“Medicines Patent Pool”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) is a United Nations-backed international organisation founded in July 2010^[1], based in Geneva, Switzerland. Its public health driven business model aims to lower the prices of HIV, tuberculosis and hepatitis C medicines and facilitate the development of better-adapted HIV treatments through voluntary licensing and patent pooling. Its goal is to improve access to affordable and appropriate HIV, hepatitis C and tuberculosis medicines in low- and middle-income countries.

Creation

The Medicines Patent Pool Foundation was established as an independent legal entity in July 2010 with the support of Unitaid and has been fully operational since November 2010.

It is based on the idea that patents are intended to reward innovation, and that unless licensed, a patent can also prevent the production or sale of affordable, quality-assured generic medicines and the development of novel formulations. The Medicines Patent Pool negotiates with patent holders for licences on HIV, hepatitis C and tuberculosis medicines. These licences permit lower-cost manufacturers to distribute patented medicines in developing countries. Licences also provide the freedom to develop new treatments better suited for resource-limited settings, such as paediatric formulations and fixed-dose combinations. Competition among many manufacturers should bring prices down supporting treatment scale-up.

Financing

The Medicines Patent Pool was founded and is funded by Unitaid, a global health initiative that is working with partners to end HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and hepatitis C and works to allow more affordable generic medicines to enter the marketplace in low- and middle-income countries. In its first grant phase 2010-2015, the MPP worked exclusively in the HIV field and in December 2014, Unitaid approved another funding package for MPP to continue its HIV work through 2020. In November 2015, the MPP mandate was expanded to hepatitis C and tuberculosis treatment. The Medicines Patent Pool was the first and is now the only independent patent pool that aims to tackle the issue of access to HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C and tuberculosis drugs in low- and middle-income countries.^[2]

Structure

The MPP has two governing bodies: a Governance board (i.e.Executive Board) composed of 9 members and an Expert Advisory Group comprising 12 members , it also works with ad hoc experts.^[3]

The current Chair of the Governance Board is World Health Organization (WHO)’s former Assistant Director-General for Health Systems and Innovation Marie-Paule Kieny,^[4] who succeeded Sigrun Møgedal, chair since March 2016 and Charles Clift, the MPP’s founding chairman.

Executive Directors: Charles Gore (2018), Greg Perry (2013-2017), Ellen 't Hoen (2010-2012).

Activities

The Medicines Patent Pool negotiates public-health driven licences with patent holders, and sub-licenses to generic manufacturers to encourage the sale of lower-cost generic versions of medicines in over a hundred developing countries.

In October 2012, the MPP, Gilead Sciences and the UN National Institutes of Health/University of Illinois were honoured by the Licensing Executives Society (United States and Canada) (LES) for licence agreements that expand access to affordable HIV medicines in developing countries. The LES’s annual "Deals of Distinction" Awards are presented to notable intellectual property agreements in five industry sectors and the three parties were recognised for precedence-setting licensing agreements dedicated to improving public health under the Industry-University-Government Interface category.^[5]

As of 2018, the Medicines Patent Pool holds licences for 13 HIV antiretrovirals, an HIV technology platform, 2 hepatitis C direct-acting antivirals and 1 investigational treatment for tuberculosis from patent holders AbbVie,^[6] Bristol-Myers Squibb^[7], Gilead Sciences^[8]^[9], MSD^[10], ViiV Healthcare^[11]^[12], Johns Hopkins University^[13], the University of Liverpool, the US National Institutes of Health^[14] and Pharco Pharmaceuticals^[15]. The MPP also worked with Janssen^[16] and Boehringer Ingelheim^[17] to extend their non-assert policies for paediatric darunavir formulations and nevirapine, ensuring that the companies will not assert their patent rights in many more developing countries. The organisation signed an agreement with F. Hoffmann-La Roche^[18] to increase access to valganciclovir, an important treatment for an HIV opportunistic infection.

In 2018, the foundation announced a new five-year strategy^[19] to improve access to medicines in low- and middle-income countries, which supports international public health goals for HIV, tuberculosis and hepatitis C.

