| 词条 | Snake-stone |
| 释义 |
A snake-stone, also known as a viper's stone, black stone, schwarze Steine, pierres noire, piedritas negras,{{clarify|date=April 2018}} serpent-stone,[1] or nagamani is an animal bone or stone[1] used as folk medicine for snake bite in Africa, South America, and Asia.[2][3] The early Celtic era European Adder stone is also called a snake stone, and is usually made from coloured glass, often with holes. Its purpose is for protection against evil spirits rather than snake bite. Experts are concerned that relying on a black stone may prevent snakebite victims from seeking appropriate medical help.[3] No scientific study has shown that black stones per se are effective, but, most guidelines for snakebite first-aid stress the need for keeping the victim calm (because acute stress reaction increases blood flow and endangers the victim, and panic is infectious and can compromise judgment). DescriptionsAccounts differ widely on how to make and use a 'black stone'. In Peru, a black stone is a small charred cow bone, "applied to the site of a poisonous snakebite and tied firmly in place. It is left there for several days, during which time it supposedly draws the venom from the wound."[4] Persian/Iranian writer Kazwini describes the snake-stone as being the size of a small nut.{{Citation needed|date=March 2007}} An injury inflicted by a venomous creature is to be immersed in warm water or sour milk. The snake-stone is then dropped into the liquid to supposedly draw out the poison. Although called a 'stone', in the Congo a Black Stone is often made from animal bones. When taken from snakes, it is usually from the head, but also said to be extracted from the tail.[5][6] The steps suggested in an African leaflet[7] are:
Views on snake-stones expressed in scientific studiesA Nigerian study recommended "education on the need to avoid the use of popular first aid measures of doubtful benefit."[8] The same doctors later reported that Black Stones may be beneficial, but "those who used the black stone required significantly higher quantity of antivenom as compared to those that used the tourniquet".[9] In their report they noted slightly higher tissue necrosis in patients who use tourniquets, but this was not (statistically) significant; other scientists have recommended against tourniquets (see treatment of snakebites and outdated treatments). A Bolivian medical study stated, "contrary to widespread belief, no efficacy to treat envenomation may be expected of the BS" (black stone).[10] An Indian study stated, "unscientific methods like ‘black stone’ healing contribute to the delay in seeking appropriate medical care."[3] In popular media
See also
References1. ^{{cite news |author=BBC News|title=Search for a snakebite cure |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4498779.stm |accessdate = 2007-03-06 | date=2005-05-02}} 2. ^{{cite web |author=Tagne, Jean-Bruno |title=Pierre noire : Cet aspirateur de venins / Black Stone: This vacuum cleaner of venoms |language=French |url=http://www.icicemac.com/edito/science.php3?nid=761 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929031526/http://www.icicemac.com/edito/science.php3?nid=761 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2007-09-29 |accessdate=2007-03-06 }} 3. ^1 2 {{cite journal |journal=Indian Pediatrics |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=553–4 |year=2006 |author=B. Adhisivam |author2=S. Mahadevan |title=Snakebite Envenomation in India: A Rural Medical Emergency |url=http://www.indianpediatrics.net/june2006/june-553-554.htm |accessdate = 2010-10-15 |pmid=16820669 }} 4. ^{{cite web |author= Linnea Smith |title=Piedra Negra |url=http://www.rwhc.com/eoh01/January.pdf |accessdate = 2007-03-07}} 5. ^{{cite web |author=CongoForum |title=La pierre noire et son usage / The Black Stone and its use |language=French |url=http://www.congoforum.be/fr/congodetail.asp?subitem=40&id=10170&Congofiche=selected |accessdate=2007-03-06 }} 6. ^{{cite book | last = Shuker | first = Karl P N | authorlink = Karl Shuker | title = Extraordinary Animals Revisited | publisher = CFZ Press | year = 2007}} 7. ^{{cite web |author=Rural Extension with Africa's Poor |title=Black Stone|url=http://reap-eastafrica.org/blogs.info/reap/pdf/blackstone.pdf |accessdate = 2007-03-07}} 8. ^{{cite web |author=JKA Madaki |title=Abstract: Clinical Presentation And Outcome Of Snake-Bite Patients At Zamko Comprehensive Health Centre, Langtang, Plateau State |url=http://www.ajol.info/viewarticle.php?jid=1&id=20883 |accessdate = 2007-03-08 }} 9. ^1 {{cite journal |journal=Nigerian Medical Practitioner |volume=48 |issue=1 |year=2005 |url=http://ajol.info/index.php/nmp/article/view/28757 |author=JKA Madaki |author2=RE Obilom |author3=BM Mandong |title=Pattern of First-Aid Measures Used by Snake-bite Patients and Clinical Outcome at Zamko Comprehensive Health Centre, Langtang, Plateau State |accessdate = 2010-10-15 }} 10. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Chippaux JP, Ramos-Cerrillo B, Stock RP |title=Study of the efficacy of the black stone on envenomation by snake bite in the murine model |journal=Toxicon |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=717–20 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17174999 |doi=10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.11.002 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0041-0101(06)00421-1}} 11. ^http://www.ekabinsha.org/books-literary-works/এই-সপ্তাহের-বাংলা-বই-সুমন/ External links
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