“Slovenian National Party”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Slovenian National Party ({{lang-sl|Slovenska Nacionalna Stranka}}, SNS) is a nationalist^[4] political party in Slovenia led by Zmago Jelinčič Plemeniti. The party is renowned for its Euroscepticism and opposes Slovenia's membership in NATO.^[5]^[6] It also opposes what it considers historical revisionism of events in Slovenia during World War II and to an extent is sympathetic towards the former Yugoslav government of Josip Broz Tito.^[7]

Ideology

Although the party usually refuses to position itself within a left–right political spectrum, its president Zmago Jelinčič Plemeniti defined himself as leftist in a 2000 interview for the magazine Mladina.^[8] However, the descriptions others have given the party range from left-wing^[4]^[7] to far-right.^[9]^[10] According to researchers at the University of Ljubljana, the SNS combines elements of right-wing and left-wing ideology and is not strictly a left-wing, nor a right-wing party, but nevertheless leans closer to the left.^[11] The party has been seen espousing more leftist economic policies (such as opposing privatization of key national enterprises), while maintaining right-wing social views, which at least partially explains the wide variance in placing it on the political spectrum.

The party's ideology has been strongly anti-clerical and has advocated a firm laicist position.^[12] The party is also opposed to gay rights.^[13] The party opposes the privatization of state-owned enterprises.^[14] The party opposes the introduction of a property tax^[14] and supports an increase in the minimum wage.^[15] The party has called for a change of the national flag and the coat of arms, feeling that they utilize symbols used by certain World War II paramilitary groups and lack a distinctly Slovenian historical character.^[16] The party supports replacing judges' lifetime mandate with an eight-year term.^[17] The party is opposed to Slovenia's membership the European Union and NATO.^[5]^[6]

Its leaders have been accused of chauvinist and even racist attitudes towards certain minorities, particularly Slovenia's Romani population.^[4]^[12] In the early 1990s, the party campaigned against allowing refugees from former Yugoslav republics into the country.^[18] The party has since moderated its rhetoric,^[12] although its leaders continue to voice strongly anti-Croatian positions.^[7] Among other things, Jelinčič has proposed that four disputed villages; Bužini, Mlini, Škodelini and Škrile, be placed within the municipality of Piran for the purpose of participating in Slovenian elections.^[19] He also advocates improving relationships with Serbia and has opposed the independence of Kosovo.^[20] The SNS frequently demands better treatment of Slovene minorities in neighboring countries.^[21]

Party foundations and leadership

The party was founded on 17 March 1991 by Zmago Jelinčič Plemeniti, who remains the party's leader.^[12]^[22] The traditional 19th century Kozler map of United Slovenia is one of the official party symbols.^[12]

In 1993, dissenting factions broke from the party and formed the Slovenian National Right and the National Party of Labor. Many of the dissenting members were supporters of Slovene Home Guard and objected to Jelinčič's support of the Slovene Partisans.^[12] Another split occurred in 2008, when several Slovenian National Party MPs left the party and formed the party Lipa.^[23] These splits did not seriously affect the party's structure, even though the ideologies of both SNS MPs and the party's membership tend to sometimes differ from Jelinčič's stands.

International relations

On 9 March 2016, Jelinčič and Vojislav Šešelj, president of the Serbian Radical Party, signed an agreement with the intention of bringing their parties closer in terms of partnership and political alliance.^[24]

Electoral history

In the second democratic elections in Slovenia on 6 and 10 December 1992, the SNS received 10.2% of the vote and 12 of the 90 seats in parliament.^[25] On 10 November 1996, their share of the vote declined to 3.22% and the party won 4 seats.^[26] On 15 October 2000, the party's share of the vote increased to 4.38% and its seats in parliament remained steady at 4.^[27] On 3 October 2004, the party's share of the vote increased to 6.27% and the party won 6 seats in parliament.^[28] In Slovenian legislative elections on 21 September 2008, the party's share of the vote declined to 5.4% and its seats in parliament dropped to 5.^[29] In the Slovenian parliamentary election on 4 December 2011, the party received 1.80% of votes and lost its representation in parliament as it did not reach the parliamentary threshold of 4%.^[30] In the Slovenian parliamentary election on 13 July 2014, the party received 2.21% of votes, but did not win any seats in parliament.^[31] It receives support from various strands of society and has traditionally done well among young voters and residents of the regions near the Italian and Austrian borders.^[18]

