| 词条 | Sky Tower (Auckland) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Sky Tower |image = 01 Auckland New Zealand-1000137.jpg |image_size = 200px |caption = The tower within the SkyCity Auckland complex |location = Auckland CBD, Auckland, New Zealand |address = Corner Victoria and Federal Streets |coordinates = {{coord|-36.8484|174.7621|display=inline,title}} |map_type = |status = Complete |start_date = 1994 |completion_date = 1997 |opening = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1997|08|03}} |building_type = Communications, observation, mixed use, tourism |antenna_spire = {{convert|328|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} |roof = |top_floor = {{convert|222|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} |floor_count = |elevator_count = 4 |cost = NZ$85 million[1] |floor_area = {{convert|5500|m2|sqft|0|abbr=on}}[1] |architect = Craig Craig Moller Ltd.[2] |structural_engineer = Beca Group[2] |main_contractor = Fletcher Construction[2] |developer = Harrah's Entertainment[3] |owner = Skycity Entertainment Group |management = }} The Sky Tower is a telecommunications and observation tower in Auckland, New Zealand. Located at the corner of Victoria and Federal Streets within the city's CBD, it is {{convert|328|m|ft|0}} tall, as measured from ground level to the top of the mast,[4] making it the tallest freestanding structure in the Southern Hemisphere[5] and the 25th tallest tower in the world. It has become an iconic landmark in Auckland's skyline due to its height and unique design. The tower is part of the SkyCity Auckland casino complex, originally built in 1994–1997 for Harrah's Entertainment.[3] Several upper levels are accessible to the public, attracting an average of 1,150 visitors per day (over 415,000 per year).[6] Public facilitiesThe Sky Tower has several upper levels that are accessible to the public:
The upper portion of the tower contains two restaurants and a cafe—including New Zealand's only revolving restaurant, located {{convert|190|m|abbr=on}} from the ground, which turns 360 degrees every hour.[7] There is also a brasserie-style buffet located one floor above the main observatory level. It has three observation decks at different heights, each providing 360-degree views of the city. The main observation level at {{convert|186|m|abbr=on}} has {{convert|38|mm|abbr=on}} thick glass sections of flooring giving a view straight to the ground.[8] The top observation deck labeled "Skydeck" sits just below the main antenna at {{convert|220|m|abbr=on}} and gives views of up to {{convert|82|km|abbr=on}} in the distance.[9] The tower also features the "SkyJump", a {{convert|192|m|adj=on}}[10] jump from the observation deck, during which a jumper can reach up to {{convert|85|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. The jump is guide-cable-controlled to prevent jumpers from colliding with the tower in case of wind gusts.[11] Climbs into the antenna mast portion ({{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} heights) are also possible for tour groups,[10] as is a walk around the exterior.[12] TelecommunicationsThe tower is also used for telecommunications and broadcasting with the Auckland Peering Exchange (APE) being located on Level 48.[13] The aerial at the top of the tower hosts the largest FM combiner in the world[8] which combines with 58 wireless microwave links located above the top restaurant to provide a number of services. These include television, wireless internet, RT, and weather measurement services.[8] The tower is Auckland's primary FM radio transmitter, and is one of four infill terrestrial television transmitters in Auckland, serving areas not covered by the main transmitter at Waiatarua in the Waitakere Ranges. A total of twenty-three FM radio stations and six digital terrestrial television multiplexes broadcast from the tower.[14][15] Two VHF analogue television channels broadcasting from the tower were switched off in the early hours of Sunday 1 December 2013 as part of New Zealand's digital television transition.[16] Transmission frequenciesH = Horizontal V = Vertical The following table contains television and radio frequencies currently operating from the Sky Tower:
