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词条 Military activity of ISIL
释义

  1. Command structure

  2. Troops

     Troops in Iraq and Syria  Foreign fighters in Iraq and Syria  List of nationalities of foreign fighters in ISIL  Allegiance to ISIL from groups outside Iraq and Syria  Child soldiers 

  3. Weapons

     Conventional weapons  Aircraft  Non-conventional   Chemical weapons  

  4. See also

  5. References

{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Military of ISIL
| image = İD bayrağı ile bir militan.jpg
| image_size = 300px
|caption= A ISIL fighter carrying the militant group's flag on Tall Dabiq which overlooks the town of Dabiq in 2013.
| dates =
|country=Main:
{{flag|Iraq}}
{{flag|Syria}}
{{flag|Afghanistan}}
{{flag|Libya}}
{{flag|Nigeria}}
{{flag|Yemen}}
{{flag|Egypt}}
{{flag|Somalia}}
{{flag|Pakistan}}
{{flag|Philippines}}
{{Collapsible list|bullets=yes|title=Southwest Asia|{{flag|Egypt}} (Sinai Peninsula only; no territorial control)[1]|Gaza Strip; no territorial control[2]|{{flag|Lebanon}} (Covert, no territorial control)[3]|{{flag|Turkey}} (Covert, no territorial control)[4]|{{flag|Iran}} (Border clashes)[5]|{{flag|Jordan}} (Claimed-Border clashes)|{{flag|Kuwait}} (Claimed-Border clashes)|{{flag|Yemen}} (Recruitment-limited territorial control)[6]|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}} (Claimed-Border clashes)|{{flag|Israel}} (Rocket attacks, Claimed-Border clashes)}}{{Collapsible list|bullets=yes|title=North Africa|{{flag|Algeria}} (No territorial control)|{{flag|Tunisia}} (No territorial control)}}{{Collapsible list|bullets=yes|title=South Asia|{{flag|Afghanistan}} (Recruitment-limited territorial control)[7]|{{flag|Pakistan}} (Claimed-No territorial control)[6]|{{flag|Maldives}} (No territorial control)[9]}}{{Collapsible list|bullets=yes|title=West Africa|{{flag|Nigeria}} (Limited territorial control)[7][11]|{{flag|Niger}} (Border clashes; no territorial control)|{{flag|Chad}} (Border clashes; no territorial control)|{{flag|Cameroon}} (Border clashes; no territorial control)|{{flag|Benin}} (Announced; no territorial control)}}{{Collapsible list|bullets=yes|title=East Africa|{{flag|Somalia}} (Limited territorial control)[8]}}{{Collapsible list|bullets=yes|title=Southeast Asia|{{flag|Philippines}} (Limited territorial control)[9][10]|{{flag|Indonesia}} (No territorial control)[11]}}{{Collapsible list|bullets=yes|title=Europe|{{Flagicon|EU}} European Union (Covert; no territorial control)|{{Flagicon|RUS}} Russia (Covert; no territorial control)|{{Flagicon|CIS}} Commonwealth of Independent States (Covert; no territorial control)}}{{Collapsible list|bullets=yes}}
|size= In Iraq and Syria

200,000[12] (Kurdish claims in 2014)

70,000 (Russian military estimate in 2014)[13]

100,000[14] (IS claim in 2015)

20,000–31,000[15] (CIA estimate in 2014)
20,000–25,000[16][17] (CIA estimate in early 2016)
6,500 (U.S. military estimate in October 2017)[18]

Outside Iraq and Syria
  • West Africa: 7,000–10,000 (Feb. 2015 estimate of number of Boko Haram fighters)[19]
  • Libya: estimates vary; 5,000–6,500 (Feb. 2016, New York Times citing Pentagon officials);[20] "about 5,000" (Feb. 2016, al-Jazeera citing "security analyst);[21] "up to 6,500" (Feb. 2016, CNN citing "several U.S. intelligence officials").[22]
  • Jordan: several thousand members of jihadist Salafist groups in the country that have pledged allegiance to ISIL; belong to (Jordan Times, 2014).[23]
    Several Jordanian jihadist ideologues have endorsed ISIL.[24] ISIL sleeper cells exist in the country (about 20 have been killed by Jordanian security forces, and many more arrested, from 2014 to April 2016).[25] Over 2,000 Jordanians have become ISIL foreign fighters in Iraq and Syria.[26][27]
  • Turkey: nearly 1,000 arrested by Turkish security forces in 2015[28]
  • Egypt: between 500 and 1,000 members of ISIL's Sinai Province, primarily in North Sinai Governorate where Sinai insurgency is ongoing (May 2016, Wilson Center estimate).[29]
  • Yemen: "dozens" (Jan. 2015, CNN citing Yemeni official);[30] "about 300" (June 2015, Aimen Dean estimate to Reuters).[31] By March 2016, ISIL numbers and activity in Yemen were on the decline[32]
  • Afghanistan and Pakistan (ISIL's "Khorasan Province"): 300 (Jan. 2015, ISIL commander claim, cited by New York Times)[33] 2,000, including 500 in allied Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan group (Sept. 2015 estimate by spokesman for Abdul Rashid Dostum, reported by the Associated Press)[34]
  • Somalia: 200-300[35]
  • Algeria: unknown number[36][37]
  • Saudi Arabia: unknown number, presence in central Saudi Arabia; Saudi authorities have arrested more than 1,600 suspected ISIL supporters (Wilson Center)[38]
  • Russia: unknown number, North Caucasus region (Dagestan, Chechnya, Ingushetia, and Kabardino-Balkaria). In June 2015, ISIL accepted the pledge of allegiance of the formerly al-Qaeda-affiliated Caucasus Emirate, which became ISIL's "Caucasus Province" (Wilson Center)[38]
  • Jammu and Kashmir, India: about 30 youth from area believed to have become ISIL foreign fighters (October 2014, Times of India citing security agencies).[39]
  • Europe: unknown number; ISIL is believed to have attempted to smuggle militants to Europe[40][41]

|garrison=Raqqa
|garrison_label=Headquarters
|battles=Iraq conflict (2003–present)
  • Iraq War
  • Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
  • Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)
  • Iraqi insurgency (2017–present)
Syrian Civil War
Boko Haram insurgency
Second Libyan Civil War
Sinai insurgency
Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)
War in Afghanistan (2001–present)
War in North-West Pakistan
Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
Somali Civil War (2009–present)
Moro conflict
Gaza–Israel conflict
For more details, see List of wars and battles involving ISIL
| identification_symbol_label = Distinctive unit insignia
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label = Black Standard (variant)
|current_commander= {{Flagdeco|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}} Abu Suleiman al-Naser{{KIA}}
(Current Head of Military Council)[42]
  • Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti{{KIA}}
    (second-in-command in Syria, late 2016)
  • Abu Omar al-Shishani {{KIA}}
    (leading field commander)
  • Abu Waheeb {{KIA}}
    (Commander in Anbar, Iraq)
  • Muhammand Abdullah (Commander in Libya)
  • Shadi el-Manaei
    (Commander in Sinai)
  • Hafiz Saeed Khan {{KIA}}
    (Emir in Afghanistan and Pakistan)[43]
  • Abubakar Shekau
    (Commander in Nigeria)[7]
  • Abu Muhammad al-Kadari {{KIA}} (Commander in North Caucasus)

}}

The military of ISIL is the fighting force of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). The total force size has been estimated from tens of thousands to over two hundred thousand. ISIL's armed forces grew quickly during 2014. The ISIL military, including groups incorporated into it in 2014, openly operates and controls territory in Syria, multiple cities in Libya, and Nigeria.[7][44] In October 2016, it conquered the city of Qandala in Puntland, Somalia.[8] It also has had border clashes with and made incursions into Lebanon, Iran, and Jordan. ISIL-linked groups operate in Algeria, Pakistan,[6] the Philippines,[9][10] and in West Africa (Cameroon, Niger, and Chad).[7] In January 2015, ISIL was also confirmed to have a military presence in Afghanistan[45] and in Yemen.[30]

Their military is based on mobile units using light vehicles such as gun-equipped pick-up trucks (technicals), motorbikes and buses for fast advances. They also use artillery, tanks and armored vehicles captured from the Iraqi and Syrian Armies. The Islamic State also captured some aircraft.

