“Mirosław Chojecki”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

During the March 1968 events he participated in a student strike at the Warsaw Polytechnic, and was subsequently expelled from the university.^[1] Between 1967 and 1972 he belonged to the Polish Students' Association (ZSP).^[2] In 1974 he graduated from the Department of Chemistry of the University of Warsaw and then worked at the Institute for Nuclear Research (IBJ).^[2]

In June 1976 Chojecki was one of the participants in the campaign to help the repressed workers of Ursus and Radom. As a result he was dismissed from his position at the institute and went on trial along with Bogdan Grzesiak, and two printers from the Polish Trade Agency, Jerzy Ciechomski and Wiesfaw Kunikowski on June 12, 1976.^[3] In the same year he was among the organizers of the Workers' Defence Committee (KOR). He initiated independent publishing activity and was responsible for the reproduction of the KOR Communications and Information Bulletin of the KOR underground newspapers.^[3]

In September 1977 Chojecki created the Independent Publishing House "NOWa" which constituted the largest publishing house operating outside official communist censorship, becoming its leader.^[4] Initially, Chojecki wanted NOWa to publish historical books on topics officially forbidden or ignored by the communist authorities, but other oppositionists convinced him to also issue works of literature, including those by Czesław Miłosz and Günter Grass. When Chojecki was arrested by the communist secret police Grass signed a petition demanding his freedom.^[5] Along with Czesław Bielecki of CDN, Chojecki was one of the most important publishers collaborating with Kultura, the Polish emigre journal in Paris ran by Jerzy Giedroyc.^[6]

In March 1980 he was detained, and then went on a hunger strike which ended up lasting 33 days.^[10] In May of that year, the parson of St. Christopher's Church in Podkowa Leśna led another hunger strike to protest Chojecki's and others political imprisonment. This protest was joined by more than twenty members of the democratic anti-communist opposition, including Jacek Kuroń, Bronisław Wildstein, Aleksander Hall, Jan Józef Lipski as well the Hungarian oppositionist and publisher Tibor Pakh.^[10] After a trial Chojecki was sentenced to one and a half years imprisonment with a conditional suspension.^[7]

In August 1980 he organized the printing of publications of the "second circuit" (as underground press was known in Poland at the time). He was re-arrested but was released after the signing of the Gdańsk Agreement between the communist government and striking workers of Gdańsk, which led to the creation of the Solidarity Trade Union.^[8] Chojecki was restored to his job at the Institute for Nuclear Research as well. In the same year he became a member of "Solidarity".

In October 1981 he went abroad and was in France when the imposition of martial law in Poland by the government of General Wojciech Jaruzelski occurred. He remained in exile in Paris and published a monthly "Kontakt", produced films on modern Polish history, and organized support for the underground in Poland, including the provision of media equipment and other hardware.^[9] He continued to collaborate with Jerzy Giedroyc during this period.^[10]

Chojecki returned to Poland in 1990. He co-founded the first commercial television station NTW ("Nowa Telewizja Warszawa", New Television Warsaw), started a film group "Kontakt" and served as adviser to the minister of culture.

He is the initiator and the honorary president of the Association for Free Speech (Stowarzyszenie Wolnego Słowa).^[11] In 2005 he was an honorary committee member for Donald Tusk during the presidential campaign. On August 31, 2006 Chojecki was awarded the Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta by President Lech Kaczynski.^[2]

References

1. ^{{cite book|title=Studium papers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_e4VAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 July 2012|publisher=North American Study Center for Polish Affairs}}
2. ^¹²³{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyklopedia-solidarnosci.pl/wiki/index.php?title=Miros%C5%82aw_Chojecki|title=Mirosław Chojecki|publisher=Encyklopedia Solidarnosci|author=Biernacki, Krzysztof|language=Polish|accessdate=24 July 2012}}
3. ^¹{{cite book|last=Lipski|first=Jan Józef|title=K.O.R|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_toVSQ0Koh0C&pg=PA376|accessdate=25 July 2012|year=1985|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-05243-7|page=376}}
4. ^{{cite book|author=Radio Free Europe|title=Radio Free Europe Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QWMpAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 July 2012|year=1980|publisher=Radio Free Europe.}}
5. ^{{cite news | url=http://wyborcza.pl/1,93937,3622443.html | title=Mirosław Chojecki | date=2006-09-16 | accessdate=July 27, 2012 | author=Milewicz, Ewa}}
6. ^{{cite book|last1=Neubauer|first1=John|last2=Török|first2=Borbála Zsuzsanna|title=The Exile and Return of Writers from East-Central Europe: A Compendium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZom3WALfnYC&pg=PA179|accessdate=25 July 2012|date=28 October 2009|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-021774-2|page=179}}
7. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.kor.org.pl/index.php?page=kalendarium&sel=1980|title=Kalendarium 1980|publisher=Kor.org|language=Polish|accessdate=24 July 2012}}
8. ^{{cite book|last=Szporer|first=Michael|title=Solidarity: The Great Workers Strike of 1980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PcBKG1QpMJcC&pg=PT46|accessdate=25 July 2012|date=July 2012|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-7488-3|page=46}}
9. ^{{cite book|author=NSZZ "Solidarność" (Labor organization)|title=Kontakt: miesięcznik redagowany przez członków i współpracowników NSZZ Solidarność|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KM9WAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=25 July 2012|year=1991|publisher=Kontakt|page=146}}
10. ^{{cite book|last=Giedroyc|first=Jerzy|title=Kultura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pw9MAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=25 July 2012|date=January 1997|publisher=Instytut Literacki|page=4}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://archiwum.sws.org.pl/doc/onas.htm|title=STOWARZYSZENIE WOLNEGO SŁOWA|publisher=Archiwum.sws|language=Polish|accessdate=24 July 2012}}

Biography

References