| 词条 | Miriam Ben-Shalom |
| 释义 |
|image=Miriam Ben Shalom (2018).jpg |caption= |name=Miriam Ben-Shalom {{Hebrew|מרים בן שלום}} |birth_date={{Birth date and age|1948|5|3|}} |birth_place=Waukesha, Wisconsin |nickname= Miriam Ben-Shalom |allegiance= Israel (1968-1970) United States of America (1974-1990) |branch=United States Army Reserve Israeli Army |serviceyears=1974-1976, 1988-1990 |rank= Staff Sergeant |commands= |unit= 84th Training Division, 5091st Reception Battalion[1] |battles= War of Attrition |awards= |laterwork=Suing for her reinstatement Founding American Veterans for Equal Rights protesting against Don't ask, don't tell public school teacher }} Miriam Ben-Shalom ({{lang-he|מרים בן שלום}}, born May 3, 1948) is an American educator, activist and former Staff Sergeant in the United States Army. After being discharged from the military for homosexuality in 1976, she successfully challenged her discharge in court and returned to military service in 1987, the first openly gay person to be reinstated after being discharged under the military's policy excluding homosexuals from military service. She served until 1990 when the Army succeeded in terminating her service after prolonged judicial proceedings. Early lifeBen-Shalom was born in Waukesha, Wisconsin, one of six children in a Roman Catholic family, and grew up in the surrounding area of Big Bend and East Troy. After her mother died in an automobile accident when she was six, she was largely raised by her father, a World War II veteran and owner of a local chain of convenience stores.[2] Graduating from high school in 1967, she married for a short time and had a daughter. The next year, she converted to Judaism and, at the age of 19, left with her daughter for a five-year residence in Israel, where she took up Israeli citizenship, remarried, changed her name to her current name and served in the Israeli Army during the War of Attrition as the driver of an armored personnel carrier.[3] In 1971, she returned to the United States, divorced and entered the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, majoring in creative writing and graduating with a B.A. and M.A. Service, discharges and activismIn 1974, Ben-Shalom enlisted in the United States army reserve and joined the 84th Training Division. In 1975, she read the cover story of Time magazine's interview with Leonard Matlovich, a Vietnam War Air Force veteran who decided to come out of the closet as a homosexual and was fighting his discharge. Although Ben-Shalom was out to her commander, the commander made no move to dismiss her until, after graduating from drill sergeant's school, she appeared on local television and outed herself as lesbian. Her commander filed discharge proceedings against her, and she was honorably discharged in 1976. Ben-Shalom took the Army to court to overturn her dismissal, and in 1980 Judge Terence Evans of the U.S. District Court in Chicago ruled that her dismissal violated the First, Fifth and Ninth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution based upon testimony that she was only dismissed because of her statement to the press. The Army refused to comply with the ruling, and the case dragged on until 1987 when the U.S. Court of Appeals in Chicago confirmed the previous ruling and forced the Army to comply with the ruling by threatening contempt of court fines. Ben-Shalom reenlisted in September 1988, but the Army appealed the decision and finally won an August 1989 decision from Judge Harlington Wood, Jr. that ruled against Ben-Shalom by ruling her statement to the press as an admission of guilt in violating military policy. The U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear her appeal of the case on February 26, 1990, and Ben-Shalom's military career ended. Ben-Shalom returned to Waukesha and was one of six LGBT veterans who founded the Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Veterans of America (GLBVA), today known as the American Veterans for Equal Rights. She continued to participate in a number of protests against the military policy excluding homosexuals from service and in 1993 protested the military's new "Don't ask, don't tell" policy by joining David Mixner in chaining herself to the White House fence. After a long period of work as a teacher, she returned to direct action and was arrested on November 15, 2010, in uniform after chaining herself to the White House fence along with other participants, including Dan Choi. Ben-Shalom traveled to Austin, Texas to testify before the Texas State Senate State Affairs Committee on March 7, 2017, in support of Senate Bill 6, which would require transgender people to use the bathroom of the sex assigned to them at birth rather than of their gender.[4] Personal lifeShe is a member of the New England Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Veterans and of the California Alexander Hamilton American Legion Post 448. A resident of Milwaukee with her life partner, Karen Weiss[5] also serves as a full-time tenured instructor of English with the Milwaukee Area Technical College. TributesIn 2015, she was named by Equality Forum as one of their 31 Icons of the 2015 LGBT History Month.[6] Anti-transgender activism2016 Milwaukee Pride Parade controversyIn 2016, she was invited to be the Grand Marshall of the Milwaukee Pride Parade. Shortly after that invitation was made, the Board of Directors for the Milwaukee Pride Parade was notified that her Facebook page contained a number of transphobic comments about transgender women. They rescinded the invitation in an email citing The Bylaws of the Milwaukee Pride Parade include our mission statement, "To provide an outlet to the citizens of South Eastern Wisconsin in which GLBT individuals and groups can participate in a parade to show their pride." We are an inclusive organization that seeks to be free of intolerance, and seeks to promote the equality of all members of the community. As such, we feel that we cannot have a Grand Marshal who has {{sic|public|ally}} and repeatedly denigrated transwomen.[7] Subsequent anti-trans activismBen-Shalom has since become more active in speaking against transgender people, including accepting an invitation to speak at the anti-LGBT CitizenGO conference. See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/bib/43276|title = Miriam Ben-Shalom Collection|publisher = Veterans History Project, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ben-Shalom, Miriam}}2. ^{{cite book|title = Ask & tell: gay and lesbian veterans speak out|author = Steve Estes|pages = 190–191|publisher = Univ of North Carolina Press|date = May 14, 2007 }} 3. ^{{cite journal|date=June 1976|title = Frontlines: Military Gays Fight Back|pages = 5–6|journal = Mother Jones|issn=0362-8841|volume = 1|issue = 4}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/tlodocs/85R/witlistmtg/html/C5702017030708001.HTM|title=Texas Senate, State Affairs Committee, March 7, 2017 Minutes|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 5. ^{{cite web|url = http://lgbtpov.frontiersla.com/2010/11/22/former-sgt-miriam-ben-shalom-on-the-personal-impact-of-serving-in-silence/|title = Former Sgt. Miriam Ben-Shalom on the Personal Impact of Serving in Silence|author = Karen Ocamb |date = November 22, 2010|publisher = LGBTPOV}} 6. ^{{cite web|author= Malcolm Lazin |url=http://www.advocate.com/commentary/2015/08/20/op-ed-here-are-31-icons-2015s-gay-history-month |title=Op-ed: Here Are the 31 Icons of 2015's Gay History Month |publisher=Advocate.com |date=August 20, 2015 |accessdate=2015-08-21}} 7. ^{{cite web|author= Miriam Ben-Shalom|url=https://m.facebook.com/hagsandfuries/posts/1146861698668414|title=I am no longer Milwaukee Pride's Grand Marshal for their parade|date=April 27, 2016 |accessdate=2016-06-09|publisher=Facebook}} 18 : 1948 births|American expatriates in Israel|American Jews in the military|American LGBT military personnel|American military personnel discharged for homosexuality|Converts to Judaism from Roman Catholicism|Educators from Wisconsin|Israeli expatriates in the United States|Israeli soldiers|Lesbians|LGBT Jews|LGBT people from Israel|LGBT people from Wisconsin|Living people|People from Waukesha, Wisconsin|United States Army soldiers|University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee alumni|Women in the United States Army |
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