout, Euro Future |publisher=Bloomberg |date= 7 May 2012|accessdate=7 May 2012}} 46. ^{{cite web |author=AGI - Agenzia Giornalistica Italia |url=http://www.agi.it/english-version/business/elenco-notizie/201205071103-eco-ren1029-athens_stock_exchange_posts_a_10_loss |title=Athens Stock Exchange posts a 10% loss |publisher=AGI.it |date= |accessdate=7 May 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120718055338/http://www.agi.it/english-version/business/elenco-notizie/201205071103-eco-ren1029-athens_stock_exchange_posts_a_10_loss |archive-date=18 July 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 47. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/ASE:IND|title=Athens Stock Exchange General Index|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|accessdate=10 May 2012}} 48. ^{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/global-markets/european-shares-head-lower-as-greece-faces-impasse/articleshow/13049531.cms |title=European shares head lower as Greece faces impasse - The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=1970-01-01 |accessdate=2012-05-08}} 49. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20120508-705674.html |title=US Stock Futures Lower As Worries Mount Over Greece - WSJ.com |publisher=Online.wsj.com |date= |accessdate=2012-05-08}} 50. ^{{cite news|last=Nazareth |first=Rita |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-05-08/u-s-stock-futures-drop-as-greek-government-talks-stall.html |title=S&P 500 Declines to Lowest Level in One Month on Greece |publisher=Bloomberg |date= 8 May 2012|accessdate=2012-05-08}} 51. ^{{cite news|last=Nazareth |first=Rita |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-05-09/u-s-stock-futures-drop-amid-political-turmoil-in-europe.html |title=Dow Falls 6th Day in Longest Slump Since August on Greece |publisher=Bloomberg |date=2012-05-09 |accessdate=2012-05-13}} 52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/european-markets/markets-ready-for-greece-exiteuro-zone-lloyds-tsb_702786.html |title=Markets ready for Greece exit from euro zone: Lloyds TSB - CNBC-TV18 |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |date=2008-03-05 |accessdate=2012-05-13}} 53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite2_1_10/05/2012_441426 |title=Bloomberg poll: 57% of investors see a euro exit this year |publisher=Ekathimerini |date=2012-05-10 |accessdate=2012-05-10}} 54. ^{{cite news|last=Dieterich |first=Chris |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304371504577403670849912802?mod=googlenews_wsj |title=U.S. Stocks Fall Broadly Amid Greece Worries |publisher=Online.wsj.com |date= 14 May 2012|accessdate=2012-05-17}} 55. ^{{cite news| url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/05/14/markets-global-idINDEE84D0J120120514 | work=Reuters | title=Fear of Greece euro exit sparks equity sell-off | date=14 May 2012}} 56. ^{{cite news|last=Maltezou |first=Renee |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/05/14/greece-syriza-karolos-papoulias-idINDEE84D0AI20120514 |title=Greek impasse sparks euro exit warnings, jolts markets |publisher=In.reuters.com |date= 14 May 2012|accessdate=2012-05-17}} 57. ^1 2 {{cite web|author=Article 7 May 2012 - 4:53pm |url=http://www.neurope.eu/article/european-leaders-point-greek-obligations |title=European leaders point to Greek obligations | New Europe |publisher=Neurope.eu |date=18 April 2012 |accessdate=7 May 2012}} 58. ^1 {{cite news|author=|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/greece/9251443/Greece-radical-Leftist-Syriza-party-to-try-to-build-anti-austerity-cabinet.html |title=Greece radical Leftist Syriza party to try to build anti-austerity cabinet |publisher=Telegraph |date=8 May 2012 |accessdate=2012-05-08 |location=London}} 59. ^{{cite news|author=credibility2 May 7, 2012 8:28 AM EDT |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505245_162-57428903/germanys-merkel-greece-must-stick-to-reform-path/ |title=Germany's Merkel: Greece must stick to reform path |publisher=CBS News |date= |accessdate=7 May 2012 }} {{Dead link|date=August 2012|bot=RjwilmsiBot}} 60. ^{{cite news|last=Petrakis |first=Maria |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-05-08/greek-government-mandate-passes-to-syriza-after-samaras-fails.html |title=Greek Pro-Bailout Leaders Told by Syriza to Revoke Aid Pledges |publisher=Bloomberg |date= 8 May 2012|accessdate=2012-05-08}} 61. ^1 {{cite news|last=Kyriakidou |first=Dina |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/07/us-greece-idUSBRE8440DG20120507 |title=Left gets historic chance to pull Greece out of limbo |publisher=Reuters |date=3 May 2012 |accessdate=7 May 2012}} 62. ^{{cite web|url=https://carleton.ca/rera/wp-content/uploads/2012-issue7-v1-Nedelcupdf1.pdf|title=Harry Nedelcu. Tribunes and Patricians: Radical Fringe Parties in the 21st Century}} 63. