请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 McAbee Fossil Beds
释义

  1. Palaeontology

      Flora   Insects and other arthropods  Collections and collecting status 

  2. References

The McAbee Fossil Beds is a Heritage Site that protects an Eocene Epoch fossil locality east of Cache Creek, British Columbia, Canada, just north of and visible from Provincial Highway 97 / the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1) at {{coord|50|47.831|N|121|8.469|W}}. The McAbee Fossil Beds, comprising {{convert|548.23|ha}}, were officially designated a Provincial Heritage Site under British Columbia's Heritage Conservation Act on July 19, 2012.[1][2] The site is part of an old lake bed which was deposited about 52 million years ago and is internationally recognised for the diversity of plant, insect, and fish fossils found there. Similar fossil beds in Eocene lake sediments, also known for their well preserved plant, insect and fish fossils, are found at Driftwood Canyon Provincial Park near Smithers in northern British Columbia, on the Horsefly River near Quesnel in central British Columbia, and at Republic in Washington, United States.[3] The Princeton Chert fossil beds in southern British Columbia are also Eocene, but primarily preserve an aquatic plant community.[4] A recent review of the early Eocene fossil sites from the interior of British Columbia discusses the history of paleobotanical research at McAbee, the Princeton Chert, Driftwood Canyon, and related Eocene fossil sites such as at Republic.[5]

Palaeontology

Fossil plants from the same area as the McAbee fossil beds (Cache Creek and Kamloops B.C.) were first reported by G.M. Dawson.[6] Palaeontological and geological studies of the McAbee Fossil Beds are more recent, however, going back at least to research in the 1960s and early 1970s by Dr. Len Hills of the University of Calgary and his students on the fossil spores and pollen (palynology) and the leaf fossils,[7][8][9] and research on the fossil fish from the fossil beds by Dr. Mark Wilson of the University of Alberta.[3] Thomas Ewing provided a detailed analysis of the geology of the Kamloops Group, including the McAbee beds.[10] Significant research on the fossil plants and insects has only occurred since the late 1980s.[11][12][13][14][15] The McAbee Fossil Beds are best known for the abundant and well-preserved insect and fish fossils (Amyzon, Eohiodon, and Eosalmo). Eohiodon rosei from the McAbee Fossil Beds and other Eocene sites in British Columbia is now considered to belong to the present-day mooneye genus Hiodon.[16]

The climate of the McAbee Eocene lake was reconstructed to be temperate and wet, with a mean annual temperature about {{convert|11|C|F}}, winters lacking frost (coldest month mean temperature ~5 °C), and annual precipitation over {{convert|1000|mm|abbr=on}} a year with little or no seasonality of precipitation.[13][14][17][18] The extraordinary detail preserved in the insect fossils, as well as the high diversity of insects, plants and other organisms means the McAbee Fossil Beds represent a Konservat-Lagerstätten.[15]

A volcanic ash exposed in the lake shale beds was originally radiometrically dated using the K-Ar method at ~51 million years ago;[8][10] however, a recently provided radiometric date using the 40Ar-39Ar method places the McAbee Fossil Beds at 52.9 ± 0.83 million years old, placing it in the early Eocene Epoch.[19][26]

Flora

Fossils of plant leaves, shoots, seeds, flowers and cones are abundant and well preserved, and include up to 76 genera of plants.[20] Fossil plants described from the fossil beds include rare flowers such as Dipteronia, a genus of trees related to maples (Acer. spp.) that today grows in eastern Asia,[21] extinct members of the birch family (Betulaceae) such as [https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Palaeocarpinus Palaeocarpinus],[22] maple seeds (Acer rousei),[11] and fruits and leaves of a beech (Fagus langevinii)[23] and an elm (Ulmus okanaganensis).[24]

