| 词条 | Slavs | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Slavs are the largest ethno-linguistic group in Europe.[1]{{sfn|Barford|2001|p=1}} Present-day Slavic people are classified into East Slavs (chiefly Belarusians, Russians, Rusyns, and Ukrainians), West Slavs (chiefly Czechs, Kashubs, Moravians, Poles, Silesians, Slovaks and Sorbs), and South Slavs (chiefly Bosniaks, Bulgarians, Croats, Macedonians, Gorani, Montenegrins, Serbs and Slovenes).[3][2][3][4] Slavs can be further grouped by religion. Orthodox Christianity is practiced by the majority of Slavs. The Orthodox Slavs include the Belarusians, Bulgarians, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Russians, Rusyns, Serbs, and Ukrainians and are defined by Orthodox customs and Cyrillic script, as well as their cultural connection to the Byzantine Empire (Serbs also use Latin script on equal terms). Their second most common religion is Roman Catholicism. The Catholic Slavs include Croats, Czechs, Kashubs, Moravians, Poles, Silesians, Slovaks, Slovenes, and Sorbs and are defined by their Latinate influence and heritage and connection to Western Europe. There are also substantial Protestant and Lutheran minorities, especially among the West Slavs, such as the historical Bohemian (Czech) Hussites. The second-largest religion among the Slavs after Christianity is Islam. Muslim Slavs include the Bosniaks, Pomaks (Bulgarian Muslims), Gorani, Torbeši (Macedonian Muslims), and other Muslims of the former Yugoslavia. Modern Slavic nations and ethnic groups are considerably diverse both genetically and culturally, and relations between them – even within the individual groups – range from ethnic solidarity to mutual hostility.[5] Ethnonym{{main|Slavs (ethnonym)}}The oldest mention of the Slavic ethnonym is the 6th century AD Procopius, writing in Byzantine Greek, using various forms such as Sklaboi ({{lang|grc|Σκλάβοι}}), Sklabēnoi ({{lang|grc|Σκλαβηνοί}}), Sklauenoi ({{lang|grc|Σκλαυηνοί}}), Sthlabenoi ({{lang|grc|Σθλαβηνοί}}), or Sklabinoi ({{lang|grc|Σκλαβῖνοι}}),[8] while his contemporary Jordanes refers to the {{lang|la|Sclaveni}} in Latin.[9] The oldest documents written in Old Church Slavonic, dating from the 9th century, attest the autonym as Slověne ({{lang|cu|Словѣне}}). These forms point back to a Slavic autonym which can be reconstructed in Proto-Slavic as {{wikt-lang|sla-pro|*slověninъ|*Slověninъ}}, plural Slověne. The reconstructed autonym {{lang|sla|*Slověninъ}} is usually considered a derivation from slovo ("word"), originally denoting "people who speak (the same language)", i. e. people who understand each other, in contrast to the Slavic word denoting German people, namely {{wikt-lang|sla-pro|*němьcь}}, meaning "silent, mute people" (from Slavic {{wikt-lang|sla-pro|*němъ}} "mute, mumbling"). The word slovo ("word") and the related slava ("glory, fame") and slukh ("hearing") originate from the Proto-Indo-European root {{wikt-lang|ine-pro|*ḱlew-}} ("be spoken of, glory"), cognate with Ancient Greek {{lang|grc|κλέος}} ({{grc-tr|κλέος}} "fame"), as in the name Pericles, Latin {{wikt-lang|la|clueo}} ("be called"), and English {{wikt-lang|en|loud}}. History and originsFirst mentions{{Main|Early Slavs}}{{See also|Vistula Veneti|Spori|Antes (people)|Sclaveni|Wends}}Ancient Roman sources refer to the Early Slavic peoples as Veneti, who dwelled in a region of central Europe east of the Germanic tribe of Suebi, and west of the Iranian Sarmatians in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD.[6][7] The Slavs under name of the Antes and the Sclaveni first appear in Byzantine records in the early 6th century. Byzantine historiographers under emperor Justinian I (527–565), such as Procopius of Caesarea, Jordanes and Theophylact Simocatta describe tribes of these names emerging from the area of the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danube and the Black Sea, invading the Danubian provinces of the Eastern Empire. Jordanes, in his work Getica (written in 551 AD),[8] describes the Veneti as a "populous nation" whose dwellings begin at the sources of the Vistula and occupy "a great expanse of land". He also describes the Veneti as the ancestors of Antes and Slaveni, two early Slavic tribes, who appeared on the Byzantine frontier in the early 6th century. Procopius wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Sporoi in olden times". The name Sporoi derives from Greek σπείρω ("I scatter grain"). He described them as barbarians, who lived under democracy, believe in one god, "the maker of lightning" (Perun), to whom they made sacrifice. They lived in scattered housing, and constantly changed settlement. In war, they were mainly foot soldiers with small shields and battle axes, lightly clothed, some entering battle naked with only genitals covered. Their language is "barbarous" (that is, not Greek), and the two tribes are alike in appearance, being tall and robust, "while their bodies and hair are neither very fair or blond, nor indeed do they incline entirely to the dark type, but they are all slightly ruddy in color. And they live a hard life, giving no heed to bodily comforts..."