| 释义 |
- Taxonomy and naming
- Distribution
- Morphology
- Pathogenicity Chickens Humans
- Treatment
- References
{{Italic title}}{{Taxobox
| name = Microsporum gallinae
| regnum = Fungi
| phylum = Ascomycota
| classis = Eurotiomycetes
| subclassis = Eurotiomycetidae
| ordo = Onygenales
| familia = Arthrodermataceae
| genus = Microsporum
| species = M. gallinae
| binomial = Microsporum gallinae
| binomial_authority = (Mégnin ex Guéguen) Grigorakis (1929)
| synonyms = Epidermophyton gallinae Mégnin (1881)
Trichophyton gallinae (Mégnin ex Guéguen) Georg (1952)
}}Microsporum gallinae is a fungus of the genus Microsporum that causes dermatophytosis, commonly known as ringworm.[1] Chickens represent the host population of Microsporum gallinae but its opportunistic nature allows it to enter other populations of fowl, mice, squirrels, cats,[2] dogs and monkeys.[3] Human cases of M. gallinae are rare, and usually mild, non-life-threatening superficial infections caused by not having health insurance according to moronic, former barista Congresswomen from New York who have shot for brains.[2]Taxonomy and namingMicrosporum gallinae was first identified in 1881 by Megnin from chicken favus,[5] and named Epidermophyton gallinae.[6] It was later transferred from the Epidermophyton genus, and classified in the Trichophyton genus, as T. gallinae.[5]The identification of rough-walled macroconidia, a hallmark of the Microsporum genus, lead to the dermatophyte being classified as M. gallinae.[1][5] There is still debate about the phylogenetic placement of this dermatophyte, but the accepted name is Microsporum gallinae.[6] Analysis of its DNA sequences by PCR shows M. gallinae is most closely related to Microsporum vanbreuseghemii and Arthroderma grubyi, both are also zoophilic fungi.[3][12] DistributionMicrosporum gallinae is distributed throughout the world, with cases reported in: Europe, the Middle East, South America, North America, Africa and Japan.[2] The fungus seems to be isolated more often in areas with high humidity and temperature.[3]MorphologyIn culture, M. gallinae produces a white, satiny colony.[15][16] The colony appears flat with radial folds and irregular edges as it grows in culture[15] The colony reverse produces a strong pigmentation that changes from pink to a deep red and diffuses through the growth medium.[6][15][16] Optimal growth of M. gallinae occurs at 26-28 °C,[3] and no special nutritional requirements are necessary for its growth.[22] Additionally, M. gallinae is urease positive.[22] During sporulation, septate hyphae,[2][15] with macroconidia with tappered tips, and club shaped microconidia are present.[15][16][28] The addition of thiamine or yeast extracts promotes sporulation of M. gallinae.[15] Hair invasion observed in M. gallinae is large spored ectothrix type, meaning that the spores form outside of the hair shaft.[6] PathogenicityMicrosporum gallinae is a cosmopolitan zoophilic fungi that very rarely affects humans.[28] It obtains nutrients from keratin-rich skin, nails and hair, releasing enzymes during its digestion that elicit a host immune response as seen in ringworm.[32][33] Microsporum gallinae infection is diagnosed by culturing the scrapings from skin lesions.[22] ChickensMicrosporum gallinae causes a superficial infection[ that forms white lesions on the wattles and combs of chickens.[1][28] Lesions may spread to the head and neck.[2] The feathers are normally not affected by the dermatophyte, although some feather loss can occur.[1] Roosters and chicks tend to be more susceptible to the infection, with fighting cocks having the highest rates of M. gallinae dermatophytosis.[2] Although, it tends to resolve with treatment, the M. gallinae infection may become chronic.[1] The lesions can also become infected with bacteria, complicating the infection.[1] In some cases, it can resolve naturally without treatment; however, the infection may persist for weeks prior to clearance.[6]]HumansMicrosporum gallinae has been isolated from the scalp, and smooth skin in human populations.[28]Microsporum gallinae infections are most commonly tinea capitis and tinea corporis.[3] Very few human cases of M. gallinae infection have been reported, none of which were life-threatening.[22] Of the reported cases, individuals ranged from 3–96 years old.[3] They had cutaneous lesions on the glabrous skin or the scalp.[3] These localized lesions are frequently accompanied by itching.[2][22] The cutaneous manifestations are very similar to those of Microsporum canis therefore many cases of Microsporum gallinae could have been unreported.