Below is an incomplete list of the plant genera found in the McAbee fossil beds based on the list found in Dillhoff, Leopold & Manchester (2005) with extinct taxa denoted with a †.[25]

plant family genera common name
Cupressaceae Chamaecyparis, Cunninghamia, Metasequoia, Sequoia, Thuja cypress, Chinese fir, dawn redwood, California redwood, red or white cedar
Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo ginkgo, maidenhair tree
Pinaceae Abies,[26] Picea, Pinus, Pseudolarix,[27] Tsuga fir, spruce, pine, golden larch, hemlock
Taxaceae cf. Amentotaxus, cf. Torreya catkin yew, nutmeg yew or 'torreya'
Betulaceae Alnus, Betula, †Palaeocarpinus[22] alder, birch, extinct hornbeam
Cercidiphyllaceae †Joffrea / Cercidiphyllum extinct / katsura (Japan)
Cornaceae Cornus dogwood
Fagaceae Fagus beech
Grossulariaceae Ribes currant or gooseberry
Hamamelidaceae †Langeria magnifica extinct witch hazel relative
Lauraceae Sassafras sassafras
Malvaceae †Florissantia extinct
Myricaceae Comptonia sweet fern (a woody flowering shrub with fern-like leaves)
Platanaceae †Macginicarpa, †Macginitiea extinct sycamore, plane tree
Rosaceae Amelanchier, Crataegus, Prunus serviceberry, hawthorn, cherry
Salicaceae Populus cottonwood, poplar
Sapindaceae Acer, Aesculus, †Cruciptera,[28] Dipteronia, Koelreuteria maple, buckeye or horse chestnut, golden rain tree
Trochodendraceae Trochodendron,[29] †Zizyphoides, †Concavistylon wehrii[30] wheel tree, extinct
Ulmaceae Ulmus okanaganensis elm
Vitaceae Vitis grape

Insects and other arthropods

The fossil insects are particularly diverse and well preserved, and include an extinct bulldog ant Macabeemyrma ovata,[31] a species of green lacewing (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) (Archaeochrysa profracta), and stick insects (Phasmatodea).[32][33][34] A species of fossil freshwater crayfish (Aenigmastacus crandalli) was described from the McAbee Fossil Beds.[35] The very high diversity of fossil insects in the McAbee fossil beds is comparable to that of modern-day tropical forest areas.[36] Most recently, fossil palm beetles (Bruchidae) were described from the beds, confirming the presence of palms (Arecaceae) in the local environment in the early Eocene.[37]

Below is an incomplete list of the insect Orders, superfamilies and families, and genera found in the McAbee Fossil Beds based on information in Archibald, Bossert, Greenwood, and Farrell (2010),[32] Archibald, Mathewes, and Greenwood (2013), Archibald, Rasnitsyn and Akhmetiev (2005)[38] and other sources cited in the list below, with extinct taxa denoted with a †.

EphemeropteraOdonataAeshnidae

Darners (dragonflies)

Odonata

Megapodagrionidae

Flatwing damselflies

BlattodeaBlaberidae

blaberid cockroaches

IsopteraHodotermitidaeharvester termitesDermapteraearwigsOrthopteraProphalangopsidae

Grigs

Orthoptera

TettigoniidaekatydidsHemipteraAphididaeaphids

Hemiptera

Cicadellidaeleaf hoppers

Hemiptera

CercopoideaspittlebugsNeuropteraChrysopidae

†Protochrysa

Green lacewingsNeuropteraChrysopidae

†Okanaganochrysa

Green lacewings

NeuropteraChrysopidae

†Adamsochrysa

Green lacewings

NeuropteraChrysopidae

†Archaeochrysa

Green lacewings

Neuroptera

Hemerobiidaebrown lacewings

Neuroptera

Osmylidaeosmylid lacewingsColeopteraCupedidaereticulated beetles

Coleoptera

cf. Cantharidae

soldier beetles

Coleoptera

Cerambycidaelong horned beetles

Coleoptera

Chrysomelidaeleaf beetles

Coleoptera

Curculionidae

weevils, snout beetles

Coleoptera

cf. Elateridae

click beetles

Coleoptera

Mordellidae

tumbling flower beetles

MecopteraBittacidaehangingflies

Mecoptera

†Cimbrophlebiidae

†Cimbrophlebia

extinct group

Mecoptera

PanorpidaePanorpa

panorpid scorpionflies

Mecoptera

†Dinopanorpidae

†Dinokanaga

extinct family

Mecoptera

†Holcorpidae

†Holcorpa

extinct family

Mecoptera

†Eorpidae

†Eorpa

extinct family

Mecoptera

Eomeropidae

†Eomerope

eomeropid mecopterans

DipteraBibionidaePleciaMarch flies

Diptera

Cylindrotomidae

long-bodied crane flies

Diptera

Limoniidae

limoniid crane flies

Diptera

Mycetophilidae

fungus gnats

Diptera

Tipulidaecrane flies

Diptera

Trichoceridae

winter crane flies

Diptera

Syrphidae

flower flies, hover flies

TrichopteracaddisfliesHymenopteraBraconidae

braconid wasps

Hymenoptera

Cephidae

†Cuspilongus cachecreekensis[39]