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2012/05/201256165643443598.html |title=Greece exit polls suggest no majority win – Europe |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=4 October 2011 |accessdate=7 May 2012}} 64. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17984805 |title=BBC News - Greek election: Antonis Samaras coalition bid fails |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date= 7 May 2012|accessdate=7 May 2012}} 65. ^{{cite news|author=Daniel Howden |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greeces-radical-new-leader-alexis-tsipras-plots-course-to-tear-up-bailout-deal-7729069.html |title=Greece's radical new leader Alexis Tsipras plots course to tear up bailout deal - Europe - World |publisher=The Independent |date=2012-04-30 |accessdate=2012-05-13 |location=London}} 66. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_11/05/2012_441670|title=Greek government talks in final stretch |publisher=Ekathimerini|date=11 May 2012|accessdate=11 May 2012}} 67. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304203604577398333388694206?mod=googlenews_wsj |title=Greece's Socialists Fail To Reach Deal On Coalition Government - WSJ.com |publisher=Online.wsj.com |date= |accessdate=2012-05-13}} 68. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ana.gr/articleview.php?id=12895 |script-title=el:Ενισχυμένος ο ΣΥΡΙΖΑ σε νέα δημοσκόπηση Αθηναϊκό Πρακτορείο Ειδήσεων - Μακεδονικό Πρακτορείο Ειδήσεων |language=Greek |publisher=Ana.gr |date=2012-05-12 |accessdate=2012-05-13}} 69. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/16/world/europe/in-greece-leaders-fail-to-find-consensus-forcing-country-into-new-elections.html?_r=1 | work=The New York Times | first1=Liz | last1=Alderman | first2=Rachel | last2=Donadio | title=Greek President Expected to Name Caretaker Government | date=15 May 2012}} 70. ^{{cite news|author=Richard Galpin |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18082552 |title=Greece to hold new election on 17 June |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=16 May 2012 |accessdate=16 May 2012}} 71. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.defencenet.gr/defence/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=42270&Itemid=131 |script-title=el:Διαλύθηκε και τυπικά η Βουλή - Προκήρυξη εκλογών |language=Greek |publisher=DefenceNet |date=19 May 2012 |accessdate=19 May 2012 |title=Archived copy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523062943/http://www.defencenet.gr/defence/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=42270&Itemid=131 |archive-date=23 May 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 72. ^Note on varying poll methodology: These polls recorded raw responses as a percentage of total responses. All the other polls recorded their projected estimate of vote tally, after disregarding all blank votes and abstenties, and after adjusting for "the likely votes" of "undecided voters". The latter method (i.e. used by Public Issue) is commonly preferred, as it emulates the same vote percentage calculation as in the official election. The first method with raw responses, will per definition always result in some relative lower percentage points for all parties (due to the party votes now being divided by the higher figure "total of all responses", instead of divided by the lower figure "total of all valid votes"). Therefore the percentage numbers listed by each of these two methods, are not directly comparable to each other. External links
5 : 2012 Greek legislative elections|Parliamentary elections in Greece|2012 in Greek politics|Greek government-debt crisis|May 2012 events in Europe |
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