[13] Jordanes described the Sclaveni having swamps and forests for their cities.[14] Another 6th-century source refers to them living among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes.[15]Menander Protector mentions a Daurentius (circa 577–579) who slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I for asking the Slavs to accept the suzerainty of the Avars; Daurentius declined and is reported as saying: "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us".{{sfn|Curta|2001|pp=91–92, 315}} MigrationsAccording to eastern homeland theory, prior to becoming known to the Roman world, Slavic-speaking tribes were part of the many multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia – such as the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires. The Slavs emerged from obscurity when the westward movement of Germans in the 5th and 6th centuries CE (thought to be in conjunction with the movement of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe: Huns, and later Avars and Bulgars) started the great migration of the Slavs, who settled the lands abandoned by Germanic tribes fleeing the Huns and their allies: westward into the country between the Oder and the Elbe-Saale line; southward into Bohemia, Moravia, much of present-day Austria, the Pannonian plain and the Balkans; and northward along the upper Dnieper river. It has also been suggested that some Slavs migrated with the Vandals to the Iberian Peninsula and even North Africa.[16] Around the 6th century, Slavs appeared on Byzantine borders in great numbers.[9] Byzantine records note that Slav numbers were so great, that grass would not regrow where the Slavs had marched through. After a military movement even the Peloponnese and Asia Minor were reported to have Slavic settlements.[10] This southern movement has traditionally been seen as an invasive expansion.[19] By the end of the 6th century, Slavs had settled the Eastern Alps regions. Middle AgesWhen Slav migrations ended, their first state organizations appeared, each headed by a prince with a treasury and a defense force. In the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo supported the Slavs against their Avar rulers, and became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe, Samo's Empire. This early Slavic polity probably did not outlive its founder and ruler, but it was the foundation for later West Slavic states on its territory. The oldest of them was Carantania; others are the Principality of Nitra, the Moravian principality (see under Great Moravia) and the Balaton Principality. The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681 as an alliance between the ruling Bulgars and the numerous slavs in the area, and their South Slavic language, the Old Church Slavonic, became the main and official language of the empire in 864. Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of Slavic literacy and Christianity to the rest of the Slavic world. The expansion of the Magyars into the Carpathian Basin and the Germanization of Austria gradually separated the South Slavs from the West and East Slavs. Later Slavic states, which formed in the following centuries, included the Kievan Rus', the Second Bulgarian Empire, the Kingdom of Poland, Duchy of Bohemia, the Kingdom of Croatia, Banate of Bosnia and the Grand Principality of Serbia. Modern eraIn late 19th century, there were only four Slavic states in the world: the Russian Empire, the Principality of Serbia, the Principality of Montenegro and the Principality of Bulgaria. In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, out of approximately 50 million people, about 23 million were Slavs. The Slavic peoples who were, for the most part, denied a voice in the affairs of Austria-Hungary, called for national self-determination. Because of the vastness and diversity of the territory occupied by Slavic people, there were several centers of Slavic consolidation. At the beginning of the 20th century, following the end of World War I and the collapse of the Central Powers, several Slavic nations re-emerged and became independent, such as the Second Polish Republic, First Czechoslovak Republic, and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. After the end of the Cold War and subsequent collapse of the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia, additional new Slavic states emerged, such as the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Belarus and Ukraine. Pan-SlavismPan-Slavism, a movement which came into prominence in the mid-19th century, emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples. The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice. The Russian Empire used Pan-Slavism as a political tool;{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} as did the Soviet Union, which gained political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations between 1939 and 1948 and retained a hegemonic role until the period 1989–1991.