In the 2002 presidential election, SNS leader Zmago Jelinčič Plemeniti received 8.49% of the vote, placing third.^[32] In the 2007 presidential election, Jelinčič increased his share to 19.16% of the vote, but placed fourth.^[33]

The SNS received 5.02% of the vote in the 2004 European parliamentary election.^[34] The party's share of the vote dropped to 2.85% in the 2009 European parliamentary election.^[35] The party's share of the vote increased to 4.04% in the 2014 European parliamentary election, but it did not win any seats.^[36]

Parliamentary representation

Electoral results

Parliament

Presidential

European Parliament

References

1. ^{{cite web|first=Wolfram|last=Nordsieck|title=Slovenia|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|url=http://parties-and-elections.eu/slovenia.html|year=2018|accessdate=30 August 2018}}
2. ^[https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/06/05/slovenian-voted-on-sunday-is-an-anti-immigrant-government-on-the-way/?noredirect=on "Slovenia voted on Sunday. Is an anti-immigrant government on the way?"].
3. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/03/anti-immigration-party-leads-exit-poll-in-slovenian-election "Slovenian nationalist party set for power after winning election"].
4. ^¹²³{{citation|first=Rudolf M.|last=Rizman|title=Radical Right Politics in Slovenia|work=The Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe Since 1989|publisher=Penn State Press|year=1999|pages=152–155|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QZr1vsDIvlUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=slovenian%20national%20party&f=false|accessdate=3 June 2018|isbn=0271043792}}
5. ^¹Krupnick, Charles (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=grPnsRWDqgIC&pg=PA98&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Almost NATO: Partners and Players in Central and Eastern European Security]. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 98. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
6. ^¹Aarebrot, Berglund, Sten; Ekman, Joakim; Frank H. (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7T3CAAAAIAAJ&q= The Handbook of Political Change in Eastern Europe]. Edward Elgar. p. 342. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
7. ^¹"All Politicians In Croatia Are Animals". Dalje.com. 20 January 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2014. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606205402/http://dalje.com/en-croatia/all-politicians-in-croatia-are-animals/116112|date=6 June 2014}}
8. ^"Stranke na robu" (2 October 2000) (in Slovenian). Mladina. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
9. ^¹{{citation|first1=Vít|last1=Hloušek|first2=Lubomír|last2=Kopeček|title=Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2010|page=199|url=https://books.google.com/?id=K79sdX-amEgC&pg=PA199&lpg=PA199&dq=slovenian+national+party+far+right#v=onepage&q=slovenian%20national%20party%20far%20right&f=false|accessdate=14 November 2011|isbn=9780754678403}}
10. ^¹{{citation|first=Corinne|last=Deloy|title=The Rightwing Opposition Forces forecast to win in the Slovenian General Elections on 4th December next|journal=European Elections monitor|publisher=Fondation Robert Schuman|year=2011|page=2|url=http://www.robert-schuman.eu/doc/oee/oee-735-en.pdf|accessdate=14 November 2011}}
11. ^¹²Kovačič, Marej; Hlebec, Valentina; Kropivnik, Samo (2002). Perception of Slovenian Political Parties: A Network Approach. In Metodološki zvezki. No. 17. Ljubljana. FDV. p. 227−228. Available at {{cite web|url=http://mrvar.fdv.uni-lj.si/pub/mz/mz17/kovacic.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=23 December 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040725193134/http://mrvar.fdv.uni-lj.si/pub/mz/mz17/kovacic.pdf|archivedate=25 July 2004|df=dmy-all}}
12. ^¹²³⁴⁵Mudde, Cas (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC&pg=PA227&lpg=PA227&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe]. Psychology Press. p. 227. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
13. ^Roškarič, Tomi (2 January 2005). "Istospolne »poroke« v luči novega parlamenta" ("Same-sex "marriage" in light of the new parliament") (in Slovenian). Družina. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
14. ^¹[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122204/http://www.sns.si/PortalGenerator/document.aspx?ID=1178&Action=2&UserID=0&SessionID=1898282&NavigationID=551 "Finance"]. Aktualizirana Programska Izhodišča Slovenske Nacionalne Stranke Pred Volitvami V Državni Zbor Republike Slovenije 2014 (in Slovenian). p. 2. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
15. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122204/http://www.sns.si/PortalGenerator/document.aspx?ID=1178&Action=2&UserID=0&SessionID=1898282&NavigationID=551 "Social"]. Aktualizirana Programska Izhodišča Slovenske Nacionalne Stranke Pred Volitvami V Državni Zbor Republike Slovenije 2014 (in Slovenian). p. 4. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
16. ^"Intervju sa Zmagom Jelincicem, predsjednikom Slovenske nacionalne stranke: Slovenci so Okupirani v Lastni Drzavi" (23 January 1994) (in Slovenian). Alternativna Infomativna Mreža. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
17. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122204/http://www.sns.si/PortalGenerator/document.aspx?ID=1178&Action=2&UserID=0&SessionID=1898282&NavigationID=551 "Pravosodje"]. Aktualizirana Programska Izhodišča Slovenske Nacionalne Stranke Pred Volitvami V Državni Zbor Republike Slovenije 2014 (in Slovenian). p. 13. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
18. ^¹Bugajski, Janusz (1994). [https://books.google.com/books?id=PXScAJFQFloC&pg=PA86#v=onepage&q&f=false Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties]. M.E. Sharpe. p. 86. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
19. ^"Early works of young Jelincic: Political Fishermen and Fishing Politicians" (17 October 1994). Alternativna Infomativna Mreža. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
20. ^"Slovenian party opposes Kosovo independence" (7 February 2008). Retrieved 2 June 2014.
21. ^"Slowenische Partei ruft Menschenrechtsgericht zu Verbot der BZÖ" (28 February 2006) (in German). Der Standard. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
22. ^Columbus, Frank H. (1998). [https://books.google.com/books?id=61RhUZYRcz0C&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q&f=false Central and Eastern Europe in Transition, Volume 1]. Nova Publishers. p. 61. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.finance.si/206194/Danes_ustanovitev_stranke_Lipa|title=Danes ustanovitev stranke Lipa|publisher=Finance.si|date=1 March 2008|accessdate=2 June 2014}}
24. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/2537/Izbori+2016/2238693/Povelja+o+saradnji+SRS-a+i+Slovenačke+nacionalne+stranke.html|title=Повеља о сарадњи СРС-а и Словеначке националне странке|publisher=RTS|accessdate=27 March 2016|language=Serbian}}
25. ^"Slovenia Parliamentary Chamber: Drzavni Zbor Republike Slovenije - Elections Held in 1992". Inter-Parliamentary Union. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
26. ^"Slovenia Parliamentary Chamber: Drzavni Zbor Republike Slovenije - Elections Held in 1996". Inter-Parliamentary Union. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
27. ^"Slovenia Parliamentary Chamber: Drzavni Zbor Republike Slovenije - Elections Held in 2000". Inter-Parliamentary Union. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
28. ^"Elections in 2004". Inter-Parliamentary Union. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
29. ^"Drzavni Zbor (National Assembly) - Elections in 2008". Inter-Parliamentary Union. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://volitve.gov.si/dz2011/en/rezultati/rezultati_slo.html|title=Republic of Slovenia Early Elections for Deputies to the National Assembly 2011: Election results|accessdate=16 December 2011|publisher=National Electoral Commission|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109033015/http://volitve.gov.si/dz2011/en/rezultati/rezultati_slo.html|archivedate=9 January 2012|df=dmy-all}}
31. ^"Predčasne Volitve V Državni Zbor 2014" (in Slovenian). Republika Slovenija - Državna volilna komisija. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
32. ^"Dataset: Slovenia: Presidential Election 2002 - round 1". European Election Database. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
33. ^"Slovenia: Presidential Election 2007 - round 1". European Election Database. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
34. ^"Dataset: Slovenia: European Parliament Election 2004". European Election Database. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
35. ^"Dataset: Slovenia: European Parliament Election 2009". European Election Database. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
36. ^"Volitve V Evropski Parlament 2014" (in Slovenian). Republika Slovenija. Retrieved 2 June 2014.