References

1. ^http://www.unitaid.eu/images/EB11/05%20_eb11%20res.5%20implementation%20of%20patent%20pool.pdf{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
2. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.ip-watch.org/2015/11/09/medicines-patent-pool-expands-to-include-hepatitis-c-tuberculosis/|title=Medicines Patent Pool Expands To Include Hepatitis C, Tuberculosis|date=9 November 2015|accessdate=9 October 2017|agency=IP Watch}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.medicinespatentpool.org/who-we-are2/governance/|title=Governance - Medicines Patent Pool|work=medicinespatentpool.org/staffing-and-governance/}}
4. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.ip-watch.org/2017/07/03/medicines-patent-pool-nets-whos-kieny-new-chair/|title=Medicines Patent Pool Nets WHO’s Kieny As New Chair|date=3 July 2017|accessdate=9 October 2017|agency=IP Watch}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lesusacanada.org/newsroom/press-releases/2012/10/11/five-landmark-ip-deals-receive-licensing-executives-society-s-prestigious-2012-deals-of-distinction-awards|title=Five Landmark IP Deals Receive Licensing Executives Society’s Prestigious 2012 Deals of Distinction™ Awards|work=lesusacanada.org|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130628042452/http://www.lesusacanada.org/newsroom/press-releases/2012/10/11/five-landmark-ip-deals-receive-licensing-executives-society-s-prestigious-2012-deals-of-distinction-awards|archive-date=2013-06-28|dead-url=yes}}
6. ^{{cite web|title=AbbVie adds children's AIDS drugs to shared patent pool|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/01/us-health-aids-children-medicine-idUSKCN0JF10820141201}}
7. ^{{cite web|last1=Kalil|first1=Tom|last2=Steffen|first2=Robynn|title=Bristol-Myers Squibb and Medicines Patent Pool Increase Access to Critical HIV Drug|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/12/12/bristol-myers-squibb-and-medicines-patent-pool-increase-access-critical-hiv-drug|website=White House - Office of Science and Technology Policy|access-date=16 April 2015}}
8. ^{{cite web|last1=HIRSCHLER|first1=BEN|title=Gilead kickstarts patent pool for AIDS drugs|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/12/us-aids-patents-idUSTRE76B0YW20110712|website=Reuters|accessdate=16 April 2015}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2011/july/20110712pspatentpool/|title=UNAIDS|work=unaids.org}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ip-watch.org/2015/02/24/medicines-patent-pool-nails-down-another-key-paediatric-drug/|title=Medicines Patent Pool Nails Down Another Key Paediatric Drug|author=William New|work=Intellectual Property Watch}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.viivhealthcare.com/media-room/press-releases/2013-02-27.aspx?sc_lang=en|title=Archived copy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618090506/http://viivhealthcare.com/media-room/press-releases/2013-02-27.aspx?sc_lang=en|archivedate=2013-06-18|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2013-06-27|df=}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/04/01/aids-drug-viiv-idUSL5N0MT59F20140401|title=GSK's ViiV unit adds new HIV drug to AIDS patent pool|work=Reuters}}
13. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-medicines-patent-pool-announces-first-licence-for-tuberculosis-treatment-611702695.html|title=The Medicines Patent Pool Announces First Licence for Tuberculosis Treatment|date=24 January 2017|accessdate=9 October 2017|publisher=Cision|agency=PR Newswire}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/press/release.cfm?id=4768&cat=press-release|title=Press room|work=MSF USA|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024012832/http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/press/release.cfm?id=4768&cat=press-release|archivedate=2013-10-24|deadurl=yes|df=}}
15. ^{{cite news|title=The Medicines Patent Pool and Pharco Pharmaceuticals Sign Licence for Promising Hepatitis C Drug Candidate Ravidasvir|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-medicines-patent-pool-and-pharco-pharmaceuticals-sign-licence-for-promising-hepatitis-c-drug-candidate-ravidasvir-620046483.html|accessdate=9 October 2017|agency=PR newswire|publisher=Cision|date=21 April 2017}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=https://medicinespatentpool.org/mpp-media-post/the-medicines-patent-pool-on-janssens-extension-of-its-access-policy-for-paediatric-medicine-darunavir-statement/|title=The Medicines Patent Pool on Janssen’s Extension of its Access Policy for Paediatric Medicine Darunavir|website=Medicines Patent Pool|accessdate=9 October 2017}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.boehringer-ingelheim.com/press-release/boehringer-ingelheim-increases-access-medication-treatment-hivaids|title=Boehringer Ingelheim increases access to the medication for the treatment of HIV/Aids|website=Boehringer Ingelheim|accessdate=9 October 2017}}
18. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.roche.com/dam/jcr:3a1638ce-fe8c-46f2-b868-40f67bba3b28/en/med-cor-2013-08-05-e.pdf|title=Roche-MPP agreement|last=|first=|date=|website=https://www.roche.com/dam/jcr:3a1638ce-fe8c-46f2-b868-40f67bba3b28/en/med-cor-2013-08-05-e.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
19. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-medicines-patent-pool-presents-new-five-year-strategy-for-improving-access-to-priority-treatments-in-developing-countries-683608381.html|title=The Medicines Patent Pool presents new five-year strategy|last=|first=|date=|website=https://www.prnewswire.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-08-05}}