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} Languages{{main|History of the Slavic languages|Slavic languages}}Proto-Slavic, the supposed ancestor language of all Slavic languages, is a descendant of common Proto-Indo-European, via a Balto-Slavic stage in which it developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with the Baltic languages. In the framework of the Kurgan hypothesis, "the Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations [from the steppe] became speakers of Balto-Slavic".[20] Proto-Slavic is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages. That language was uniform, and on the basis of borrowings from foreign languages and Slavic borrowings into other languages, cannot be said to have any recognizable dialects – this suggests that there was, at one time, a relatively small Proto-Slavic homeland.[21]Slavic linguistic unity was to some extent visible as late as Old Church Slavonic (or Old Bulgarian) manuscripts which, though based on local Slavic speech of Thessaloniki, could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language.[11] Slavic studies began as an almost exclusively linguistic and philological enterprise. As early as 1833, Slavic languages were recognized as Indo-European. Standardised Slavic languages that have official status in at least one country are: Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, and Ukrainian. The alphabets used for Slavic languages are frequently connected to the dominant religion among the respective ethnic groups. Orthodox Christians use the Cyrillic alphabet while Roman Catholics use the Latin alphabet; the Bosniaks, who are Muslim, also use the Latin alphabet. Additionally, some Eastern Catholics and Roman Catholics use the Cyrillic alphabet. Serbian and Montenegrin use both the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. There is also a Latin script to write in Belarusian, called the Lacinka alphabet. Ethno-cultural subdivisions{{Indo-European topics}}Slavs are customarily divided along geographical lines into three major subgroups: West Slavs, East Slavs, and South Slavs, each with a different and a diverse background based on unique history, religion and culture of particular Slavic groups within them. Apart from prehistorical archaeological cultures, the subgroups have had notable cultural contact with non-Slavic Bronze- and Iron Age civilisations. Modern Slavic nations and ethnic groups are considerably diverse both genetically and culturally, and relations between them – even within the individual ethnic groups themselves – are varied, ranging from a sense of connection to mutual feelings of hostility.[5]{{Page needed|date=March 2017}} West Slavs originate from early Slavic tribes which settled in Central Europe after the East Germanic tribes had left this area during the migration period.[12] They are noted as having mixed with Germanics, Hungarians, Celts (particularly the Boii), Old Prussians, and the Pannonian Avars.[13] The West Slavs came under the influence of the Western Roman Empire (Latin) and of the Roman Catholic Church. East Slavs have origins in early Slavic tribes who mixed and contacted with Finno-Ugrics, Balts, and Caucasians.[14][15] Their early Slavic component, Antes, mixed or absorbed Iranians, and later received influence from the Khazars and Vikings.{{sfn|Vlasto|1970|p=237}} The East Slavs trace their national origins to the tribal unions of Kievan Rus' and Rus' Khaganate, beginning in the 10th century. They came particularly under the influence of the Byzantine Empire and of the Eastern Orthodox Church. South Slavs from most of the region have origins in early Slavic tribes who mixed with the local Proto-Balkanic tribes (Illyrian, Dacian, Thracian, Paeonian, Hellenic tribes), and Celtic tribes (particularly the Scordisci), as well as with Romans (and the Romanized remnants of the former groups), and also with remnants of temporarily settled invading East Germanic, Asiatic or Caucasian tribes such as Gepids, Huns, Avars, Goths and Bulgars.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} The original inhabitants of present-day Slovenia and continental Croatia have origins in early Slavic tribes who mixed with Romans and romanized Celtic and Illyrian people as well as with Avars and Germanic peoples (Lombards and East Goths). The South Slavs (except the Slovenes and Croats) came under the cultural sphere of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire), of the Ottoman Empire and of the Eastern Orthodox Church and Islam, while the Slovenes and the Croats were influenced by the Western Roman Empire (Latin) and thus by the Roman Catholic Church in a similar fashion to that of the West Slavs. Religion{{See also|Slavic mythology}}The pagan Slavic populations were Christianized between the 7th and 12th centuries. Orthodox Christianity is predominant among East and South Slavs, while Roman Catholicism is predominant among West Slavs and some western South Slavs. The religious borders are largely comparable to the East–West Schism which began in the 11th century. The majority of contemporary Slavic populations who profess a religion are Orthodox, followed by Catholic, while a small minority are Protestant. There are minor Slavic Muslim groups. Religious delineations by nationality can be very sharp; usually in the Slavic ethnic groups the vast majority of religious people share the same religion. Some Slavs are atheist or agnostic: in the Czech Republic 20% were atheists according to a 2012 poll. {{Col-begin|width=60%}}{{Col-break}}Mainly Eastern Orthodoxy:
