词条 | Minsk Protocol |
释义 |
The Protocol on the results of consultations of the Trilateral Contact Group, or simply Minsk Protocol, is an agreement to halt the war in the Donbass region of Ukraine, signed by representatives of Ukraine, the Russian Federation, the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR), and the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) on 5 September 2014.[1][2][3] It was signed after extensive talks in Minsk, Belarus, under the auspices of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). The agreement, which followed multiple previous attempts to stop the fighting in the Donbass, implemented an immediate ceasefire. It failed to stop fighting in Donbass.[4] Minsk process and draftingThe agreement was drawn-up by the Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine, which consisted of representatives from Ukraine, Russia, and the OSCE.[4] The group was established in June as a way to facilitate dialogue and resolution of the strife across eastern and southern Ukraine. Meetings of the group, along with informal representatives of the breakaway Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics, took place on 31 July, 26 August, 1 September, and 5 September. The details of the agreement, signed on 5 September, largely resembled Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko's 20 June "fifteen-point peace plan". The following representatives signed the document:[5]
ProtocolThe text of the protocol consists of twelve points:[5]
Follow-up memorandumIn the two weeks after the Minsk Protocol was signed, there were frequent violations of the ceasefire by both parties to the conflict.[6][7] Talks continued in Minsk, and a follow-up to the Minsk Protocol was agreed to on 19 September 2014. This memorandum clarified the implementation of the Protocol. Amongst some of the peacemaking measures agreed to were:[6][8][9]
EfficacyAfter the follow-up memorandum, the Second Battle of Donetsk Airport broke out, and both parties continued to accuse each other of ceasefire violations.[10] In late October, DPR prime minister and Minsk Protocol signatory Alexander Zakharchenko said that his forces would retake the territory it had lost to Ukrainian forces during a July 2014 offensive, and that DPR forces would be willing to wage "heavy battles" to do so.[10][11] Subsequently, Zakharchenko said that he had been misquoted, and that he had meant to say that these areas would be taken through "peaceful means".[12] While campaigning in the lead-up to the 2 November elections held by the DPR and LPR in violation of the Protocol, Zakharchenko said "These are historical times. We are creating a new country! It's an insane goal".[13] OSCE chairman Didier Burkhalter confirmed that the elections ran "counter to the letter and spirit of the Minsk Protocol", and said that they would "further complicate its implementation".[14] Speaking on 5 December, Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov said that the 2 November DPR and LPR elections were "exactly within the range in which they had been negotiated in Minsk", and that the Ukrainian parliament was supposed to pass an amnesty bill for DPR and LPR leaders after the Ukrainian parliamentary election in late October.[19] According to Lavrov, closer monitoring of the Russo-Ukrainian border, as specified by the Minsk Protocol, could only take place after such an amnesty law was approved.[15] He noted that he thought that a Ukrainian presidential decree banning prosecution of Donbass separatist combatants was issued on 16 September, but said that "a bill has now been filed proposing to overturn" the decree.[15] CollapseBy January 2015, the Minsk Protocol ceasefire had completely collapsed.[16] Following the separatist victory at Donetsk International Airport in defiance of the Protocol, DPR spokesman Eduard Basurin said that "the Minsk Memorandum will not be considered in the form it was adopted".[17] Later in the day, DPR leader Alexander Zakharchenko said that the DPR "will not make any attempts at ceasefire talks any more", and that his forces were going to "attack right up to the borders of Donetsk region".[18] The New York Times said that the ceasefire had "all but vanished".[19] Amidst increasing violence in the combat zone, another round of Minsk talks was scheduled for 31 January.[20] Members of the Trilateral Contact Group travelled to Minsk to meet representatives of the DPR and LPR. The DPR and LPR signatories of the Protocol did not attend, and those representatives that did attend were not able to discuss the implementation of the Protocol or memorandum. These representatives asked for the revision of the Protocol and the memorandum. The meeting was adjourned with no result.[20] A new package of measures meant to stop fighting in the Donbass, called "Minsk II", was agreed to on 12 February 2015.