Archibald & Rasnitsyn, 2015

Sawfly

Hymenoptera

Cimbicidae

cimbicid wasps

Hymenoptera

Diapriidae

diapriid wasps

Hymenoptera

Figitidae

figitid wasps

Hymenoptera

Formicidae

†Avitomyrmex elongatus[40]

Archibald, Cover, & Moreau, 2006

bulldog ants

Hymenoptera

Formicidae

†Avitomyrmex mastax[40]

Archibald, Cover, & Moreau, 2006

bulldog ants

Hymenoptera

Formicidae

†Avitomyrmex systenus[40]

Archibald, Cover, & Moreau, 2006

bulldog ants

Hymenoptera

Formicidae

†Macabeemyrma ovata[40]

Archibald, Cover, & Moreau, 2006

bulldog ants

Hymenoptera

Formicidae

†Ypresiomyrma bartletti[40]

Archibald, Cover, & Moreau, 2006

bulldog ants

Hymenoptera

Formicidae

†Ypresiomyrma orbiculata[40]

Archibald, Cover, & Moreau, 2006

bulldog ants

Hymenoptera

Formicidae

†Myrmeciites(?) goliath[40]

Archibald, Cover, & Moreau, 2006

bulldog ant form taxon

Hymenoptera

Formicidae

†Myrmeciites herculeanus[40]

Archibald, Cover, & Moreau, 2006

bulldog ant form taxon

Hymenoptera

Ichneumonidaeichneumon wasps

Hymenoptera

Proctotrupidae

proctotrupid wasps

Hymenoptera

Siricidae

†Ypresiosirex orthosemos[39]

Archibald & Rasnitsyn, 2015

horntail wasps

Hymenoptera

Sphecidae

Sphecid wasps

Hymenoptera

Tenthredinidae

tenthredinid wasps

Hymenoptera

VespidaehornetsPhasmatodea

†Susumanioidea

stick insects
Arthropod order Super family/family Genus/Species Authors Notes Images

Collections and collecting status

Small collections of fossils are housed in the Royal BC Museum in Victoria BC, the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology in Drumheller Alberta, the Royal Ontario Museum, the Canadian Museum of Nature in Ottawa, the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture in Seattle, WA, and other university collections, principally Thompson Rivers University in Kamloops, B.C., and Brandon University in Manitoba. Significant collections of fossils from the McAbee Fossil Beds were in private ownership and fossils from the McAbee Fossil Beds are listed for sale on the internet. [20] However, in August 2018 a substantial private collection of fossils from McAbee was [https://royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/about/our-work/publications-news/latest-news/royal-bc-museum-accepts-world’s-largest-collection donated to the Royal British Columbia Museum].

The cessation of fossil collecting at the McAbee Fossil Beds through heritage listing is consistent with British Columbia's new Fossil Management Framework[41] which seeks to:

  • clarify the rules governing the management and use of fossils;
  • manage impacts on fossils from other activities;
  • provide for the stewardship of significant fossil sites;
  • raise internal and external awareness of the framework and the importance of fossils;
  • build knowledge of the nature and extent of the resource in BC; and
  • clarify the rights and obligations of the public, business, government and other stakeholders.