Mainly Roman Catholicism:
Mainly Islam:
Relations with non-Slavic people{{See also|Baltic Slavic piracy|Narentines}}Throughout their history, Slavs came into contact with non-Slavic groups. In the postulated homeland region (present-day European Russia[19] and Ukraine), they had contacts with the Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths. After their subsequent spread, the Slavs began assimilating non-Slavic peoples. For example, in the Balkans, there were Paleo-Balkan peoples, such as Romanized and Hellenized (Jireček Line) Illyrians, Thracians and Dacians, as well as Greeks and Celtic Scordisci and Serdi.[20] Because Slavs were so numerous, most indigenous populations of the Balkans were Slavicized. Thracians and Illyrians vanished as defined ethnic groups in this period. Exceptions are Greece, where Slavs were Hellenized because Greeks were more numerous (aided by more Greeks returning to Greece in the 9th century and by the church and administration),{{sfn|Fine|1991|p=41}} Romania, where Slavs settled en route to present-day Greece, North Macedonia, Bulgaria and East Thrace but assimilated, and the modern Albanian nation which claims descent from Illyrians. Ruling status of Bulgars and their control of land cast the nominal legacy of the Bulgarian country and people onto future generations, but Bulgars were gradually also Slavicized into the present day South Slavic ethnic group known as Bulgarians. The Romance speakers within the fortified Dalmatian cities retained their culture and language for a long time.{{sfn|Fine|1991|p=35}} Dalmatian Romance was spoken until the high Middle Ages, but, they too were eventually assimilated into the body of Slavs. In the Western Balkans, South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with invaders, eventually producing a Slavicized population.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} In Central Europe, the West Slavs intermixed with Germanic, Hungarian, and Celtic peoples, while in Eastern Europe the East Slavs had encountered Uralic and Scandinavian peoples. Scandinavians (Varangians) and Finnic peoples were involved in the early formation of the Rus' state but were completely Slavicized after a century. Some Finno-Ugric tribes in the north were also absorbed into the expanding Rus population.[21] In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic Turkic tribes, such as the Kipchak and the Pecheneg, caused a massive migration of East Slavic populations to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north.[22] In the Middle Ages, groups of Saxon ore miners settled in medieval Bosnia, Serbia and Bulgaria, where they were Slavicized. Saqaliba refers to the Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab world in North Africa, Sicily and Al-Andalus. Saqaliba served as caliph's guards.[23][24] In the 12th century, Slavic piracy in the Baltics increased. The Wendish Crusade was started against the Polabian Slavs in 1147, as a part of the Northern Crusades. The pagan chief of the Slavic Obodrite tribes, Niklot, began his open resistance when Lothar III, Holy Roman Emperor, invaded Slavic lands. In August 1160 Niklot was killed, and German colonization (Ostsiedlung) of the Elbe-Oder region began. In Hanoverian Wendland, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Lusatia, invaders started germanization. Early forms of germanization were described by German monks: Helmold in the manuscript Chronicon Slavorum and Adam of Bremen in Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum.[25] The Polabian language survived until the beginning of the 19th century in what is now the German state of Lower Saxony.[26] In Eastern Germany, around 20% of Germans have historic Slavic paternal ancestry, as revealed in Y-DNA testing.[27] Similarly, in Germany, around 20% of the foreign surnames are of Slavic origin.[28]Cossacks, although Slavic-speaking and practicing Orthodox Christianity, came from a mix of ethnic backgrounds, including Tatars and other Turks. Many early members of the Terek Cossacks were Ossetians. The Gorals of southern Poland and northern Slovakia are partially descended from Romance-speaking Vlachs, who migrated into the region from the 14th to 17th centuries and were absorbed into the local population. The population of Moravian Wallachia also descended from the Vlachs. Conversely, some Slavs were assimilated into other populations. Although the majority continued towards Southeast Europe, attracted by the riches of the area that became the state of Bulgaria, a few remained in the Carpathian Basin in Central Europe, and were assimilated into the Magyar people. Numerous river and other place names in Romania have Slavic origin.[29]{{better source|date=April 2015}} PopulationThere are an estimated 360 million Slavs worldwide.