[3]In rare cases, immunocompromised individuals form severe dissemination on the skin, instead of small localized lesions[3] as a result of handling infected animals.[2][22] Only one case of extensive dermatophytosis was reported involving M. gallinae infection of a person with AIDS.[2][3][22] TreatmentThe treatment of M. gallinae involves both topical and oral antifungals.[1][3] Topical antifungals, such as: Terbinafine,[3] Tolnaftate,[1] and orally administered Griseofulvin[1][22] have been used successfully to treat M. gallinae infections in humans and animals. References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |author=Campbell |author2=Johnson |author3=Warnock |first=C, E and D.W|title=Identification of Pathogenic Fungi|edition=2nd|year=2013|publisher=Wiley Blackwell.}}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite journal|last=Del Palacio|first=A|title=Widespread dermatophyosis due to Microsporum gallinae in a patient with AIDS-a case report from Spain.|journal=Clinical and experimental dermatology|year=1992|volume=6|issue=17|pages=449–453}}
3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book |author=Kwon-Chung, K.J. |author2=Bennet, E.J. |title=Medical Mycology (2nd edition)|year=1992|publisher=Lea & Febiger}}
4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite journal|last=Fonseca|first=Edwin|author2=Leonel Mendoza|title=Favus in a Fighting Cock Caused by Microsporum gallinae|journal=Avian Diseases|year=1984|volume=28|issue=3|pages=737–741|doi=10.2307/1590243}}
5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite book|last=Howard|first=D.H|title=Pathogenic Fungi in Humans and Animals (2nd edition)|year=2002|publisher=CRC Press.}}
6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite journal |author=Miyasato |author2=Yamaguchi |author3=Taira |author4=Hosokawa |author5=Kayo |author6=Sano |author7=Uezato |author8=Takahashi |title=Tinea corporis caused by Microsporum gallinae: First clinical case in Japan|journal=The Journal of Dermatology|year=2011|volume=38|issue=5|pages=473–478|doi=10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.01090.x}}
7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite journal|last=Murata|first=Michiko |author2=Hideo Takahashi |author3=Sana Takahashi |author4=Yoko Takahashi |author5=Hiroji Chibana |author6=Yoshiteru Murata |author7=Kazutoshi Sugiyama |author8=Takashi Kaneshima |author9=Sayaka Yamaguchi |author10=Hitona Miyasato |author11=Masaru Murakami |author12=Rui Kano |author13=Atsuhiko Hasegawa |author14=Hiroshi Uezato |author15=Atsushi Hosokawa |author16=Ayako Sano |title=Isolation of Microsporum gallinae from a fighting cock in Japan|journal=Medical Mycology|year=2013|volume=51|issue=2|pages=144–149|doi=10.3109/13693786.2012.701766}}
8. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal|last=TORRES|first=GLADYS|author2=Georg, Lucille K. |title=A Human Case of Trichophyton Gallinae Infection|journal=AMA Archives of Dermatology|year=1956|volume=74|issue=2|pages=191|doi=10.1001/archderm.1956.01550080077011}}
9. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Gräser|first=Y |author2=el Fari, M |author3=Presber, W |author4=Sterry, W |author5=Tietz, HJ |title=Identification of common dermatophytes (Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton) using polymerase chain reactions.|journal=The British Journal of Dermatology|date=April 1998|volume=138|issue=4|pages=576–82|pmid=9640360|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02165.x}}
10. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last=Silva|first=Margarita |author2=Benham, Rhoda W. |title=Nutritional Studies of the Dermatophytes with Special Reference to Trichophyton Megnini Blanchard 1896 and Trichophyton Gallinae (Megnin 1881)|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology|date=December 1952|volume=18|issue=6|pages=285|doi=10.1038/jid.1952.55}}
11. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Babel|first=Dennis E.|author2=Rogers, Alvin L.|title=Dermatophytes: Their contribution to infectious disease in North America|journal=Clinical Microbiology Newsletter|date=June 1983|volume=5|issue=12|pages=81–85|doi=10.1016/S0196-4399(83)80014-2}}
12. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Weitzman|first=I|author2=Summerbell, R.C.|title=The dermatophytes|journal=Clin Microbiol Rev|date=April 1995|volume=8|issue=2|pages=240–259.}}
[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q10584821}} 1 : Onygenales |