ISIL has a long history of using truck and car bombs, suicide bombers, and IEDs. They have also deployed chemical weapons in Iraq and Syrian Kurdistan. Other terror tactics include genocide, mass executions (including beheadings), psychological operations through sophisticated propaganda, widespread torture of prisoners, and organized sexual violence and slavery.

Command structure

{{See also|List of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant members}}

According to the Institute for the Study of War, ISIL's 2013 annual report reveals a metrics-driven military command, which is "a strong indication of a unified, coherent leadership structure that commands from the top down".[46] Middle East Forum's Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi said, "They are highly skilled in urban guerrilla warfare while the new Iraqi Army simply lacks tactical competence."[47]

ISIL's Military Council is made up of numerous former military officers from the Saddam Hussein era. Commanders have included Haji Bakr, a colonel; Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi, a captain; and Abu Ayman al-Iraqi, a lieutenant colonel, who all graduated from the same Iraqi military academy.[61] Abu Muslim al-Turkmani, al-Baghdadi's former deputy, was a Directorate of General Military Intelligence lieutenant colonel. All these men spent time detained in Camp Bucca during the American occupation of Iraq[48][49] Abu Omar al-Shishani, who served in the Georgian Army before leading an ISIL unit in Syria, also became a prominent commander.[50]

ISIL's fighters are reportedly organised into seven branches: infantry, snipers, air defence, special forces, artillery forces, the "army of adversity", and the Caliphate Army. This force structure is largely replicated in each of its designated provinces, with the most skilled fighters and military strategists in each area serving in the special forces unit, which is not allowed to redeploy to other provinces. Parallel to this structure is the Caliphate Army, which is directed by ISIL's central command rather than its provincial leadership. Made up overwhelmingly of foreign fighters, it is deployed to assist in battles across the Islamic State.[51] There is also an all-female Al-Khansaa Brigade tasked with policing religious laws.[52] According to battle reports, ISIL often operates in small mobile fighting units.

The group also operates outside areas it largely controls using a clandestine cell system. An ISIL-linked senior militant commander in Sinai told Reuters; "They [ISIL] teach us how to carry out operations. We communicate through the internet, ... they teach us how to create secret cells, consisting of five people. Only one person has contact with other cells. They are teaching us how to attack security forces, the element of surprise. They told us to plant bombs then wait 12 hours so that the man planting the device has enough time to escape from the town he is in."[53]

Troops

Troops in Iraq and Syria

{{see also|Syrian Civil War}}

In June 2014, ISIL had at least 4,000 fighters in Iraq.[54] The CIA estimated in September 2014 that it had 20,000–31,500 fighters in Iraq and Syria.[55] The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights estimates that the force numbers around 80,000–100,000 total (up to 50,000 in Syria and 30,000 in Iraq).[56][57] Reuters quoted "jihadist ideologues" as claiming that ISIL has 40,000 fighters and 60,000 supporters,[14] while a Kurdish leader estimated in November 2014 that ISIL's military had 200,000 fighters.[12] 85–600 Iraqi Kurds may have joined ISIS.[58]

Some Syrian rebel factions have defected to ISIL, including the 1,000-strong Dawud Brigade in July 2014.[59] In addition to jihadists and other volunteers, ISIL is known for forcing other rebel groups to fight for it, as well as conscripting individuals.

Foreign fighters in Iraq and Syria

{{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars}}

There are many foreign fighters in ISIL's ranks. In June 2014, The Economist reported that "ISIS may have up to 6,000 fighters in Iraq and 3,000–5,000 in Syria, including perhaps 3,000 foreigners; nearly a thousand are reported to hail from Chechnya and perhaps 500 or so more from France, Britain and elsewhere in Europe."[60] Chechen leader Abu Omar al-Shishani, for example, was made commander of the northern sector of ISIL in Syria in 2013.[61][62] According to The New York Times, in September 2014 there were more than 2,000 Europeans and 100 Americans among ISIL's foreign fighters.[63] As of mid-September 2014, around 1,000 Turks had joined ISIL,[64] and as of October 2014, 2,400–3,000 Tunisians had joined the group.[65] An ISIL deserter alleged that foreign recruits were treated with less respect than Arabic-speaking Muslims by ISIL commanders and were placed in suicide units if they lacked otherwise useful skills.[66] According to a UN report, an estimated 15,000 fighters from nearly 70 countries have travelled to Iraq and Syria to join militant groups, including ISIL.[67]

Reuters has stated that according to jihadist ideologues, 10 percent of ISIL's fighters in Iraq and 70 percent of its fighters in Syria are from outside those countries.[14]

As of September 29, 2015, the CIA estimated that 30,000 foreign fighters had come to the Islamic State.[68] As of October 2015, 21% came from Europe, 50% from Western Asia or North Africa, and 29% from elsewhere; according to the Global Terrorism Index and other sources, they were of the following nationalities:[69]

List of nationalities of foreign fighters in ISIL

This is a list of nationalities of foreign fighters in ISIL. This list does not include citizens of Syria, or Iraq.

{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
  • {{flag|Tunisia}}: 6,000–7,000[87]
  • {{flag|Russia}}: 4,000 (Russian government claim)[70]
  • {{flag|China}}: 5,000 (Syrian diplomat claim, not confirmed by China or any other source)[71]
  • {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}: 2,500
  • {{flag|Turkey}}: 2,100[87]
  • {{flag|Jordan}}: 2,000[72]
  • {{flag|France}}: 1,800
  • {{flag|Morocco}}: 1,500
  • {{flag|United Kingdom}}: 760[73]–1,500[74]
  • {{flag|Tajikistan}}: 1,000
  • {{flag|Lebanon}}: 900
  • {{flag|Germany}}: 760[73]
  • {{flag|Indonesia}}: 514[75]–700[73]
  • {{flag|Belgium}}: 640[73][76]
  • {{flag|China}}: 600 (per Global Terrorism Index)
  • {{flag|Libya}}: 600
  • {{flag|Egypt}}: 600[77]
  • {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}: 500[73]
  • {{flag|Pakistan}}: 500+
  • {{flag|Uzbekistan}}: 500
  • {{flag|Turkmenistan}}:360[78]
  • {{flag|Serbia}}: 30[79]–350[80]
  • {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}: 350[80]
  • {{flag|Azerbaijan}}: 100–300[81]
  • {{flag|Kazakhstan}}: 300
  • {{flag|Sweden}}: 250–300
  • {{flag|Austria}}: 230–300[73]
  • {{flag|Kosovo}}: 200[82][83]–300[73]
  • {{flag|Australia}}: 250
  • {{flag|United States}}: 250[84][85]
  • {{flag|Spain}}: 130–250[73]
  • {{flag|Netherlands}}: 220[73]
  • {{flag|Algeria}}: 200
  • {{flag|Malaysia}}: 200[86]
  • {{flag|Albania}}: 146[73]
  • {{flag|South Africa}}: 140[87]
  • {{flag|Canada}}: 100–130[88]
  • {{flag|Denmark}}: 125[73]
  • {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}: 89-125 [89]
  • {{flag|Yemen}}: 110
  • {{flag|Sudan}}: 100
  • {{flag|Macedonia}}: 100[79]
  • {{flag|Philippines}}: 100[73]
  • {{flag|Georgia}}: 50–100[90]
  • {{flag|Italy}}: 87[73]
  • {{flag|Finland}}: 70–85[73]
  • {{flag|Norway}}: 81[73]
  • {{flag|Israel}}: 40–80[91][92]
  • {{flag|Kuwait}}: 70
  • {{flag|Somalia}}: 70
  • {{flag|India}}: 60[93][94][95][96]
  • {{flag|Switzerland}}: 57[73]
  • {{flag|Afghanistan}}: 50
  • {{flag|Iran}}: 50[97]
  • {{flag|Ukraine}}: 50
  • {{flag|Ireland}}: 40[98]
  • {{flag|New Zealand}}: 6–40[99]
  • {{flag|Montenegro}}: 30[73]
  • {{flag|Bangladesh}} : 24
  • {{flag|Argentina}}: 23
  • {{flag|Qatar}}: 15
  • {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}: 15
  • {{flag|Bahrain}}: 12
  • {{flag|Portugal}}: 12[100]
  • {{flag|Ghana}}: 10[101]
  • {{flag|Slovakia}}:<10[102]
  • {{flag|Japan}}: 9[103]
  • {{flag|Taiwan}}: 8[104]
  • {{flag|Poland}}: 6–8[105]
  • {{flag|Maldives}}: 7[106]
  • {{flag|Brazil}}: 3[73][107]
  • {{flag|Brunei}}: 1–3
  • {{flag|Croatia}}: 2[108]
  • {{flag|Singapore}}: 2[109]
  • {{flag|South Korea}}: 1[110]
  • {{flag|Chile}}: 1[111]
  • {{flag|Latvia}}: 1[112]
  • {{flag|Estonia}}: 1[113]
  • {{flag|Romania}}: 1[73]
  • {{flag|Moldova}}: 1[73]
{{div col end}}