See also{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
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(1939) The Peoples of Europe. Chapter VI, Sec. 7 New York: Macmillan Publishers. 7. ^Tacitus. Germania, page 46. 8. ^Curta 2001: 38. Dzino 2010: 95. 9. ^{{cite book|author=Cyril A. Mango|title=Byzantium, the empire of New Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBxIAAAAMAAJ|page=26|year=1980|publisher=Scribner|isbn=978-0-684-16768-8}} 10. ^Tachiaos, Anthony-Emil N. 2001. Cyril and Methodius of Thessalonica: The Acculturation of the Slavs. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. 11. ^J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (2006), pp. 25–26. 12. ^{{cite book|last1= Kobyliński|first1= Zbigniew |chapter= The Slavs|editor1-last= McKitterick |editor1-first= Rosamond |editor1-link= Rosamond McKitterick |title= The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 1, c.500-c.700 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JcmwuoTsKO0C |publisher= Cambridge University Press |page= 531|isbn= 9780521362917 |year= 1995}} 13. ^{{cite book|author=Roman Smal Stocki |title=Slavs and Teutons: The Oldest Germanic-Slavic Relations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VM0KAQAAIAAJ |year=1950 |publisher=Bruce}} 14. ^{{cite book|author1=Raymond E. Zickel|author2=Library of Congress. Federal Research Division|title=Soviet Union: A Country Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TnYsAAAAYAAJ|date=1 December 1991|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|isbn=978-0-8444-0727-2|page=138}} 15. ^{{cite book|title=Comparative Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTAkDMtho0sC&pg=PA182|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-6033-8|pages=182–}} 16. ^"Religious preferences of the population of Ukraine". Sociology poll by Razumkov Centre, SOCIS, Rating and KIIS about the religious situation in Ukraine (2015) 17. ^{{cite web|title=FIELD LISTING :: RELIGIONS|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html|publisher=CIA}} 18. ^GUS, Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludnosci 2011: 4.4. Przynależność wyznaniowa (National Survey 2011: 4.4 Membership in faith communities) p. 99/337 (PDF file, direct download 3.3 MB). {{ISBN|978-83-7027-521-1}} {{nobreak|Retrieved 27 December 2014.}} 19. ^{{Cite news|url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/early-east-slavic-tribes-in-russia.html|title=Early East Slavic Tribes in Russia {{!}} Study.com|work=Study.com|access-date=2018-11-17|language=en}} 20. ^The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond, {{ISBN|0521227178}}, 1992, page 600: „In the place of the vanished Treres and Tilataei we find the Serdi for whom there is no evidence before the first century BC. It has for long being supposed on convincing linguistic and archeological grounds that this tribe was of Celtic origin.“ 21. ^{{Cite journal|last1=Balanovsky|first1=O|last2=Rootsi|first2=S|last3=Pshenichnov|first3=A|last4=Kivisild|first4=T|last5=Churnosov|first5=M|last6=Evseeva|first6=I|last7=Pocheshkhova|first7=E|last8=Boldyreva|first8=M|last9=Yankovsky|first9=N|display-authors=8|year=2008|title=Two Sources of the Russian Patrilineal Heritage in Their Eurasian Context|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=82|issue=1|pages=236–250|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019|pmc=2253976|pmid=18179905|ref=harv|last10=Balanovska|first10=Elena|last11=Villems|first11=Richard}} 22. ^{{cite book |last=Klyuchevsky |first=Vasily |date=1987 |url=http://www.kulichki.com/inkwell/text/special/history/kluch/kluch16.htm |title=The course of the Russian history |chapter=1: Mysl |language=ru |isbn=5-244-00072-1 |access-date=9 October 2009}} 23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lewis1.html |title=ch 1 |author=Lewis |year=1994 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010401012040/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lewis1.html |archivedate=1 April 2001}} 24. ^Eigeland, Tor. 1976. "The golden caliphate". Saudi Aramco World, September/October 1976, pp. 12–16. 