| 词条 | Skill |
| 释义 |
A skill is the ability to carry out a task with determined results often within a given amount of time, energy, or both. Skills can often be divided into domain-general and domain-specific skills. For example, in the domain of work, some general skills would include time management, teamwork and leadership, self-motivation and others, whereas domain-specific skills would be used only for a certain job. Skill usually requires certain environmental stimuli and situations to assess the level of skill being shown and used. People need a broad range of skills to contribute to a modern economy. A joint ASTD and U.S. Department of Labor study showed that through technology, the workplace is changing, and identified 16 basic skills that employees must have to be able to change with it.[1][2] Three broad categories of skills are suggested and these are technical, human, and conceptual.[3] The first two can be substituted with hard and soft skills, respectively.[4] Hard skillsHard skills, also called technical skills, are any skills relating to a specific task or situation. It involves both understanding and proficiency in such specific activity that involves methods, processes, procedures, or techniques.[5] These skills are easily quantifiable unlike soft skills, which are related to one's personality.[6] These are also skills that can be or have been tested and may entail some professional, technical, or academic qualification.[7] Labor skills{{Main|Skill (labor)}}Skilled workers have long had historical import (see Division of labor) as electricians, masons, carpenters, blacksmiths, bakers, brewers, coopers, printers and other occupations that are economically productive. Skilled workers were often politically active through their craft guilds.[8] Life skills{{Main|Life skills}}An ability and capacity acquired through deliberate, systematic, and sustained effort to smoothly and adaptively carryout complex activities or job functions involving ideas (cognitive skills), things (technical skills), and/or people (interpersonal skills). See also competence. People skills{{Main|People skills}}According to the Portland Business Journal, people skills are described as:[9]
A British definition is "the ability to communicate effectively with people in a friendly way, especially in business."[10] The term is not listed yet in major US dictionaries.[11] The term people skills is used to include both psychological skills and social skills but is less inclusive than life skills. Social skills{{Main|Social skills}}Social skill is any skill facilitating interaction and communication with others. Social rules and relations are created, communicated, and changed in verbal and nonverbal ways. The process of learning such skills is called socialization. Soft skills{{Main|Soft skills}}Soft skills are a combination of interpersonal people skills, social skills, communication skills, character traits, attitudes, career attributes and emotional intelligence quotient (EQ) among others.[12] Hierarchy of SkillsSkills can be categorized based on the level of expertise and motivation. The highest level of engagement corresponds to the craftsman. About 2% of people reach the highest level. See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://wdr.doleta.gov/research/rlib_doc.cfm?docn=941|title=Publications and Research Search Results, Employment & Training Administration (ETA) |publisher= U.S. Department of Labor|author=|date=|website=wdr.doleta.gov|accessdate=28 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428145153/https://wdr.doleta.gov/research/rlib_doc.cfm?docn=941|archivedate=28 April 2018|df=dmy-all}} 2. ^{{Cite journal|last=Ryu|first=Cheong-san|year=2017|title=Educational Significance of Soft Skills and Hard Skills|url=|journal=The Journal of Korean Practical Arts Education|volume=23 |issue=1|pages=1–17|via=}} Relationship between skills and core-competencies in education. 3. ^{{Cite book|title=Hospitality Employee Management and Supervision: Concepts and Practical Applications|last=Sommerville|first=Kerry|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|year=2007|isbn=9780471745228|location=Hoboken, NJ|pages=328}} 4. ^{{Cite book|title=Soft Skills - Enhancing Employability: Connecting Campus with Corporate|last=Rao|first=M.S.|publisher=I. K. International Publishing House Pvt Ltd|year=2010|isbn=9789380578385|location=New Delhi|pages=225}} 5. ^{{Cite book|title=Essentials of Management|last=DuBrin|first=Andrew|publisher=South-Western Cengage Learning|year=2008|isbn=9780324353891|location=Mason, OH|pages=16}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/hard-skills.asp|title=Hard Skills|authors= Staff|date=15 May 2010|website=Investopedia|accessdate=28 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205191350/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/hard-skills.asp|archivedate=5 December 2013|df=dmy-all}} 7. ^{{Cite book|title=Higher Education Computer Science|last=Carter|first=Jenny|last2=O'Grady|first2=Michael|last3=Rosen|first3=Clive|publisher=Springer|year=2018|isbn=9783319985893|location=Cham|pages=223}} 8. ^{{cite book |last=Cowan |first=Ruth Schwartz |title=A Social History of American Technology |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=New York |year=1997 |isbn=0-19-504605-6 |page=179}} 9. ^{{cite news|author=Rifkin, H. |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080718185643/http://portland.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/2002/06/03/focus6.html |title=Invest in people skills to boost bottom line|date=18 July 2008 |access-date= 2009-10-14|journal=Portland Business Journal}} 10. ^“Macmillan Dictionary” {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105115142/http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/people-skills |date=5 November 2009 }} Retrieved on 2009-08-18 11. ^Dictionary.com definition. Retrieved on 2009-08-18 12. ^{{cite journal|author=Robles, Marcel M. | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812053907/http://bcq.sagepub.com/content/75/4/453.abstract |title= Executive Perceptions of the Top 10 Soft Skills Needed in Today’s Workplace|date=12 August 2016 |journal= Business Communication Quarterly|volume= 75|number=4|pages= 453–465}} 13. ^Igor Kokcharov, Hierarchy of Skills http://www.slideshare.net/igorkokcharov/kokcharov-skillpyramid2015 External links{{Commonscat|Skills}}
2 : Skills|Learning |
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