Allegiance to ISIL from groups outside Iraq and Syria

  • Wilayat Algeria formed from the Algerian Jund al-Khilafah after it pledged allegiance to ISIL.[114]
  • Wilayat Barqa and others formed from the allegiance of Libyan militants like the Shura Council of Islamic Youth,[115][116] and defectors formerly associated with Ansar al-Sharia in Libya[117]
  • Wilayat Sinai formed from the majority of the membership of Egypt's Ansar Bait al-Maqdis[10][115][118]
  • Wilayat Yemen formed from militants in Yemen, including defectors from Ansar al-Sharia and al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula.[30][119]
  • Wilayat Najd and others formed from unidentified militants in Saudi Arabia[114]
  • Wilayat Khorasan formed from the allegiance of militants from groups based in Pakistan and Afghanistan, including Jundallah,[120] Tehreek-e-Khilafat,[10] the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan[121] and dissident commanders formerly associated with Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan.[122]
  • Wilayat Gharb Afriqiya formed from Boko Haram pledging allegiance to ISIL.[7][123]
  • Wilayat al-Qawqaz formed from dissident militants of the Caucasus Emirate in Chechnya and Dagestan who switched their allegiance to ISIL.[124]
  • Militants of the group Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade (Palestinian Territories) pledged allegiance to ISIL.[125][126]
  • Militants of the group Abu Sayyaf under Isnilon Totoni Hapilon and Radullan Sahiron (Philippines, Malaysia).[127] pledged allegiance to ISIL.[10]
  • Militants of the group Sons of the Call for Tawhid and Jihad (Jordan) pledged allegiance to ISIL.[23]
  • Militants of the group Free Sunnis of Baalbek Brigade (Lebanon) pledged allegiance to ISIL[10]
  • The group Islamic State of the Maldives pledged allegiance to ISIL in July 2014.[106]
  • Members of Ansar Khalifah Philippines pledged allegiance to ISIL. And they start using ISIL props in their training.
  • Some Bangladeshi terrorist cells pledged allegiance to ISIL and starts attacking civilians and bloggers.
  • Some members of Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid, including leader Abu Bakar Baasyir and Mujahidin Indonesia Timur pledged allegiance.
  • Abnaa ul-Calipha was formed by some Al-Shabaab dissidents in Puntland, led by Abdul Qadir Mumin, who pledged allegiance to ISIL in 2015. Since then, Al-Shabaab has unsuccessfully attempted to kill these defectors.
  • Jabha East Africa, an Islamist group operating in Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia and Uganda, defected from Al-Qaeda and pledged allegiance to ISIL.
  • In 2016, Abu-Walid al-Sahraoui and dissidents from Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb pledged allegiance to ISIL creating the group known as the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara, the group operates in Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso
  • Katibat Salman Al-Farisi (Salman Al-Farisi Battalion) was formed by a group of Iranian ISIL fighters in Iran, to fight the Iranian government.
  • The City of Monotheism and Monotheists group, operating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, has plegded allegiance to ISIL.[128]
  • ISIL claimed their first ever attack in Kashmir Valley that left one police officer dead,[129] following this event, a video recently surfaced of an ISIL soldier named Abu-al-Baraa al-Kashmiri pledging allegiance to Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant under the name of Wilayat Kashmir Abu al-Baraa al-Kashmiri is probably the leader of the group, in the video Abu al-Baraa called on Muslims in the Kashmir Valley to fight the Pakistani and the Indian governments and has criticized the Islamic movement of Hizb-Lashkar-Jaish-Tehreek where he stated that he dissociated from the group and waged war against it, and then he called on element of the other insurgent groups operating in Kashmir and labelled them as "brothers" to pledge allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and Abu-al-Baraa has continued on accusing the other insurgent groups for working for Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence and Abu-al-Baraa continued on calling the group of Ansar-Gazwat-ul-Hind and its leader Zakir Musa to pledge allegiance to ISIL.

Child soldiers

{{main|Cubs of the Caliphate}}

ISIL is reported to employ child soldiers, known as "Cubs of the Caliphate", for both combat and propaganda purposes.[130][131][132]

Weapons

{{See also|Military equipment of ISIL}}

Conventional weapons

The most common weapons used against US and other Coalition forces during the Iraq insurgency were those taken from Saddam Hussein's weapon stockpiles around the country. These included AKM variant assault rifles, PK machine guns and RPG-7s.[133] ISIL has been able to strengthen its military capability by capturing large quantities and varieties of weaponry during the Syrian Civil War and Post-US Iraqi insurgency. These weapons seizures have improved the group's capacity to carry out successful subsequent operations and obtain more equipment.[134] Weaponry that ISIL has reportedly captured and employed include SA-7[135] and Stinger[136] surface-to-air missiles, M79 Osa, HJ-8[137] and AT-4 Spigot[135] anti-tank weapons, Type 59 field guns[137] and M198 howitzers,[138] Humvees, T-54/55, T-72, and M1 Abrams[139] main battle tanks,[137] M1117 armoured cars,[140] truck-mounted DShK guns,[135] ZU-23-2 anti-aircraft guns,[141][142] BM-21 Grad multiple rocket launchers,[134] and at least one Scud missile.[143]

ISIL shot down an Iraqi helicopter in October 2014, and claims to have shot down "several other" helicopters in 2014. Observers fear that they have "advanced surface-to-air missile systems" such as the Chinese-made FN-6, which are thought to have been provided to Syrian rebels by Qatar and/or Saudi Arabia, and purchased or captured by ISIL.[144]

Aircraft

ISIL also captured fighter aircraft in Syria. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported in October 2014 that former Iraqi pilots were training ISIL militants to fly captured Syrian jets. Witnesses reported that MiG-21 and MiG-23 jets were flying over al-Jarrah military airport, but the US Central Command said it was not aware of flights by ISIL-operated aircraft in Syria or elsewhere.[145] On 21 October, the Syrian Air Force claimed that it had shot down two of these aircraft over al-Jarrah air base while they were landing.[146]