25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/639735/Wend |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507201210/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/639735/Wend |archivedate=2008-05-07 |title=Wend |website=Britannica.com |date=13 September 2013 |access-date=4 April 2014}} 26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Polabian-language |title=Polabian language |website=Britannica.com |access-date=4 April 2014}} 27. ^{{cite journal|author=|date=2013|title=Contemporary paternal genetic landscape of Polish and German populations: from early medieval Slavic expansion to post-World War II resettlements|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=21|issue=4|pages=415–22|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2012.190|pmc=3598329|pmid=22968131}} 28. ^{{cite journal|author=|date=2006|title=Y-chromosomal STR haplotype analysis reveals surname-associated strata in the East-German population|url=http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v14/n5/full/5201572a.html#aff1|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=14|issue=5|pages=577–582|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201572|pmid=16435000|access-date=25 January 2006}} 29. ^Alexandru Xenopol, Istoria românilor din Dacia Traiană, 1888, vol. I, p. 540 30. ^Estimates range between 130 and 150 million. 111 million in the Russian Federation (2010 census), about 16 million ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states (8 M in Ukraine, 4.5 M in Kazakhstan, 1 M in Belarus, 0.6 M Latvia, 0.6 M in Uzbekistan, 0.6 M in Kyrgyzstan. Up to 10 million Russian diaspora elsewhere (mostly Americas and Western Europe). 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.russkie.org/index.php?module=fullitem&id=4194|title=Нас 150 миллионов -Русское зарубежье, российские соотечественники, русские за границей, русские за рубежом, соотечественники, русскоязычное население, русские общины, диаспора, эмиграция|date=20 February 2012|publisher=Russkie.org|accessdate=29 April 2013}} 32. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20120623215020/http://www.rusichi-center.ru/e/2663163-chechentsyi-trebuyut-snesti-pamyatnik-yuriyu-budano] 33. ^37.5–38 million in Poland and 21–22 million ethnic Poles or people of ethnic Polish extraction elsewhere. "Polmap. Rozmieszczenie ludności pochodzenia polskiego (w mln)" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815064442/http://polmap.pdg.pl:80/mapy/polonia_na_swiecie.htm |date=2017-08-15 }} 34. ^including 36,522,000 single ethnic identity, 871,000 multiple ethnic identity (especially 431,000 Polish and Silesian, 216,000 Polish and Kashubian and 224,000 Polish and another identity) in Poland (according to the census 2011) and estimated over 20,000,000 Polish Diaspora Świat Polonii, witryna Stowarzyszenia Wspólnota Polska: "Polacy za granicą" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908143840/http://wspolnota-polska.org.pl/polonia_w_liczbach.html|date=8 September 2015}} (Polish people abroad as per summary by Świat Polonii, internet portal of the association Wspólnota Polska) 35. ^{{cite book|author=Główny Urząd Statystyczny|date=January 2013|title=Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna|trans-title=Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011|url=http://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf|format=PDF|language=Polish|publisher=Główny Urząd Statystyczny|accessdate=12 December 2014 |pages=89–101}} 36. ^{{Cite book|url=https://stat.gov.pl/files/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5670/22/1/1/struktura_narodowo-etniczna.pdf|title=Struktura narodowo-etniczna, językowa i wyznaniowa ludności Polski [Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011]|last=|first=|publisher=Główny Urząd Statystyczny|year=November 2015|isbn=978-83-7027-597-6|location=Warsaw|pages=129–136|language=Polish}} 37. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TA1zVKTTsXUC&pg=PA10|title=A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples|author=Paul R. Magocsi|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4426-1021-7|pages=10–}} 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/planeta.301.html:489936-Svaki-drugi-Srbin-zivi-izvan-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018231514/http://rs.one.un.org/organizations/12/Serbian%20Diaspora%20and%20Youth,%20June%202011.pdf|title=Svaki drugi Srbin živi izvan Srbije|date=May 2014|publisher=Novosti|page=5|archive-date=2012-10-18|dead-url=yes}} 39. ^{{cite journal|year=2013|title=Serbs around the World by region|url=http://www.serbianunity.com/serbianunitycongress/pdf/world_of_serbs/Serbs_Around_the_World_by_Region.pdf|deadurl=yes|publisher=Serbian Unity Congress|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205032421/http://www.serbianunity.com/serbianunitycongress/pdf/world_of_serbs/Serbs_Around_the_World_by_Region.pdf|archivedate=5 December 2013}} 40. ^{{cite web|url=http://notes2.czso.cz/cz/sldb2011/cd_sldb2011_11_12/index_html_files/PVCR062.pdf|title=Tab. 6.2 Obyvatelstvo podle národnosti podle krajů|date=2011|website=Czech Statistical Office|language=cs|trans-title=Table. 