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词条 Merrill Swain
释义

  1. References

  2. External links

Merrill Swain is a professor emerita of second-language education at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto.[1] She developed the output hypothesis, a theory of second-language acquisition which states that learners cannot reach full grammatical competence in a language from input processing alone, but must also produce spoken language output.[2] Swain is also known for her work with Michael Canale on communicative competence.[3] Swain was the president of the American Association for Applied Linguistics in 1998.[4] She received her PhD at the University of California.[1]

References

1. ^1 {{cite web|title=Merrill Swain|url=http://www.oise.utoronto.ca/ctl/Faculty_Staff/Faculty_Profiles/1438/Merrill_Swain.html|publisher=Ontario Institute for Studies in Education|accessdate=24 June 2016}}
2. ^{{cite book | last = Ellis | first = Rod | year = 2008 | title = The Study of Second Language Acquisition | publisher = Oxford University Press | location=Oxford, UK | isbn = 978-0-19-442257-4 | pages = 260–261}}
3. ^{{cite book | last = Brown | first = H. Douglas | title = Principles of Language Learning and Teaching | year = 2007 | publisher = Pearson Education | location = White Plains, NY | isbn=0-13-199128-0 | edition = 5th | pages = 219–220 }}
4. ^{{cite web|title=Past Presidents|url=http://www.aaal.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=13|publisher=American Association of Applied Linguistics|accessdate=11 November 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026123401/http://aaal.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=13|archivedate=26 October 2010|df=}}

External links

  • Merrill Swain at the Ontario Institute of Studies in Education
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5 : Living people|Linguists from Canada|Bilingualism and second-language acquisition researchers|University of Toronto faculty|Year of birth missing (living people)
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