ConstructionProject historyFletcher Construction was the contracted builder for the project while engineering firm Beca Group provided the design management and coordination, structural, geotechnical, civil, mechanical, electrical, plumbing, lighting and fire engineering services. Harrison Grierson[17] provided surveying services. It was designed by Gordon Moller of Craig Craig Moller architects[2] and has received a New Zealand Institute of Architects National Award as well as regional awards.[18][27][19] The Project Architect was Les Dykstra.[20]Taking two years and nine months to construct,[21] the tower was opened on 3 August 1997.[22] Facts and figuresThe tower is constructed of high-performance reinforced concrete. Its {{convert|12|m|ft|adj=on}} diameter shaft (containing three lifts and an emergency stairwell) is supported on eight "legs" based on 16 foundation piles drilled over {{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep into the local sandstone.[23][19] The main shaft was built using climbing formwork.[19] The upper levels were constructed from composite materials, structural steel, precast concrete and reinforced concrete,[19] and the observation decks clad in aluminium with blue/green reflective glass. A structural steel framework supports the upper mast structure. During construction {{convert|15000|m3|cuyd}} of concrete, {{convert|2000|t|short ton|lk=on}} of reinforcing steel, and {{convert|660|t|short ton}} of structural steel were used. The mast weighs over {{convert|170|t|short ton}}.[19][24] It had to be lifted into place using a crane attached to the structure, as it would have been too heavy for a helicopter to lift. To then remove the crane, another crane had to be constructed attached to the upper part of the Sky Tower structure, which dismantled the big crane, and was in turn dismantled into pieces small enough to fit into the elevator.[19] SafetyThe tower is designed to withstand wind in excess of {{convert|200|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and designed to sway up to {{convert|1|m|in}} in excessively high winds. As a safety precaution the Sky Tower’s lifts have special technology installed to detect movement (such as swaying due to high wind) and will automatically slow down. If the building sway exceeds predetermined safety levels the lifts will return to the ground floor and remain there until the high winds and building sway have abated.[25] The Sky Tower is built to withstand an 8.0 magnitude earthquake located within a {{convert|20|km|mi|adj=on}} radius.[26] There are three fireproof rooms on levels 44, 45, and 46 to provide refuge in the event of an emergency, while the central service lift shaft and stairwells are also fire-safety rated. Lighting{{div col}}
Energy efficient lightingThe top half of the Sky Tower is lit by energy efficient LED lighting which replaced the original metal halide floodlights in May 2009. The LEDs can produce millions of different colour combinations controlled by a computer system. The original lights used 66 per cent more energy than the current LED system. The bottom half is lit by halogen lamps. Energy conservation initiativesDuring the winter months, electricity consumption in New Zealand increases dramatically. As much of the power reserve in the country depends on the water level of the hydro-lakes, various power-saving schemes are introduced to prevent blackouts.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} In an effort to promote power saving, SkyCity turned off the tower lighting in Winter 2008, retaining only the flashing red aviation lights. SkyCity is also minimising façade flood lighting across its complex. Simon Jamieson, General Manager SKYCITY Auckland Hotels Group, said: "Like every New Zealander, we are concerned about the country's electricity supply, and we believe it is our responsibility to make this move to assist with the power saving request."[27] The tower was reilluminated on 4 August in support of New Zealand athletes competing at the Beijing Olympics.[28] The SkyTower also use wall lights for different events, for example, they had a LED Santa on the 2007 Christmas. {{Wide image|View from Sky Tower Akl.jpg|1000px|Panorama as seen from Sky Deck, Sky Tower, Auckland}}EventsThe Sky Tower is used in support of special charity events. The Leukemia and Blood Foundation of New Zealand organises annual fundraising stair climb challenges, notably the "Firefighters Sky Tower Stair Challenge" which sees firefighters from around New Zealand race up 1,108 steps (out of 1,267 total steps).[29] Climbing the Sky Tower stairs has been described as a "vertical marathon".{{fact|date=January 2019}} For celebrations like New Year's Eve and Chinese New Year SkyCity Auckland projects a fireworks display from the Sky Tower which can be seen across Auckland. See also