Non-conventional

ISIL has a long history of using truck and car bombs, suicide bombers, and IEDs.[202]

ISIL captured nuclear materials from Mosul University in July 2014. In a letter to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, Iraq's UN Ambassador Mohamed Ali Alhakim said that the materials had been kept at the university and "can be used in manufacturing weapons of mass destruction". Nuclear experts regarded the threat as insignificant. The International Atomic Energy Agency said that the seized materials were "low grade and would not present a significant safety, security or nuclear proliferation risk".[147][148]

Chemical weapons

Reports suggested that ISIL captured Saddam-era chemical weapons from an Iraqi military base,[149] and the group also enlisted the aid of scientists living in its territories to produce their own chemical weapons. ISIL managed to produce its own mustard gas, and employed it on battlefields in Iraq and Syria. According to one scientist involved in the project, the main value of the mustard gas to ISIL was not its impact on actual combat, but its effect in psychological warfare. The production of chemical weapons slowed greatly from early 2016, however, as the United States and the Iraqi government targeted production facilities and killed or captured the leaders of the programme. Regardless, it is generally believed that ISIL remains in possession of hidden data and equipment to restart the production of chemical weapons in the future.[150]

ISIL deployed mustard gas[150] and chlorine gas against forces of the Iraqi government, the Syrian government and the Syrian opposition,[151] as well as unidentified chemical weapons against the Syrian Democratic Forces.[152] According to the US military, ISIL used the chemical weapons effectively on a tactical level, but never managed to employ them in a way that impacted the larger strategic situation. The group produced not enough chemical weapons, being hampered not just by aistrikes and raids, but also lack of skilled personnel and equipment.[150]

See also

{{Portal|Arab World|Iraq|Terrorism|Syria|Syrian Civil War}}
  • Military equipment of ISIL
  • List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War
  • List of armed groups in the Iraqi Civil War
  • Human rights violations during the Syrian Civil War
{{Clear}}