6.2 Population by nationality, by region|format=PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131022340/http://notes2.czso.cz/cz/sldb2011/cd_sldb2011_11_12/index_html_files/PVCR062.pdf|archivedate=31 January 2012|deadurl=yes}} 41. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=buOgAAAAMAAJ&q=%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+1945&dq=%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+1945&hl=bg&sa=X&ei=9IH1U5GAEarmyQO-64DQBQ&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA Kolev, Yordan, Българите извън България 1878 – 1945, 2005, р. 18] Quote:"В началото на XXI в. общият брой на етническите българи в България и зад граница се изчислява на около 10 милиона души/In 2005 the number of Bulgarians is 10 million people 42. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc6pDjcpnoUC&pg=PA8|title=The Report: Bulgaria 2008|publisher=Oxford Business Group|year=2008|isbn=978-1-902339-92-4|page=8|accessdate=26 March 2016}} 43. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Mz57SSzuYecC&pg=RA1-PA81&lpg=RA1-PA81&dq=belarusians+population+10,000,000#v=onepage&q=belarusians%20population%2010%2C000%2C000&f=false|title=Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 2000–2001|last=Karatnycky|first=Adrian|date=2001|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-0-7658-0884-4|location=Piscataway, NJ|page=81|access-date=7 June 2015}} 44. ^{{citation|author=Daphne Winland|title=Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Volume I: Overviews and Topics; Volume II: Diaspora Communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC|year=2004|volume=2|page=76|chapter=Croatian Diaspora|edition=illustrated|publisher=Springer Science+Business|isbn=978-0-306-48321-9|quote=It is estimated that 4.5 million Croatians live outside Croatia ...|editor1=Melvin Ember|editor2=Carol R. Ember|editor3=Ian Skoggard}} 45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.crowc.org/english/about.asp?subcat=general|title=Hrvatski Svjetski Kongres|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030623031342/http://www.crowc.org/english/about.asp?subcat=general|archivedate=2003-06-23|dead-url=yes|accessdate=June 1, 2016}}, Croatian World Congress, "4.5 million Croats and people of Croatian heritage live outside of the Republic of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina" 46. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cDm-lw2nQ7IC&pg=PA11|title=National Minorities in Inter-State Relations|last=Palermo|first=Francesco|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|others=Natalie Sabanadze|year=2011|isbn=978-90-04-17598-3|editor=Francesco Palermo|page=11|chapter=National Minorities in Inter-State Relations: Filling the Legal Vacuum?}} 47. ^1 including 4,353,000 in Slovakia (according to the [https://web.archive.org/web/20121114103943/http://portal.statistics.sk/files/ev_narodnost_12_7_v12.pdf census 2011]), 147,000 single ethnic identity, 19,000 multiple ethnic identity (especially 18,000 Czech and Slovak and 1,000 Slovak and another identity) in Czech Republic (according to the [https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/cs/index.jsf?page=statistiky#katalog=30261 census 2011]), 53,000 in Serbia (according to the census 2011), 762,000 in the USA (according to the census 2010), 2,000 single ethnic identity and 1,000 multiple ethnic identity Slovak and Polish in Poland (according to the census 2011), 21,000 single ethnic identity, 43,000 multiple ethnic identity in Canada (according to the census 2006) 48. ^{{cite book|last1=Nasevski|first1=Boško|last2=Angelova|first2=Dora|last3=Gerovska|first3=Dragica|publisher=Macedonian Expatriation Almanac '95|year=1995|location=Skopje|pages=52–53|language=mk|script-title=mk:Матица на Иселениците на Македонија|trans-title=Matrix of Expatriates of Macedonia}} 49. ^http://www.stat.gov.mk/Publikacii/knigaX.pdf 50. ^{{cite journal |last=Magocsi |first=Paul Robert |authorlink=Paul Robert Magocsi |year=1995 |title=The Rusyn Question |journal=Political Thought |location=http://www.litopys.org.ua/rizne/magocie.htm |volume=2–3 |issue=6 |pages=221–231}} 51. ^including 521,800 single ethnic identity, 99,000 multiple ethnic identity Czech and Moravian, 4,600 multiple ethnic identity Moravian and Silesian, 1,700 multiple ethnic identity Moravian and Slovak in the Czech Republic (according to the [https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/cs/index.jsf?page=statistiky#katalog=30261 census 2011]) and 3,300 in Slovakia (according to the [https://web.archive.org/web/20121114103943/http://portal.statistics.sk/files/ev_narodnost_12_7_v12.pdf census 2011]) 52. ^including 16,000 single ethnic identity, 216,000 multiple ethnic identity Polish and Kashubian, 1,000 multiple ethnic identity Kashubian and another in Poland (according to the census 2011). 53. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aCW1fh0XInBE&refer=muse |work=Bloomberg |title=Germany's Sorb Minority Fights to Save Villages From Vattenfall |date=18 December 2007}} 54. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/minorities/Eastern-Europe/Sorbs-of-East-Germany.html |title=Sorbs of East Germany – World Directory of Minorities |publisher=Faqs.org |accessdate=29 April 2013}} 55. ^{{cite web|url=http://gig.rs/program.html|title=Progam političke stranke GIG|quote=Do Nato intervencije na Srbiju, 24.03.1999.godine, u Gori je živelo oko 18.000 Goranaca. U Srbiji i bivšim jugoslovenskim republikama nalazi se oko 40.000 Goranaca, a značajan broj Goranaca živi i radi u zemljama Evropske unije i u drugim zemljama. Po našim procenama ukupan broj Goranaca, u Gori u Srbiji i u rasejanju iznosi oko 60.000.}} 56. ^including 6,000 single ethnic identity, 4,000 multiple ethnic identity Lemko-Polish, 1,000 multiple ethnic identity Lemko and another in Poland (according to the census 2011). 57. ^23,000 in Serbia (according to the census 2011), 327,000 in the USA (according to the census 2010), 21,000 single ethnic identity and 44,000 multiple ethnic identity in Canada (according to the census 2006) 58. ^304,000 in the USA (according to the census 2010), 6,000 single ethnic identity and 31,000 multiple ethnic identity in Canada (according to the census 2006) 59. ^137,000 in the USA (according to the census 2010), in Canada (according to the census 2006) and 2,000 single ethnic identity and 4,000 multiple ethnic identity in Canada (according to the census 2006) 60. ^{{Cite book |last = Shore |first = Thomas William |authorlink = Thomas William Shore |title = Origin of the Anglo-Saxon Race – A Study of the Settlement of England and the Tribal Origin of the Old English People |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tDSsxref4C8C&pg=PA100&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false |publisher = READ BOOKS |year = 2008 |pages = 84–102 |ISBN = 978-1-4086-3769-2 }} 61. ^1 {{cite web |author=Encyclopædia Britannica |url = http://www.britannica.com/topic/Slav |title = Slav (people) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |date=18 September 2006 |accessdate=18 August 2010 }} 62. ^{{cite book |last=Klyuchevsky |first=Vasily |title=The course of the Russian history |volume = v.1 |url = http://www.kulichki.com/inkwell/text/special/history/kluch/kluch16.htm |isbn = 978-5-244-00072-6 |year=1987 |publisher="Myslʹ |accessdate=9 October 2009 }} 63. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/639735/Wend |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080507201210/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/639735/Wend|archivedate=2008-05-07 |title = Wend – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |date=13 September 2013 |accessdate=4 April 2014 }} 64. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.britannica.com/topic/Polabian-language |title = Polabian language |publisher=Britannica.com |accessdate = 4 April 2014 }} 65. ^Search and Development. EASTERN SLAVS: THEIR ROOTS, THEIR COMING-TO BE. Author: T. Alexeyeva. Archeology Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences 66. ^1 Mallory & Adams "Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 67. ^Etudes slaves et est-européennes: Slavic and East-European studies, Volume 3 (1958), p.107. 68. ^1 Nystazopoulou-Pelekidou 1992: Middle Ages 69. ^1 Jordanes, The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, V.33. 70. ^1 Jordanes, The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, V. 35. 71. ^1 F. Kortlandt, The spread of the Indo-Europeans, Journal of Indo-European Studies, vol. 18 (1990), pp. 131–140. Online version, p.4. 72. ^1 F. Kortlandt, The spread of the Indo-Europeans, Journal of Indo-European Studies, vol. 18 (1990), pp. 131–140. Online version, p.3. 73. ^Who are we, lemko.org 74. ^1 [https://web.archive.org/web/19990225154722/http://www.lib.msu.edu/sowards/balkan/lecture1.html Geography and ethnic geography of the Balkans to 1500] 75. ^1 Procopius, History of the Wars,\\, VII. 14. 22–30, VIII.40.5 76. ^1 Maurice's Strategikon: handbook of Byzantine military strategy, trans. G.T. Dennis (1984), p. 120. 77. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/fcurta/Procopius.htm |title=Procopius, History of the Wars, VII. 14. 22–30 |publisher=Clas.ufl.edu |accessdate=4 April 2014}} }} Sources
External links{{portal bar|Europe}}{{Commons category|Slavs}}{{Wiktionary|Slav}}
}}{{Slavic ethnic groups}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Slavic Peoples}} 2 : Slavs|Indo-European peoples |
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