References1. ^1 World Federation of Great Towers - Retrieved 4 July 2009 2. ^1 2 3 Sky Tower at Structurae.com - Retrieved 4 July 2009 3. ^1 [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03EFDF113AF936A35753C1A961958260&scp=34&sq=auckland&st=nyt In Auckland, Life Is Alfresco] - The New York Times, 5 October 1997 4. ^Sky Tower Official page - 5. ^{{cite book|last1=Napflin|first1=Urban|title=Travel New Zealand: An introduction for travellers to Aotearoa, the land of the long white cloud|publisher=Urban Napflin|isbn=9780473257330|page=202|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8uxpBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT202|accessdate=22 January 2017}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=Glass Elevators Take Visitors to Top of Sky Tower in New Zealand {{!}} Elevator Design Information Blog|url=http://www.elevatordesigninfo.com/glass-elevators-take-visitors-to-top-of-sky-tower-in-new-zealand|accessdate=5 September 2016}} 7. ^Official Orbit 360 Dining page Retrieved 28 August 2014 8. ^1 2 Sky Tower demonstration (Explore the Sky Tower) 9. ^Sky Tower facts page Retrieved 4 June 2009 10. ^1 Auckland: Don't Miss: Action in the outdoors (from the Tourism New Zealand website. Retrieved 2 December 2007) 11. ^SkyJump (from the official skyjump.co.nz website. Accessed 21 June 2008.) 12. ^SkyWalk (from the official skywalk.co.nz website. Accessed 27 May 2009.) 13. ^What is the APE? {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427050711/http://ape.nzix.net/what.html |date=27 April 2011 }} Retrieved 5 June 2009 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://fmscan.org/ml.php?r=f&t=32501569|title= Auckland/Skytower FM transmitter info - fmscan.org |accessdate= 17 July 2011}} 15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.freeviewnz.tv/images/uploads/pdfs/north-island-all-freq.pdf |title= New Zealand television transmission stations in operation as of 31 March 2008 - North Island |publisher= Kordia |accessdate= 17 July 2011}} 16. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.goingdigital.co.nz/making-the-switch/coverage-areas-2/coverage-areas.html |title= When is my area going digital? - Going Digital |publisher= New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage |accessdate= 17 July 2011 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20111017073751/http://www.goingdigital.co.nz/making-the-switch/coverage-areas-2/coverage-areas.html |archivedate= 17 October 2011 |df= dmy-all }} 17. ^Harrison Grierson 18. ^Sky Tower {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322111200/http://www.ccm.co.nz/pages/skytwr.html |date=22 March 2007 }} (from the website of Craig Craig Moller, Sky Tower's architects) 19. ^1 2 3 4 5 Case Studies: Sky Tower {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203065007/http://www.cee.auckland.ac.nz/case_studies/case_studies_sky_tower.aspx |date=3 December 2007 }} (from the University of Auckland, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering. Retrieved 1 December 2007.) 20. ^ , Les Dykstra - Director of Architects-ldl. 21. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.skycityauckland.co.nz/attractions/sky-tower/explore-the-sky-tower/did-you-know/|accessdate=2 March 2017|title=Did you know?|publisher=SkyCity Auckland}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10828091|accessdate=2 March 2017|title=Remember Auckland before the Sky Tower?|date=20 August 2012|publisher=NZ Herald}} 23. ^1 Projects: Commercial: Sky Tower {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031003055/http://www.fletcherconstruction.co.nz/project/56 |date=31 October 2007 }} (from the Fletcher Construction website. Retrieved 2 December 2007.) 24. ^Construction Facts (from the SkyCity Auckland website) 25. ^"Some homes still powerless after storm". The New Zealand Herald, Friday 10 November 2006. 26. ^{{cite web|title=Did you know?|url=https://www.skycityauckland.co.nz/attractions/sky-tower/explore-the-sky-tower/did-you-know/|website=SKYCITY Auckland|publisher=SKYCITY|accessdate=5 September 2016}} 27. ^SKYCITY Auckland switches off the Sky Tower (from a Skycity Entertainment Group press release. 10 June 2008. Accessed 14 September 2008.) 28. ^Sky Tower Relights Auckland Skyline (from a Sky Entertainment Group press release. 4 August 2008. Accessed 14 September 2008.) 29. ^{{cite web|title=Key Information|url=http://firefightersclimb.org.nz/Participant+Info/Key+Information.html|website=firefightersclimb.org.nz|publisher=Leukaemia & Blood Cancer New Zealand|accessdate=5 September 2016}} External links{{Commons category|Sky Tower (Auckland)}}
9 : Buildings and structures in Auckland|Towers with revolving restaurants|Radio masts and towers|Lookouts in Auckland|Observation towers|Towers completed in 1997|Towers in New Zealand|Tourist attractions in Auckland|1990s architecture in New Zealand |
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