[21] See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cctv-america.com/2014/09/05/ukraine-ceasefire-agreement-signed-in-minsk|title=Ukraine ceasefire agreement signed in Minsk|work=CCTV America|accessdate=1 October 2014}} {{Ukrainian crisis navbox}}2. ^{{cite press release | url=http://www.osce.org/cio/123245 | title=Chairperson-in-Office welcomes Minsk agreement, assures President Poroshenko of OSCE support | publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe | date=5 September 2014 | accessdate=1 October 2014 | location=Bern}} 3. ^{{cite press release | url=http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/123591 | title=OSCE Chief Monitor in Ukraine urges all sides to allow monitors to carry out duties safely | publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe | date=15 September 2014 | accessdate=15 September 2014}} 4. ^{{cite press release | url=http://www.osce.org/home/123124 | title=Press statement by the Trilateral Contact Group | publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe | date=2 September 2014 | accessdate=9 September 2014}} 5. ^1 {{cite press release | url=http://www.osce.org/ru/home/123258?download=true | title=Minsk Protocol | publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe | date=5 September 2014 | accessdate=9 September 2014 | language=Russian}} 6. ^1 {{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29290246 | title=Ukraine deal with pro-Russian rebels at Minsk talks | publisher=BBC News | date=19 September 2014 | accessdate=19 September 2014}} 7. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ukrainian-peace-talks-lead-to-buffer-zone-deal-1.2772573 | title=Ukrainian peace talks lead to buffer zone deal | publisher=CBC News | date=19 September 2014 | accessdate=19 September 2014}} 8. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29299092 | title=Nato top general says truce 'in name only' | publisher=BBC News | date=20 September 2014 | accessdate=20 September 2014}} 9. ^{{cite press release | url=http://www.osce.org/ru/home/123807?download=true | title=Memorandum of 19 September 2014 outlining the parameters for the implementation of commitments of the Minsk Protocol | publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe | date=19 September 2014 | accessdate=23 September 2014 | language=Russian}} 10. ^1 2 Ukraine rebels vow to take back cities {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023221330/http://www.skynews.com.au/news/world/mideast/2014/10/23/ukraine-rebels-vow-to-take-back-cities.html |date=23 October 2014 }}, Sky News Australia (23 October 2014) 11. ^Poroshenko vows Kyiv will recapture militants-controlled areas, Interfax-Ukraine (23 October 2014) 12. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29755967 | title=Ukraine vote could push the country into chaos | publisher=BBC News | date=24 October 2014 | accessdate=25 October 2014}} 13. ^Donetsk People’s Republic campaign reveals shambolic tendencies, Financial Times (23 October 2014) 14. ^{{cite press release | url=http://www.osce.org/cio/126242 | title=So-called elections not in line with Minsk Protocol, says OSCE Chair, calling for enhanced efforts and dialogue to implement all commitments | publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe | date=31 October 2014 | accessdate=1 November 2014}} 15. ^1 2 Too early to discuss broader monitoring of Ukraine-Russia border - Lavrov, Interfax-Ukraine (5 December 2014) 16. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/21/russia-ukraine-war-fighting-east | title=Ukraine forces admit loss of Donetsk airport to rebels | work=The Guardian | date=21 January 2015 | accessdate=23 January 2015}} 17. ^{{cite news | url=http://itar-tass.com/en/world/773095 | title=Ukraine suffers considerable losses – DPR Defense Ministry | work=Tass Russian News Agency | date=23 January 2015 | accessdate=23 January 2015}} 18. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30949527 | title=Ukraine rebel Zakharchenko 'rejects truce talks' | publisher=BBC News | date=23 January 2015 | accessdate=23 January 2015}} 19. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/24/world/europe/ukraine-violence.html | title=War Is Exploding Anew in Ukraine; Rebels Vow More | work=The New York Times | date=23 January 2015 | accessdate=24 January 2015}} 20. ^1 {{cite press release | url=http://www.osce.org/cio/138331 | title=Statement by the Chairmanship on the Trilateral Contact Group consultations in Minsk on 31 January 2015 | publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe | date=1 February 2015 | accessdate=1 February 2015}} 21. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-31435812 | title=Ukraine crisis: Leaders agree peace roadmap | work=BBC News | date=12 February 2015 | accessdate=12 February 2015}} 14 : War in Donbass|2010s in Minsk|2014 in Belarus|2014 in Ukraine|Treaties of Ukraine|Donetsk People's Republic|Luhansk People's Republic|Treaties of Russia|Treaties concluded in 2014|Treaties entered into force in 2014|Russia–Ukraine relations|Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|Ceasefires|September 2014 events |
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