References

1. ^McAbee fossil site receives heritage protection.
2. ^{{CRHP|19023|McAbee Fossil Beds Heritage Site|24 October 2014}}
3. ^1 {{cite journal |last= Wilson |first=M.V.H. |year= 1977 |title=Middle Eocene freshwater fishes from British Columbia |journal=Life Sciences Contributions, Royal Ontario Museum |volume=No. 113 |pages=1–66}}
4. ^{{cite journal |last1=Cevallos-Ferriz |first1=SRS |last2=Stockey |first2=RA |last3=Pigg |first3=KB |year=1991 |title=Princeton chert: evidence for in situ aquatic plants |journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology |volume=70 |issue=1–2 |pages=173–185 |url= |doi=10.1016/0034-6667(91)90085-H}}
5. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Greenwood | first1 = D.R. | last2 = Pigg | first2 = K.B. | last3 = Basinger | first3 = J.F. | last4 = DeVore | first4 = M.L. | year = 2016 | title = A review of paleobotanical studies of the Early Eocene Okanagan (Okanogan) Highlands floras of British Columbia, Canada and Washington, USA | url = | journal = Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences | volume = 53 | issue = 6| pages = 548–564 | doi = 10.1139/cjes-2015-0177 }}
6. ^Dawson, G.M. (1877). "Report on explorations in the southern portion of British Columbia." Geological Survey of. Canada, Report of Progress for 1875–76, pp. 233–265.
7. ^Hills, L.V. 1965. Palynology and age of early Tertiary basins, interior British Columbia; unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, 189 p.
8. ^1 {{cite journal | last1 = Hills | first1 = L.V. | last2 = Baadsgaard | first2 = H. | year = 1967 | title = Potassium-argon dating of some Lower Tertiary strata in British Columbia | url = | journal = Canadian Petroleum Geologists Bulletin | volume = 15 | issue = | pages = 138–149 }}
9. ^Verschoor, K. van R. 1974. Paleobotany of the Tertiary (early Middle Eocene) McAbee Beds, British Columbia. M.Sc. thesis, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, 128 p.
10. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Ewing |first=T.E. |year=1981 |title= Regional stratigraphy and structural setting of the Kamloops Group, south-central British Columbia |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=1464–1477 |doi=10.1139/e81-137}}
11. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Wolfe |first1=J.A. |last2=Tanai |first2=T. |year=1987 |title=Systematics, Phylogeny, and Distribution of Acer (maples) in the Cenozoic of Western North America |journal= Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. Series 4, Geology and Mineralogy |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=1–246 |url=http://biblioteca.universia.net/html_bura/ficha/params/title/systematics-phylogeny-and-distribution-of-acer-maples-in-the-cenozoic/id/39790012.html}}
12. ^{{cite journal |last1=Douglas |first1=S.D. |last2=Stockey |first2=R.A. |year=1996 |title=Insect fossils in Middle Eocene deposits from British Columbia and Washington State: faunal diversity and geological range extensions |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=1140–1157 |doi=10.1139/z96-126}}
13. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Greenwood |first1=D.R. |last2=Wing |first2=S.L. |year=1995 |title=Eocene continental climates and latitudinal temperature gradients |journal=Geology |volume=23 |issue=11 |pages=1044–1048 |doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<1044:eccalt>2.3.co;2}}
14. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Greenwood |first1=D.R. |last2=Archibald |first2=S.B. |last3=Mathewes |first3=R.W. |last4=Moss |first4=P.T. |year=2005 |title=Fossil biotas from the Okanagan Highlands, southern British Columbia and northeastern Washington State: climates and ecosystems across an Eocene landscape |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=167–185 |doi=10.1139/E04-100 |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/e05-012}}
15. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Archibald |first1=S.B. |last2=Greenwood |first2=D.R. |last3=Smith |first3=R.Y. |last4=Mathewes |first4=R.W. |last5=Basinger |first5=J.F. |year=2012 |title=Great Canadian Lagerstätten 1. Early Eocene Lagerstätten of the Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia and Washington State) |journal=Geoscience Canada |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=155–164 |url=http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/GC/article/view/18964}}
16. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Hilton | first1 = E.J. | last2 = Grande | first2 = L. | year = 2008 | title = Fossil Mooneyes (Teleostei: Hiodontiformes, Hiodontidae) from the Eocene of western North America, with a reassessment of their taxonomy" in "Birth of the modern world: the Tertiary | url = | journal = Geological Society, London, Special Publications | volume = 295 | issue = | pages = 221–251 | doi = 10.1144/SP295.13 }}
17. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Dillhoff | first1 = R.M. | last2 = Dillhoff | first2 = T.A. | last3 = Greenwood | first3 = D.R. | last4 = DeVore | first4 = M.L. | last5 = Pigg | first5 = K.B. | year = 2013 | title = The Eocene Thomas Ranch flora, Allenby Formation, Princeton, British Columbia, Canada | url = | journal = Botany | volume = 91 | issue = 8| pages = 514–529 | doi = 10.1139/cjb-2012-0313 }}
18. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Gushulak | first1 = C.A. | last2 = West | first2 = C.K. | last3 = Greenwood | first3 = D.R. | year = 2016 | title = Paleoclimate and precipitation seasonality of the Early Eocene McAbee megaflora, Kamloops Group, British Columbia | url = | journal = Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences | volume = 53 | issue = 6| pages = 591–604 | doi = 10.1139/cjes-2015-0160 }}
19. ^{{cite journal |last1= Moss |first1=PT |last2= Greenwood |first2=DR |last3= Archibald |first3= SB |year=2005 |title= Regional and local vegetation community dynamics of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia - Washington State) from palynology |url= |journal= Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume= 42 |issue= 2 |pages= 187–204 |doi = 10.1139/E04-095}}
20. ^1 Wilson, M.V.H. 2009. McAbee Fossil Site Assessment Report. 60 pp.[https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/natural-resource-use/land-water-use/crown-land/fossil-management/mcabee_fossil_site_assessment_report.pdf Online PDF]. Accessed May 3, 2018.
21. ^{{cite journal | last1 = McClain | first1 = A.M. | last2 = Manchester | first2 = S.R. | year = 2001 | title = Dipteronia (Sapindaceae) from the Tertiary of North America and implications for the phytogeographic history of the Aceroideae | url = | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 88 | issue = 7| pages = 1316–1325 | doi=10.2307/3558343| jstor = 3558343 }}
22. ^1 {{cite journal| last1=Pigg |first1=K.B. |last2=Manchester |first2=S.R. |last3=Wehr |first3=W.C. |year=2003 |title=Corylus, Carpinus, and Palaeocarpinus (Betulaceae) from the Middle Eocene Klondike Mountain and Allenby Formations of Northwestern North America |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=164 |issue=5 |pages=807–822 |doi=10.1086/376816}}
23. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Manchester | first1 = S.R. | last2 = Dillhoff | first2 = R.M. | year = 2004 | title = Fagus (Fagaceae) fruits, foliage, and pollen from the Middle Eocene of Pacific Northwestern North America | url = | journal = Canadian Journal of Botany | volume = 82 | issue = 10| pages = 1509–1517 | doi = 10.1139/b04-112 }}
24. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Denk | first1 = T. | last2 = Dillhoff | first2 = R.M. | year = 2005 | title = Ulmus leaves and fruits from the Early-Middle Eocene of northwestern North America: systematics and implications for character evolution within Ulmaceae | url = | journal = Canadian Journal of Botany | volume = 83 | issue = 12| pages = 1663–1681 | doi = 10.1139/b05-122 }}
25. ^{{cite journal |last1=Dillhoff |first1=R.M. |last2=Leopold |first2=E.B. |last3=Manchester |first3=S.R. |year=2005 |title=The McAbee flora of British Columbia and its relations to the Early-Middle Eocene Okanagan Highlands flora of the Pacific Northwest |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=151–166 |doi=10.1139/e04-084}}
26. ^{{cite journal|last1=Schorn |first1=H. |last2=Wehr |first2=W.C. |year=1986 |title=Abies milleri, sp. nov., from the Middle Eocene Klondike Mountain Formation, Republic, Ferry County, Washington |journal=Burke Museum Contributions in Anthropology and Natural History |issue=1 |pages = 1–7}}
27. ^{{Cite journal|last1=LePage |first1=B.A. |last2=Basinger |first2=J.F. |year=1995 |title=Evolutionary history of the genus Pseudolarix Gordon (Pinaceae) |journal= International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=156 |issue=6 |pages=910–950 |doi=10.1086/297313}}
28. ^{{cite journal |last1=Manchester |first1=S.R. |year=1991 |title=Cruciptera, a new juglandaceous winged fruit from the Eocene and Oligocene of Western North America |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=715–725 |doi=10.2307/2418873|jstor=2418873 }}
29. ^{{cite journal |last1=Pigg |first1=K.B. |last2=Dillhoff |first2=R.M. |last3=DeVore |first3=M.L. |last4=Wehr |first4=W.C. |year=2007 |title=New diversity among the Trochodendraceae from the Early/Middle Eocene Okanogan Highlands of British Columbia, Canada, and Northeastern Washington State, United States |journal= International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=168 |issue=4 |pages=521–532 |doi= 10.1086/512104}}
30. ^Manchester, S. R., Pigg, K. B., Kvaček, Z., DeVore, M. L., & Dillhoff, R. M. (2018). Newly recognized diversity in Trochodendraceae from the Eocene of western North America. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 179(8): 663-676. doi=10.1086/699282