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.algemeiner.com/2014/11/05/isis-proclaims-calpihate-of-sinai-calls-for-attacking-israels-eilat/|title=ISIS Proclaims 'Caliphate of Sinai'; Calls for Attacking Israel's Eilat |work=Algemeiner.com|accessdate=23 December 2014}}
2. ^{{cite news|title=IS claims responsibility for Gaza's French Cultural Centre blast, reports|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/claims-responsibility-gaza-s-french-cultural-centre-blast-1790519098|accessdate=9 October 2014|work=Middle East Eye|date=8 October 2014}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/08/29/isil-fighters-bussed-lebanon-syria-border-first-ever-deal-surrender.ashx|title=ISIL fighters bussed from Lebanon-Syria border after first deal to surrender|work=Telegraph|accessdate=29 August 2017}}
4. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11173013/Islamic-State-foiled-in-attempt-to-kidnap-Syrian-rebel-leader-in-Turkey.html|title=Islamic State foiled in attempt to kidnap Syrian rebel leader in Turkey|date=19 October 2014|work=Telegraph|accessdate=23 December 2014|location=London|first=Ruth|last=Sherlock}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/10/09/iran-says-it-s-under-attack-by-isis.html|title=Iran Says It's Under Attack by ISIS|work=The Daily Beast|date=9 October 2014|accessdate=13 October 2014}}
6. ^1 {{cite news|title=Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/18/us-pakistan-militants-is-idUSKCN0J20YQ20141118|agency=Reuters|date=18 November 2014|accessdate=19 November 2014}}
7. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/03/08/boko-haram-swears-formal-allegiance-to-isis/ |title=Boko Haram swears formal allegiance to ISIS|agency=Associated Press|publisher=Fox News|date=March 8, 2015}}
8. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Tin|first1=Alex|title=ISIS faction raises black flag over Somali port town|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/isis-faction-raises-black-flag-over-somali-port-town/|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=27 October 2016}}
9. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/65199-abu-sayyaf-leader-oath-isis|title=Senior Abu Sayyaf leader swears oath to ISIS|work=Rappler|accessdate=13 February 2015}}
10. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/11/isis-now-has-military-allies-in-11-countries.html|title=ISIS Now Has Military Allies in 11 Countries – NYMag|work=Daily Intelligencer|accessdate=25 November 2014}}
11. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/08/opinions/bergen-isis-boko-haram/|title=ISIS goes global|author=Peter Bergen, CNN National Security Analyst|date=8 March 2015|publisher=CNN|accessdate=22 March 2015}}
12. ^1 {{cite news|title=Islamic State has 200,000 fighters claims Kurdistan leader|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/war-with-isis-islamic-militants-have-army-of-200000-claims-kurdish-leader-9863418.html|date=16 November 2014 |location=London|work=The Independent|first=Patrick|last=Cockburn}}
13. ^{{cite news|title=Islamic State formations comprise up to 70,000 gunmen — Chief of Russia's General Staff|url=http://itar-tass.com/en/world/766237|work=Russian News Agency "TASS"|date=10 December 2014}}
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16. ^{{cite news |title=New U.S. intelligence estimate sees 20-25K ISIL fighters |work=USA Today |first=Jim |last=Michaels |date=4 February 2016 |location=Washington, DC |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2016/02/03/isil-fighters-new-estimate-25000-iraq-syria/79775676/}}
17. ^{{cite news |title=ISIS fighters in Libya surge as group suffers setbacks in Syria, Iraq |date=4 February 2016 |publisher=CNN |first1=Jim |last1=Sciutto |first2=Barbara |last2=Starr |first3=Kevin |last3=Liptak |location=Washington, DC |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/04/politics/isis-fighters-libya-syria-iraq/index.html}}
18. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/isis-down-to-6500-fighters-holds-only-3-percent-of-iraq/article/2637810 |title=ISIS down to 6,500 fighters, holds only 3 percent of Iraq|work=Washington Examiner |date=17 October 2017 |accessdate=12 November 2017}}
19. ^Peter Dörrie, [https://medium.com/war-is-boring/how-big-is-boko-haram-fac21c25807 How Big Is Boko Haram?], Medium (February 2, 2015).
20. ^{{cite news|title=Obama Is Pressed to Open Military Front Against ISIS in Libya|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/05/world/africa/isis-libya-us-special-ops.html?_r=0|accessdate=5 February 2016|work=The New York Times|date=4 February 2016}}
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22. ^{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/04/politics/isis-fighters-libya-syria-iraq/index.html|title=More ISIS fighters in Libya; fewer in Syria and Iraq |author1=Jim Sciutto |author2=Barbara Starr |author3=Kevin Liptak |date=4 February 2016|publisher=CNN}}
23. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://jordantimes.com/local-jihadist-group-pledges-allegiance-to-islamic-state |date=July 23, 2014 |deadurl=yes|newspaper=Jordan Times|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726195309/http://jordantimes.com/local-jihadist-group-pledges-allegiance-to-islamic-state|archivedate=July 26, 2014 }}
24. ^Murad Batal al-Shishani, [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-20127959 Jordan's jihadists drawn to Syria conflict], BBC Arabic (October 30, 2012).
25. ^Taylor Luck, ISIL militants have launched a losing war on Jordan, The National '(April 2, 2016).
26. ^Daniella Peled, ISIS in Jordan: King Abdullah's Battle for the Soul of Islam, Ha'aretz (November 25, 2015).
27. ^Benjamin T. Decker, [https://news.vice.com/article/the-islamic-states-biggest-threat-to-jordan-isnt-violence-its-economics The Islamic State's Biggest Threat to Jordan Isn't Violence — It's Economics], VICE News (May 13, 2015).
28. ^Burak Ege Bekdil, Turkey Caught Nearly 1,000 ISIS fighters in 2015, Defense News (January 19, 2016).
29. ^[https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/sinai-province-egypts-isis-affiliate Sinai Province: Egypt's ISIS Affiliate], Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (May 19, 2016).
30. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|title=ISIS gaining ground in Yemen, competing with al Qaeda|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/21/politics/isis-gaining-ground-in-yemen/|work=CNN|date=21 January 2015|access-date=21 January 2015}}
31. ^Sami Aboudi, [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-islamicstate-insight-idUSKCN0PA1T920150630 In Yemen chaos, Islamic State grows to rival al Qaeda], Reuters (June 30, 2015).
32. ^Asa Fitch & Saleh Al Batati, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/isis-fails-to-gain-much-traction-in-yemen-1459203675 ISIS Fails to Gain Much Traction in Yemen], Wall Street Journal (March 28, 2016).
33. ^Taimoor Shah & Joseph Goldstein, [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/22/world/asia/taliban-fissures-in-afghanistan-are-seen-as-an-opening-for-isis.html?ref=world&_r=0 Taliban Fissures in Afghanistan Are Seen as an Opening for ISIS], New York Times (January 21, 2015).
34. ^Lynne O'Donnell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160918123421/https://www.yahoo.com/news/islamic-state-group-loyalists-eye-presence-afghanistan-162510254.html Islamic State group loyalists eye a presence in Afghanistan], Associated Press (September 8, 2015).
35. ^{{cite web|last1=Maruf|first1=Haran|title=IS Militants Seize Town in Somalia's Puntland|url=http://www.voanews.com/a/is-militants-seize-town-in-somalia-puntland/3566722.html|website=voanews.com|publisher=Voice of America|accessdate=27 October 2016}}
36. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/24/world/africa/algerian-army-kills-militant-leader-linked-to-beheading-of-french-hostage.html|title=Algerian Army Kills Militant Leader Linked to Beheading of French Hostage|date=24 December 2014|work=The New York Times}}
37. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/09/algeria-al-qaeda-defectors-join-group-201491412191159416.html|title=Algeria's al-Qaeda defectors join IS group|agency=Reuters|date=September 14, 2014}}
38. ^1 [https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/isiss-growing-caliphate-profiles-affiliates ISIS's Growing Caliphate: Profiles of Affiliates], Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (February 19, 2016).
39. ^ISIS flag in Kashmir valley worries Army, Times News Network (October 16, 2014).
40. ^Nick Paton Walsh, ISIS on Europe's doorstep: How terror is infiltrating the migrant route, CNN (May 26, 2016).
41. ^Alison Smale, [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/06/world/europe/germany-refugees-isis.html Terrorism Suspects Are Posing as Refugees, Germany Says], New York Times (February 5, 2016).
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/if-isis-leader-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-killed-who-caliph-islamic-state-group-1721638|title=If ISIS Leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Is Killed, Who Is Caliph Of The Islamic State Group?|author=Alessandria Masi|date=11 November 2014|work=International Business Times|accessdate=16 May 2015}}
43. ^{{cite web|title=Officials: Top Islamic State leader killed in Afghanistan strike|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/suspected-us-drone-strike-kills-top-isis-leader-in-afghanistan/2015/07/11/90dc9bf6-5ff4-4472-84f8-8a059eaed501_story.html?tid=sm_tw| publisher = The Washington Post|date=11 July 2015}}
44. ^1 {{cite news| url=https://news.yahoo.com/accepts-allegiance-nigeria-jihadists-boko-haram-201513146.html | title=IS welcomes Boko Haram allegiance: tape | publisher=Yahoo! News|agency=Agency French-Presse | date=12 March 2015 | accessdate=12 March 2015}}
45. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2015/01/afghan-officials-confirm-isil-presence-201511815245847478.html|title=Officials confirm ISIL present in Afghanistan|publisher=|accessdate=13 February 2015}}
46. ^{{cite web|last1=Bilger|first1=Alex|title=ISIS Annual Reports Reveal a Metrics-Driven Military Command|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/ISWBackgrounder_ISIS_Annual_Reports_0.pdf|publisher=Institute for the Study of War|accessdate=6 July 2014|date=22 May 2014}}
47. ^{{cite news|last1=Vick|first1=Karl|last2=Baker|first2=Aryn|url=http://time.com/2859454/iraq-tikrit-isis-baghdad-mosul/|title=Extremists in Iraq Continue March Toward Baghdad|work=Time|date=11 June 2014 |accessdate=23 June 2014}}
48. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/28/world/middleeast/army-know-how-seen-as-factor-in-isis-successes.html|title=Military Skill and Terrorist Technique Fuel Success of ISIS|date=27 August 2014|work=New York Times|accessdate=21 October 2014}}
49. ^{{cite web| title =Most of Islamic State's leaders were officers in Saddam Hussein's Iraq| url =https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/most-of-islamic-states-leaders-were-officers-in-saddam-husseins-iraq/2015/04/04/f3d2da00-db24-11e4-b3f2-607bd612aeac_graphic.html| website = Washington Post| date = 4 April 2015| accessdate = 7 April 2015}}
50. ^{{cite web|last=McClam |first=Erin |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/iraq-turmoil/rising-star-isis-has-chechen-background-fierce-reputation-n146466 |title=Rising Star of ISIS Has Chechen Background and Fierce Reputation |publisher=NBC News |date=2 July 2014 |accessdate=15 August 2014}}
51. ^{{cite web|last1=Masi|first1=Alessandria|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/inside-caliphate-army-isiss-special-forces-military-unit-foreign-fighters-1995134|title=Inside 'The Caliphate Army': ISIS's Special Forces Military Unit Of Foreign Fighters|work=International Business Times|date=3 July 2015 |accessdate=21 July 2015}}
52. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/world/middle-east/is-alkhansa-brigade-meet-the-women-islamic-state-use-to-dish-out-brutal-punishment/story-fnh81ifq-1227098787913|title=ISIS Al-Khansa brigade: Meet the women the Islamic State use to dish out brutal punishment|work=NewsComAu|accessdate=13 February 2015|date=22 October 2014}}
53. ^{{cite web|author=staff|title=Islamic State said to be coaching Sinai militants|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/islamic-state-reportedly-coaching-sinai-militants/|website=www.timesofisrael.com|publisher=Times of Israel|accessdate=23 November 2014}}
54. ^{{cite news|last=Lewis|first=Jessica|date=12 June 2014|title=The Terrorist Army Marching on Baghdad|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/jessica-lewis-the-terrorist-army-marching-on-baghdad-1402614950|work=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=23 June 2014}}{{subscription required}} Accessible via Google.
55. ^{{cite news|title=IS has 20,000–31,500 fighters in Iraq and Syria: CIA|url=https://news.yahoo.com/20-000-31-500-fighters-iraq-syria-cia-230059844.html|accessdate=12 September 2014|agency=Yahoo! News|date=12 September 2014}}
56. ^{{cite news|title=Islamic State 'has 50,000 fighters in Syria'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/08/islamic-state-50000-fighters-syria-2014819184258421392.html|accessdate=19 August 2014|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=19 August 2014}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/news/183048-isis-grow-expand-jihadist/|title=ISIS has 100,000 fighters, growing fast – Iraqi govt adviser|publisher=RT|accessdate=2 October 2014}}
58. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2014/12/16/370978024/kurdish-officials-worry-about-kurds-joining-the-islamic-state|title=Kurdish Officials Worry About Kurds Joining The Islamic State|date=16 December 2014|work=NPR.org|accessdate=16 May 2015}}
59. ^{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/news/171952-thousand-strong-defect-islamic-state/|title=1,000-strong Syrian rebel brigade defects to Islamic State – report|publisher=|accessdate=24 February 2015}}
60. ^{{cite news|title=Two Arab countries fall apart|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21604230-extreme-islamist-group-seeks-create-caliphate-and-spread-jihad-across|website=The Economist|publisher=14 June 2014|accessdate=18 July 2014|date=14 June 2014}}
61. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25460397|title=The Syrian rebel groups pulling in foreign fighters|publisher=BBC News|date=24 December 2013|accessdate=24 December 2013}}
62. ^{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/07/02/ethnic-chechen-who-served-in-georgian-army-is-rising-star-al-qaida-breakaway/|title=Chechen fighter emerges as face of Iraq militant group|publisher=Fox News|date=2 July 2014}}
63. ^{{cite news|last=Schmidt|first=Michael S.|date=15 September 2014|title=U.S. Pushes Back Against Warnings That ISIS Plans to Enter From Mexico|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/16/us/us-pushes-back-against-warnings-that-isis-plans-to-enter-from-mexico.html?_r=0|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=16 September 2014}}
64. ^{{cite news|last1=Yeginsu|first1=Ceylan|title=ISIS Draws a Steady Stream of Recruits From Turkey|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/16/world/europe/turkey-is-a-steady-source-of-isis-recruits.html|work=The New York Times|date=15 September 2014}}
65. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/22/world/africa/new-freedoms-in-tunisia-drive-support-for-isis.html|title=New Freedoms in Tunisia Drive Support for ISIS|last=Kirkpatrick|first=David D.|newspaper=New York Times|date=21 October 2014}}
66. ^{{cite news|language=sv|title=Det jag har bevittnat i al-Raqqa kommer alltid förfölja mig|url=http://www.dn.se/nyheter/varlden/det-jag-har-bevittnat-i-al-raqqa-kommer-alltid-forfolja-mig/|accessdate=25 September 2014|work=Nyheter Världen|publisher=Dagens Nyheter|date=23 September 2014}}
67. ^{{cite web|url=http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/571503/20141103/isis-un-report-haaretz-caliphate-security-council.htm#.VKen3PldXC_ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110162633/http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/571503/20141103/isis-un-report-haaretz-caliphate-security-council.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=10 November 2014 |title=UN Report On 15,000 Foreigners Joining ISIS Fighters In Syria And Iraq Will Shock You |author=Revathi Siva Kumar |work=International Business Times AU |accessdate=13 February 2015 |df= }}
68. ^Sarhan, Arme. "CIA: 30,000 foreign fighters have traveled to Syria and Iraq to join ISIS". Iraq News. Sep 29 2016.
69. ^Global Terrorism Index 2015. Institute For Economics and Peace. October 2015. Pages 46-47.
70. ^Mansur Mirovalev, quoting Vladimir Putin. "How Russia spawned more ISIL fighters than most nations." October 31, 2017. Al Jazeera. Retrieved January 8, 2018. "Russian President Vladimir Putin said in February that "up to 4,000" Russian nationals fight for ISIL. In June, he said that ISIL is "preparing plans to destabilise" ex-Soviet Central Asia and Russia's southern regions." Note: the Global Terrorism Index cited the Russian Foreign Ministry as giving the number of Russian citizens in ISIS as 2,400 as of October 2015.
71. ^Unos 5.000 "terroristas" islamistas de origen chino están combatiendo en Siria, según el embajador
72. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/01/383036342/jordan-waits-on-fate-of-its-isis-prisoner|title=Jordan Waits On Fate Of Its ISIS Prisoner|date=1 February 2015|publisher=NPR|accessdate=15 April 2015}}. 1,500 was the reported number as of February 2015.
73. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 {{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/03/29/iraq-and-syria-how-many-foreign-fighters-are-fighting-for-isil/|title=Iraq and Syria: How many foreign fighters are fighting for Isil?|publisher=The Telegraph}}
74. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/iraq-crisis-isis-has-recruited-at-least-1500-britons-to-fight-abroad-warns-birmingham-mp-9556790.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624012721/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/iraq-crisis-isis-has-recruited-at-least-1500-britons-to-fight-abroad-warns-birmingham-mp-9556790.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=24 June 2014|title=Iraq crisis: Isis 'has recruited at least 1,500 Britons' to fight abroad, warns Birmingham MP|work=The Independent|accessdate=16 May 2015|location=London|first=Adam|last=Withnall|date=23 June 2014}}. Alternative estimate of 1,500 is given by Birmingham MP.
75. ^{{cite news|title=Number of ISIS Recruits in Indonesia Tripled in Recent Months|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/number-isis-recruits-indonesia-more-tripled-recent-months-1743575|work=International Business Times|date=9 December 2014}}
76. ^{{cite news|title=Top analyst says some 640 Belgians linked to Syria fighting|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2016/11/17/top-analyst-says-some-640-belgians-linked-to-syria-fighting.html|publisher=Fox News|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=November 17, 2016}}
77. ^{{cite news|title=From a Private School in Cairo to ISIS Killing Fields in Syria (With Video)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/19/world/middleeast/from-a-private-school-in-cairo-to-isis-killing-fields-in-syria-video.html|work=The New York Times|date=18 February 2015|first=Mona|last=El-Naggar}}
