| 词条 | Miju language | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=Kaman |pronunciation={{IPA-bodia|kɯ˧˩mɑn˧˥|}} |altname=Geman, Kman |nativename=Miju, Kùmán |region=Arunachal Pradesh, India |ethnicity=Miju Mishmi |speakers={{sigfig|18,200|2}} |date=2006 |ref=e18 |familycolor=Sino-Tibetan |fam1=possibly Sino-Tibetan (Midzuish), or a language isolate |iso3=mxj |glotto=miju1243 |glottorefname=Kman }} Kaman (Geman, Geman Deng, Kùmán), or Miju (Miju Mishmi, Midzu), is a small language of India and slightly into China. Long assumed to be a Sino-Tibetan language, it may be a language isolate.[1] LocationsIn China, the Miju are known as the Deng 僜人. The Deng number over 1,000 in Zayü County, Tibet, China, with 1,000 of the Deng having the autonym {{IPA|tɑ˧˩ruɑŋ˥˧}} (大让), and 130 having the autonym {{IPA|kɯ˧˩mɑn˧˥}} (格曼) (Geman). They are also neighbors with the Idu or {{IPA|i˥˧du˧˩}} (义都) people. In India, Miju is spoken in Hawai Circle and the Parsuram Kund area of Lohit District, Arunachal Pradesh (Boro 1978,[2] Dasgupta 1977[3]). Ethnologue reports that Miju is spoken in 25 villages located in high altitude areas to the east of upper Lohit and Dau valleys, which are located east of the Haguliang, Billong, and Tilai valleys. PhonologyThese are the sounds in the Miju/Kaman language.[4] Consonants
Vowels
TonesThere are three main tones in the Miju language, rising (á), falling (à), and level (ā).[5] References1. ^{{citation|first1=Roger |last1=Blench |first2=Mark |last2=Post |title=(De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconstructing the evidence |url=http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/South%20Asia/NEI/General/Lingres/Declassifying%20Arunachal.pdf |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526230734/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/South%20Asia/NEI/General/Lingres/Declassifying%20Arunachal.pdf |archivedate=2013-05-26 |df= }} 2. ^Boro, A. 1978. Miju dictionary. Shillong: Research Department, Arunachal Pradesh Administration. 3. ^Dasgupta, K. 1977. A phrase book in Miju. Shillong: Director of Information and Public Relations, Arunachal Pradesh. 4. ^{{citation | first1 = Roger | last1 = Blench | title = Kman ethno-ophresiology; characterising taste, smell and texture in a language of Arunachal Pradesh | url = https://www.academia.edu/11637464/Kman_ethno-ophresiology_characterising_taste_smell_and_texture_in_a_language_of_Arunachal_Pradesh | year = 2015 }} 5. ^{{citation | first1 = Roger | last1 = Blench | first2 = Sokhep | last2 = Kri | first3 = Kruleso | last3 = Ngadong | first4 = Barum | last4 = Masong | title = Kman Reading and writing Kman | url = https://www.academia.edu/20110552/Reading_and_writing_Kman | year = 2015 }}
5 : Miju languages|Mishmi languages|Languages of India|Tonal languages|Languages of Arunachal Pradesh |
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