“Mildred Cooke”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Mildred Cooke, Lady Burghley (1526 – 4 April 1589) was an English noblewoman and translator in the sixteenth century. She was the wife of William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, the most trusted adviser of Elizabeth I, and the mother of Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, adviser to James I.

Family

Mildred Cooke, born in 1526,{{sfn|Bowden|2004}} was the eldest of the five daughters of Sir Anthony Cooke (d. 11 June 1576), son of John Cooke (d. 10 October 1515), esquire, of Gidea Hall, Essex, and Alice Saunders (d. 1510), daughter and coheiress of William Saunders of Banbury, Oxfordshire by Jane Spencer, daughter of John Spencer, esquire, of Hodnell, Warwickshire.{{sfn|Calkins|2004}}{{sfn|Richardson IV|2011|p=144}} Her paternal great-grandparents were Sir Philip Cooke (d. 7 December 1503) and Elizabeth Belknap (died c. 6 March 1504).{{sfn|Richardson IV|2011|pp=144-5}} Her paternal great-great-grandparents were Sir Thomas Cooke, a wealthy member of the Worshipful Company of Drapers and Lord Mayor of London in 1462–3, and Elizabeth Malpas, daughter of Philip Malpas, Master of the Worshipful Company of Drapers and Sheriff of London.{{sfn|Calkins|2004}}{{sfn|Richardson IV|2011|pp=144-5}}

Mildred Cooke's mother was Anne Fitzwilliam, the daughter of Sir William Fitzwilliam, Master of the Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors and Sheriff of London, by his first wife, Anne Hawes, daughter of Sir John Hawes.{{sfn|Richardson IV|2011|pp=144-5}}{{sfn|Richardson II|2011|pp=218-19}}

She had four brothers, Anthony, Sir Richard,^[1] Edward and William,^[2]{{sfn|Calkins|2004}} and four sisters, three of whom were also known for their scholarship: Anne Cooke, who married, as his second wife, Sir Nicholas Bacon;{{sfn|Hartley|2003|pp=55-6}} Katherine Cooke, who married Sir Henry Killigrew; Elizabeth Cooke, who married firstly Sir Thomas Hoby and secondly John, Lord Russell (c.1553–1584), second son of Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford and first wife Margaret St John (1533–1562), daughter of Sir John St John (great-grandson of Margaret Beauchamp of Bletso) and Margaret Walgrave.

Career

According to Caroline Bowden, she was educated at home by her father, Sir Anthony Cooke, who provided his five daughters with an education equal to that afforded to his sons.{{sfn|Bowden|2004}}^[3] In 1559 William Bercher attested to their learning in his Nobility of Women.^[3]^[4] John Strype lauded her ability to speak Greek as easily as English,{{sfn|Bowden|2004}} and Roger Ascham, tutor to the future Elizabeth I, ranked Mildred Cooke and her sisters alongside Lady Jane Grey for their erudition.{{sfn|Robin|Larsen|Larsen|Levin|2007|p=74}}

She served briefly at court as a lady of the privy chamber when Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558.^[3]

She had charge of her children's education, as well as that of the various royal wards for whom her husband was responsible, including Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, whom her daughter Anne eventually married. [[Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex was the ward of William Cecil.^[3] The Burghley household was one in which learning was valued:{{sfn|Burke|2004|p-60}}

Lord Burghley went on to become Elizabeth I's most trusted adviser, and he and Lady Burghley entertained the queen on several occasions at their residences, including Theobalds. As the wife of the queen's chief adviser, Lady Burghley exercised influence in various ways, a circumstance that was recognized by the Spanish ambassador Guzman da Silva in 1567. While negotiations were ongoing for a marriage between the queen and Charles II, Archduke of Austria, Guzman wrote to Philip II that:{{sfn|Hume|1989|p=189}}

In 1560 three Scottish leaders corresponded with her regarding the Treaty of Edinburgh then being negotiated.{{sfn|Bowden|2004}} In 1573 she wrote in Latin to her cousin, Sir William Fitzwilliam, Lord Deputy of Ireland, offering advice.{{sfn|Bowden|2004}} In 1580 she was given £250 for having acted as an intermediary for a suitor petitioning her husband.{{sfn|Bowden|2004}}

Three books were dedicated to her during her lifetime:{{sfn|Bowden|2004}}{{sfn|Bowden|2008}}{{sfn|Williams|1962|=35}}^[5]