31. ^{{Cite journal |last1=Archibald |first1=S.B. |last2=Cover |first2=S. P. |last3=Moreau |first3=C. S. |title=Bulldog Ants of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands and History of the Subfamily (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae) |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |year=2006 |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=487–523 | doi = 10.1603/0013-8746(2006)99[487:BAOTEO]2.0.CO;2}}
32. ^1 2 Archibald, S.B., Bossert, W.H., Greenwood, D.R., and Farrell, B.D. 2010. Seasonality, the latitudinal gradient of diversity, and Eocene insects. Paleobiology {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807193659/http://www.paleosoc.org/content/OnlineAccess.html |date=2011-08-07 }}, 36 (3): 374 – 398.
33. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Makarkin | first1 = V.N. | last2 = Archibald | first2 = S.B. | year = 2013 | title = A diverse new assemblage of green lacewings (Insecta, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) from the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands, western North America | url = | journal = Journal of Paleontology | volume = 87 | issue = | pages = 123–146 | doi = 10.1666/12-052R.1 }}
34. ^{{cite journal |last1=Archibald |first1=SB |last2=Bradler |first2=S |year = 2015 |title=Stem-group stick insects (Phasmatodea) in the early Eocene at McAbee, British Columbia, Canada, and Republic, Washington, United States of America |journal=The Canadian Entomologist |volume = 147 |issue = 6 |pages = 744–753 |doi=10.4039/tce.2015.2}}
35. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Feldmann | first1 = R.A. | last2 = Schweitzer | first2 = C.E. | last3 = Leahy | first3 = J. | year = 2011 | title = New Eocene crayfish from the McAbee Beds in British Columbia: First record of Parastacoidea in the Northern Hemisphere | url = | journal = Journal of Crustacean Biology | volume = 31 | issue = 2| pages = 320–331 | doi = 10.1651/10-3399.1 }}
36. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Archibald | first1 = S.B. | last2 = Greenwood | first2 = D.R. | last3 = Mathewes | first3 = R.W. | year = 2013 | title = Seasonality, montane beta diversity, and Eocene insects: Testing Janzen's dispersal hypothesis in an equable world | url = | journal = Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology | volume = 371 | issue = | pages = 1–8 | doi = 10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.10.043 }}
37. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Archibald | first1 = S.B. | last2 = Morse | first2 = G. | last3 = Greenwood | first3 = D.R. | last4 = Mathewes | first4 = R.W. | year = 2014 | title = Fossil palm beetles refine upland winter temperatures in the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 111 | issue = 22| pages = 8095–8100 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1323269111 | pmid=24821798 | pmc=4050627}}
38. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Archibald | first1 = S.B. | last2 = Rasnitsyn | first2 = A.P. | last3 = Akhmetiev | first3 = M.A. | year = 2005 | title = The ecology and distribution of Cenozoic Eomeropidae (Mecoptera), and a new species of Eomerope Cockerell from the Early Eocene McAbee locality, British Columbia, Canada | url = | journal = Annals of the Entomological Society of America | volume = 98 | issue = 4| pages = 503–514 | doi = 10.1603/0013-8746(2005)098[0503:EADOCE]2.0.CO;2 }}
39. ^1 {{Cite journal|last1=Archibald |first1=S.B. |last2=Rasnitsyn |first2=A.P. |year=2015 |title=New early Eocene Siricomorpha (Hymenoptera: Symphyta: Pamphiliidae, Siricidae, Cephidae) from the Okanagan Highlands, western North America |journal=The Canadian Entomologist |volume=148 |issue=2 |pages=209–228 |doi=10.4039/tce.2015.55 }}
40. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{Cite journal |last1=Archibald |first1=S.B. |last2=Cover |first2=S. P. |last3=Moreau |first3=C. S. |title=Bulldog Ants of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands and History of the Subfamily (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae) |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |year=2006 |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=487–523 |url=http://antbase.org/ants/publications/21067/21067.pdf | doi = 10.1603/0013-8746(2006)99[487:BAOTEO]2.0.CO;2}}
41. ^Fossil Management Framework. http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/topic.page?id=581E56736871492E80229C27F1662222 (accessed May 4, 2015)

13 : Cenozoic paleontological sites of North America|Natural history of British Columbia|Fossil parks in Canada|Eocene fish|Eocene plants|Lagerstätten|Paleontology in Canada|Thompson Country|Thompson-Nicola Regional District|2012 in paleontology|Heritage sites in British Columbia|Eocene paleontological sites|Paleontology in British Columbia
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/30 20:11:19