78. ^{{cite web|url=http://thediplomat.com/2015/02/central-asia-as-a-source-of-isis-militants/|title=Central Asia as a Source of ISIS Militants|author=Casey Michel |work=The Diplomat|accessdate=15 April 2015}}
79. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.iraqinews.com/iraq-war/130-macedonian-serbian-nationals-fight-alongside-isis-iraq-syria/|title=130 Macedonian and Serbian nationals fight alongside ISIS in Iraq and Syria|author=Amre Sarhan|work=Iraqi News|date=30 April 2015|accessdate=11 April 2017}}
80. ^1 {{cite news |last=Tomovic |first=Dusica |title=Hundreds of Balkan Jihadists Have Joined ISIS, CIA Says |url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/hundreds-of-balkan-jihadist-reportedly-joined-isis/ |publisher=Balkan Insight |date=17 September 2014 |accessdate=23 January 2015}}
81. ^{{cite news|title=Azerbaijan Assesses the Growing Threat of ISIS |url=http://foreign-intrigue.com/2015/02/azerbaijan-assesses-the-growing-threat-of-isis/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160217/http://foreign-intrigue.com/2015/02/azerbaijan-assesses-the-growing-threat-of-isis/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2 April 2015 |date=4 February 2015 |accessdate=29 March 2015}}
82. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/07/us-kosovo-islamic-state-idUSKBN0NS1YY20150507|title=Kosovo indicts 32 for fighting and recruiting for Islamic State|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=11 August 2015|date=7 May 2015}}
83. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.meforum.org/5201/isis-kosovo|title=In Kosovo, U.S.-Funded Study Gets Response to ISIS Wrong|author=Stephen Schwartz|work=Middle East Forum|accessdate=11 August 2015}}
84. ^{{cite web|title=Report: 250 Americans Have Gone To Syria And Iraq To Fight|url=https://www.npr.org/2015/09/29/444398846/report-250-americans-have-gone-to-syria-and-iraq-to-fight|publisher=NPR}}
85. ^{{cite web|title=Barack Obama vows to use 'all of our tools' to fight ISIS as report shows more than 250 Americans have left U.S. to join terrorist groups|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/250-americans-left-u-s-join-jihadists-article-1.2378633|work=New York Daily News}}
86. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/what-you-think/article/why-malaysia-has-a-problem-with-islamic-state-julien-gradot |title=Why Malaysia has a problem with Islamic State |first=Julien |last=Gradot |work=The Malay Mail |date=21 October 2015 |accessdate=21 October 2015}}
87. ^{{cite news|title=IS recruiting in SA - report|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/ISIS-recruiting-in-SA-report-20141123|work=News24.com|date=23 November 2014}}
88. ^{{cite news|title=Canadians have joined ISIS to fight – and die – in Syria|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/09/10/world/canada-isis-jihadists/|accessdate=3 January 2015|publisher=CNN|date=10 September 2014}}
89. ^https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/12/isis-trinidad/509930/
90. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic-state-saakashvili-georgians-syria/26791303.html|title=Georgian Ex-President Says 'Hundreds Of Georgians Fighting With IS In Syria'|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|accessdate=15 April 2015}}
91. ^Al-Jazeera. "The London-based International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation estimates that just 120 people from Israel are now fighting in Syria and Iraq."  , {{cite news|title=Israelis Are Joining ISIS|url=http://www.vocativ.com/world/isis-2/israelis-fighting-isis/|accessdate=3 January 2015|work=Vocativ|date=7 November 2014}} "According to Israeli security service estimates, there are now 40 to 50 Arab-Israelis fighting in Syria and Iraq, most of them as part of ISIS. That's not a huge number, given that there are 1.3 million Muslims living in Israel. "
92. ^{{cite news|title=Israelis Are Joining ISIS|url=http://www.vocativ.com/world/isis-2/israelis-fighting-isis/|accessdate=3 January 2015|work=Vocativ|date=7 November 2014}}
93. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-most-indian-youngsters-who-joined-terror-outfit-isis-are-based-in-raqqa-report-355386|title=Most Indian youngsters who joined terror outfit ISIS are based in Raqqa: Report|publisher=India TV|date=5 November 2016}}
94. ^{{cite web | last=Team | first=dna Web | title=ATS arrests three men from Nagpur airport for planning to join ISIS | website=dna | date=2015-12-26 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ats-arrests-three-men-from-nagpur-airport-for-planning-to-join-isis-2159651 | accessdate=2015-12-26}}
95. ^{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiat€imes.com/india/2-Thane-boys-among-18-Indians-who-joined-ISIS/articleshow/38285156.cms|title=2 Thane boys among 18 Indians who joined ISIS|work=The Times of India|accessdate=22 March 2015}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}
96. ^{{cite web|last1=Mitra|first1=Devirupa|title=Not Four But 20, Says Iraqi Envoy of Indian ISIS Fighters|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Not-Four-But-20-Says-Iraqi-Envoy-of-Indian-ISIS-Fighters/2014/09/21/article2441406.ece|publisher=The New Indian Express|accessdate=3 June 2015|date=21 September 2014}}
97. ^{{cite web|url=http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iran/101220141|title=ISIS boasts rising number of recruits among Iranian Kurds|work=Rudaw|accessdate=15 April 2015}}
98. ^{{cite news|last1=Doyle|first1=Kevin|title=40 people left Ireland to fight with IS - Alan Shatter|url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/40-people-left-ireland-to-fight-with-is-alan-shatter-34222424.html|accessdate=7 December 2015|publisher=Irish Independent|date=21 November 2015}}
99. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11353573|title=John Key: Kiwi forces will help train Iraqis fight ISIS|work=The New Zealand Herald|accessdate=15 April 2015|date=5 November 2014}}
100. ^{{cite news|title=Existem 12 jihadistas portugueses no Iraque e Síria|url=http://observador.pt/2014/09/02/existem-12-jihadistas-portugueses/|accessdate=10 January 2015|work=The Daily Star Lebanon|date=2 September 2014}}
101. ^{{cite news|title=Ghanaians joining Islamic State highlight potential for religiously motivated gun attacks against busy outdoor entertainment spots in capital |url=http://www.janes.com/article/55316/ghanaians-joining-islamic-state-highlight-potential-for-religiously-motivated-gun-attacks-against-busy-outdoor-entertainment-spots-in-capital |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019092023/http://www.janes.com/article/55316/ghanaians-joining-islamic-state-highlight-potential-for-religiously-motivated-gun-attacks-against-busy-outdoor-entertainment-spots-in-capital |dead-url=yes |archive-date=19 October 2015 |accessdate=24 October 2015 |work=Janes |date=15 October 2015 |df= }}
102. ^{{cite news|title=Väčšina Slovákov bojujúca za ISIS zahynula, tvrdí Martvoň|url=http://www.topky.sk/cl/100535/1484753/Vacsina-Slovakov-bojujuca-za-ISIS-zahynula--tvrdi-Martvon|accessdate=25 January 2016|work=Topky|date=3 July 2015}}
103. ^{{cite news|title=Nine Japanese said to have joined ISIS|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Sep-26/272085-nine-japanese-said-to-have-joined-isis.ashx|accessdate=3 January 2015|work=The Daily Star Lebanon|date=26 September 2014}}
104. ^{{cite news|title=8 people in Taiwan have shown interest in joining ISIS: NSB|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201603280024.aspx|accessdate=9 October 2017|work=FocusTaiwan.tw|date=28 March 2016}}
105. ^{{cite news|title=Polacy walczą po stronie islamistów?|url=http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/polacy-walcza-po-stronie-islamskich-terrorystow-materialy-abw-trafily-do-prokuratury,506233.html|accessdate=3 January 2015|work=tvn24.pl|date=15 January 2015}}
106. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.ict.org.il/Article/1372/Maldives-is-No-Longer-a-Paradise|title=The Maldives-Syria Connection: Jihad in Paradise?|publisher=Jamestown|date=21 November 2014|accessdate=16 May 2015}}
107. ^Brazilian Islamist extremist attack at the Rio 2016 Olympics foiled by security services | Daily Mail Online
108. ^{{cite news|last=Žabec |first=Krešimir |title=Otkrivamo detalje izvješća o radu SOA-e: 'U zadnji tren smo spriječili prelazak Hrvata teroristima!' |url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/-u-zadnji-tren-smo-sprijecili-prelazak-hrvata-teroristima-/1366241/ |language=Croatian |newspaper=Jutarnji list |date=14 June 2015 |accessdate=14 June 2015}}
109. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1191615|title=At least two Singaporeans have joined Isis, says DPM|publisher=|accessdate=16 May 2015}}
110. ^{{cite news|title=South Korean teen has joined Islamic State group in Syria: official|url=http://globalnews.ca/news/1846806/south-korean-teen-has-joined-islamic-state-group-in-syria-official/|accessdate=22 March 2015|work=Global News|date=24 February 2015}}
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113. ^{{cite news|title=Estonians fighting in Syria forcing local Islamic community to become more strict|url=http://news.err.ee/v/society/1a7d1f02-6005-4111-8873-5cdf567b8642|accessdate=15 April 2015|work=ERR|date=27 January 2015}}
114. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2014/11/18/364942091/with-cash-and-cachet-the-islamic-state-expands-its-empire|title=With Cash And Cachet, The Islamic State Expands Its Empire|date=18 November 2014|work=NPR.org|accessdate=13 February 2015}}
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116. ^{{cite news|title=ISIS comes to Libya |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/11/18/world/isis-libya/index.html|accessdate=20 November 2014|agency=CNN|date=18 November 2014}}