Lady Burghley did not publish her own translations, however, and few survive in manuscript.{{sfn|Bowden|2004}} One that is extant is her translation dating from about 1550, circulated in manuscript, of Basil the Great's sermon on Deuteronomy, which she dedicated to Anne, Duchess of Somerset,^[7] in whose household she had served before her marriage.{{sfn|Lawrence-Mathers|2010|pp=63-9}} She also translated a work by John Chrysostom, which has not survived.^[7]

In his will Lady Burghley's father, Sir Anthony Cooke, left her only three books; however she built up 'an impressive library mainly in Latin and Greek', described by Bowden as 'one of the finest private libraries of the day'. More than thirty books inscribed with her name are still extant, seventeen of them at Hatfield House. Her library included works in Greek, Latin, French, and English on a wide range of topics including history, literature, medicine, and theology, many of them printed on the continent.{{sfn|Bowden|2004}}

In 1580 she presented a polyglot Bible to St John's College, Cambridge, according to one source accompanied by a letter in her own hand written in Greek. In 1587 she presented eight volumes by Galen, five in Greek and three in Latin, to Christ Church, Oxford. She later gave two books to St John's College, Oxford, and two books to Westminster School.{{sfn|Bowden|2004}}

She provided an exhibition for two scholars and four quarterly sermons at St John's College, Cambridge, Lord Burghley's old college.{{sfn|Lawrence-Mathers|2010|pp=63-9}}

Lady Burghley died on 4 April 1589{{sfn|Bowden|2004}} after 43 years of marriage. She was buried with her daughter, Anne Cecil, Countess of Oxford, in Westminster Abbey, where an enormous Corinthian tomb 24 feet high was erected.{{sfn|Dennis|1914|p=69}} Lady Burghley is depicted lying on a sarcophagus. At her head are her three granddaughters, Elizabeth de Vere, Bridget de Vere, and Susan de Vere, and at her feet her only son, Robert Cecil. In a recess is the recumbent figure of her daughter Anne, Countess of Oxford. In the upper story Lord Burghley is depicted kneeling in his robes. A long Latin inscription composed by Lord Burghley describes his eyes dim with tears for those who were dear to him beyond the whole race of womankind. Lord Burghley lay in state here, but was buried at St Martin's Church, Stamford.

After her death, Lord Burghley wrote a Meditation of the Death of His Lady, which is among the Lansdowne manuscripts at the British Library (C III 51), recounting, among other things, the charitable works which she had kept secret from him during her lifetime.{{sfn|Dennis|1914|p=69}}

There are two known portraits of Lady Burghley, both at Hatfield House; one shows her during a pregnancy, probably that of 1563. The artist has been called "the Master of Mildred Cooke", but both portraits have recently been attributed to Hans Eworth.^[3]

Marriage and issue

In December 1545{{sfn|Bowden|2004}} she married William Cecil as his second wife. Their first child, a daughter, Francisca, was born in 1554, nine years after their marriage, but did not long survive.^[8] A second daughter, Anne, was born in 1556, and married, as his first wife, Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford. Two sons, both named William,died shortly after their respective births in 1559 and 1561. In 1563 a third son was born, Robert, who succeeded his father at court and was created Earl of Salisbury by James I. Another daughter, Elizabeth, was born in 1564, who married William Wentworth, but both she and her husband died shortly afterward without issue.{{sfn|Dennis|1914|pp=42-3}}

In film

Notes

1. ^Cooke, Richard (by 1530-79) of Gidea Hall, Essex, History of Parliament Retrieved 25 November 2013.
2. ^Cooke, William I (d.1589), of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, Middlesex, History of Parliament Retrieved 25 November 2013.
3. ^¹²³⁴Mildred Cooke (August 24, 1524-April 4, 1589), A Who’s Who of Tudor Women: Cl-Cy,compiled by Kathy Lynn Emerson to update and correct Wives and Daughters: The Women of Sixteenth-Century England (1984).
4. ^{{Royal Collection|1127430|The Nobility of women by William Bercher 1559}}
5. ^Listed by Williamson as STC 11471, STC 13805 (some copies), and STC 18775a (18773, 18777).
6. ^Christopher Ockland, EIPHNAPXIA sive Elizabetha (1582), a hypertext critical edition by Dana F. Sutton, The University of California, Irvine Retrieved 17 December 2013
7. ^¹[https://books.google.com/books/about/Early_Modern_Englishwomen_as_Translators.html?id=0FogZE3rzXQC&redir_esc=y Goodrich, Jamie, 'Early Modern English Women as Translators of Religious and Political Literature, 1500--1641', PhD thesis, ProQuest, 2008, p. 373] Retrieved 25 November 2013.
8. ^Cecil Papers - December 1594, 26-31 - British History Online [retrieved 13 August 2014].

References

External links