117. ^{{cite web|title=Ansar al Sharia Libya relaunches social media sites|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/04/ansar-al-sharia-libya-relaunches-social-media-sites.php|work=Long War Journal|date=9 April 2015|accessdate=10 April 2015}}
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119. ^{{cite news|url=http://time.com/3723588/the-war-on-isis/|title=What Comes After the War on ISIS|author=David Von Drehle|work=TIME.com|accessdate=22 March 2015|date=26 February 2015}}
120. ^{{cite news|title=Taliban splinter group in Pakistan vows allegiance to ISIS|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/taliban-splinter-group-pakistan-vows-allegiance-isis|work=al-akhbar|date=18 November 2014|accessdate=19 November 2014}}
121. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.rferl.org/content/imu-islamic-state/27174567.html| title=IMU Declares It Is Now Part Of The Islamic State|date=6 August 2015|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|accessdate=6 August 2015}}
122. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/03/mapping-the-emergence-of-the-islamic-state-in-afghanistan.php |title=Mapping the emergence of the Islamic State in Afghanistan |author= |date=5 March 2015 |website=Long War Journal |publisher=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |access-date=10 March 2015}}
123. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/boko-haram-renames-itself-islamic-states-west-africa-province-iswap-as-militants-launch-new-offensive-against-government-forces-10204918.html|title=Boko Haram renames itself Islamic State's West Africa Province (Iswap) as militants launch new offensive against government forces|date=26 April 2015|publisher=The Independent|accessdate=23 August 2015|location=London|first=Adam|last=Withnall}}
124. ^{{cite web|url=http://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/isis-declares-governorate-russia%E2%80%99s-north-caucasus-region|title=ISIS Declares Governorate in Russia's North Caucasus Region|date=23 June 2015|publisher=Institute for the Study of War}}
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127. ^{{cite web|title=Philippines condemns, vows to 'thwart' ISIS|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/69380-philippines-condemns-islamic-state-isis|author=Paterno Emasquel II|publisher=Rappler|date=17 September 2014|accessdate=19 September 2014}}
128. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/10/islamic-state-loyal-group-calls-for-people-to-join-the-jihad-in-the-congo.php |title=Islamic State-loyal group calls for people to join the jihad in the Congo |author=Caleb Weiss |work=Long War Journal |date=15 October 2017 |access-date=16 October 2017}}
129. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/centre-has-taken-note-of-isis-claiming-first-attack-in-kashmir-minister-1777449|title=Centre Has Taken Note Of ISIS Claiming First Attack In Kashmir: Minister|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-01-15}}
130. ^{{cite news |publisher=The Daily Beast |quote=Bloom's research shows that children are used not just as propagandists but also as soldiers in the terrorist group's operations. ISIS uses nearly two dozen children a month in operations, Bloom said. |title=ISIS Uses American Boy to Threaten Trump in New Video |first=Katie |last=Zavadski |date=August 23, 2017 |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/isis-uses-american-boy-to-threaten-trump-in-new-video}}
131. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/19/middleeast/isis-child-soldiers/index.html |publisher=CNN |title=How ISIS recruits children, then kills them |first=Erin |last=McLaughlin |date=February 22, 2016 |access-date=September 3, 2017}}
132. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/depictions-of-children-and-youth-in-the-islamic-states-martyrdom-propaganda-2015-2016 |publisher=CTC Sentinel |title=Depictions of Children and Youth in the Islamic State’s Martyrdom Propaganda, 2015-2016 |date=February 18, 2016 |first=Mia |last=Bloom |first2=John |last2=Horgan |first3=Charlie |last3=Winter}}
133. ^{{cite news|title=Insight Into How Insurgents Fought in Iraq|url=http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/17/insight-into-how-insurgents-fought-in-iraq/|date=17 October 2013|work=The New York Times|accessdate=22 August 2014|first=John|last=Ismay}}
134. ^1 {{cite news|title=Not Just Iraq: The Islamic State Is Also on the March in Syria|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/charles-lister/not-just-iraq-the-islamic_b_5658048.html|work=The Huffington Post|date=7 August 2014|accessdate=11 August 2014}}
135. ^1 2 {{cite news|last=Gibbons-Neff|first=Thomas|title=ISIS propaganda videos show their weapons, skills in Iraq|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2014/06/18/isis-propaganda-videos-show-their-weapons-skills-in-iraq/|work=The Washington Post|date=18 June 2014|accessdate=11 August 2014}}
136. ^{{cite news|title=US-made Stinger missiles have likely fallen into ISIS hands, officials say|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/06/16/us-made-stinger-missiles-have-likely-fallen-into-isis-hands-officials-say/|accessdate=21 June 2014|publisher=Fox News Channel|date=16 June 2014}}
137. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=As ISIS Routs The Iraqi Army, Here's A Look At What The Jihadists Have In Their Arsenal|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/isis-military-equipment-breakdown-2014-7?op=1#t-55-tanks-1|work=Business Insider|date=9 July 2014|accessdate=11 August 2014|author=Jeremy Bender}}
138. ^{{cite news|last1=Prothero|first1=Mitchell|title=Iraqi army remains on defensive as extent of June debacle becomes clearer|url=http://www.stripes.com/news/middle-east/iraqi-army-remains-on-defensive-as-extent-of-june-debacle-becomes-clearer-1.293417|accessdate=15 July 2014|work=Stars and Stripes|date=14 July 2014}}
139. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/08/world/iraq-options/ |title=U.S. jet fighters, drones strike ISIS fighters, convoys in Iraq|author1=Chelsea J. Carter |author2=Tom Cohen |author3=Barbara Starr |date=9 August 2014 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=5 September 2014}}
140. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/06/isis_holds_military_parade_in.php|title=ISIS Holds Military Parade in Mosul|publisher=Long War Journal|date=24 June 2014|accessdate=26 February 2018}}
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142. ^{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/news/165044-militants-seize-mosul-iraq/|title=State of emergency: ISIS militants overrun Iraq city of 1.8mn, free 2,500 prisoners|publisher=RT News|date=18 June 2014|accessdate=22 July 2014}}
143. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28116846|title=Isis leader calls on Muslims to 'build Islamic state'|publisher=BBC News|date=1 July 2014|accessdate=2 July 2014}}
144. ^{{cite news|last1=Semple|first1=Kirk|last2=Schmitt|first2 = Eric|title=Missiles of ISIS May Pose Peril for Aircrews|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/27/world/middleeast/missiles-of-isis-may-pose-peril-for-aircrews.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=first-column-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0|work=The New York Times|date=26 October 2014}}
145. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/17/us-mideast-crisis-jets-idUSKCN0I60TM20141017|title=Islamic State training pilots to fly in three jets: Syria monitor|publisher=Reuters|date=17 October 2014|accessdate=17 October 2014}}
146. ^{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/10/22/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-jets-idUKKCN0IB1H220141022|title=Syria says shoots down two of three Islamic State jets|publisher=Reuters|date=22 October 2014|accessdate=22 October 2014|first=Oliver|last=Holmes}}
147. ^{{cite news|last1=Cowell|first1=Alan|title=Low-Grade Nuclear Material Is Seized by Rebels in Iraq, U.N. Says|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/11/world/middleeast/iraq.html?_r=0|accessdate=15 July 2014|work=The New York Times|date=10 July 2014}}
148. ^{{cite news|last1=Sherlock|first1=Ruth|title=Iraq jihadists seize 'nuclear material', says ambassador to UN|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10958388/Iraq-jihadists-seize-nuclear-material-says-ambassador-to-UN.html|accessdate=15 July 2014|work=The Telegraph|date=10 July 2014|location=London}}
149. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gcint.org/green-cross-blog/does-isilisis-pose-chemical-threat|title=Does ISIL/ISIS Pose Chemical Threat? – Green Cross|publisher=|accessdate=6 November 2014}}
150. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/exclusive-iraqi-scientist-says-he-helped-isis-make-chemical-weapons/2019/01/21/617cb8f0-0d35-11e9-831f-3aa2c2be4cbd_story.html?utm_term=.37be8d2a67af |title=Exclusive: Iraqi scientist says he helped ISIS make chemical weapons |author=Joby Warrick |work=The Washington Post |date=21 January 2019 |accessdate=14 February 2019}}
151. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/10/iraq-isil-chlorine-gas-attacks-20141024145426293714.html|title=Iraqis say ISIL used chlorine gas in attacks|author=Al Jazeera and agencies|publisher=|accessdate=6 November 2014}}
152. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.inherentresolve.mil/News/Article/1039226/death-of-abu-jandal-al-kuwaiti/|title=Death of Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti|publisher=CJTF–OIR|date=29 December 2016|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
{{Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}}{{Military of Asia}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Military Of ISIL}}

3 : Anti-government factions of the Syrian Civil War|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant activities
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