| 词条 | Software industry |
| 释义 |
}} The software industry includes businesses for development, maintenance and publication of software that are using different business models, mainly either "license/maintenance based" (on-premises) or "Cloud based" (such as SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, MaaS, AaaS, etc.). The industry also includes software services, such as training, documentation, consulting and data recovery. HistoryThe word "software" was coined as a prank as early as 1953, but did not appear in print until the 1960s.[1] Before this time, computers were programmed either by customers, or the few commercial computer vendors of the time, such as UNIVAC and IBM. The first company founded to provide software products and services was Computer Usage Company in 1955.[2] The software industry expanded in the early 1960s, almost immediately after computers were first sold in mass-produced quantities. Universities, government, and business customers created a demand for software. Many of these programs were written in-house by full-time staff programmers. Some were distributed freely between users of a particular machine for no charge. Others were done on a commercial basis, and other firms such as Computer Sciences Corporation (founded in 1959) started to grow. Other influential or typical software companies begun in the early 1960s included Advanced Computer Techniques, Automatic Data Processing, Applied Data Research, and Informatics General.[3][4] The computer/hardware makers started bundling operating systems, systems software and programming environments with their machines. When Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) brought a relatively low-priced microcomputer to market, it brought computing within the reach of many more companies and universities worldwide, and it spawned great innovation in terms of new, powerful programming languages and methodologies. New software was built for microcomputers, so other manufacturers including IBM, followed DEC's example quickly, resulting in the IBM AS/400 amongst others. The industry expanded greatly with the rise of the personal computer ("PC") in the mid-1970s, which brought desktop computing to the office worker for the first time. In the following years, it also created a growing market for games, applications, and utilities. DOS, Microsoft's first operating system product, was the dominant operating system at the time. In the early years of the 21st century, another successful business model has arisen for hosted software, called software-as-a-service, or SaaS; this was at least the third time{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}} this model had been attempted. From the point of view of producers of some proprietary software, SaaS reduces the concerns about unauthorized copying, since it can only be accessed through the Web, and by definition no client software is loaded onto the end user's PC. Size of the industryAccording to industry analyst Gartner, the size of the worldwide software industry in 2013 was US$407.3 billion, an increase of 4.8% over 2012. As in past years, the largest four software vendors were Microsoft, Oracle Corporation, IBM, and SAP respectively. [5]Mergers and acquisitionsThe software industry has been subject to a high degree of consolidation over the past couple of decades. Between 1995 and 2018 around 37,039 mergers and acquisitions have been announced with a total known value of US$ 1,166 bil. USD.[6] The highest number and value of deals was set in 2000 during the high times of the dot-com bubble with 2,674 transactions valued at 105. bil. USD. In 2017, 2,547 deals were announced valued at $111 billion. Approaches to successfully acquire and integrate software companies are available. [7] Business models within the software industryBusiness models of software companies have been widely discussed.[8][9] Network effects in software ecosystems, networks of companies, and their customers are an important element in the strategy of software companies.[10] See also
References1. ^{{cite web |author= Paul Niquette |title= Softword: Provenance for the Word 'Software' |year= 1995 |url= http://www.niquette.com/books/softword/tocsoft.html }} adapted from Sophisticated: The Magazine {{ISBN|1-58922-233-4}} 2. ^{{cite journal |title= Recollections of the first software company |author= Elmer C. Kubie |journal= Annals of the History of Computing |volume= 16 |issue= 2 |publisher= IEEE Computer Society |date= Summer 1994 |pages= 65–71 |doi= 10.1109/85.279238 }} 3. ^{{cite book | title=From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog: A History of the Software Industry | first=Martin | last=Campbell-Kelly | authorlink=Martin Campbell-Kelly | publisher=MIT Press | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | year=2003 | page=57}} 4. ^{{cite book | title=The Computer Establishment | first=Katharine Davis | last=Fishman | publisher= McGraw-Hill Book Company | location=New York | year=1981 | type=paperback 1982 | page=268}} 5. ^{{cite news|title=Gartner Says Worldwide Software Market Grew 4.8 Percent in 2013|url=http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2696317}} 6. ^{{Cite news|url=https://imaa-institute.org/m-and-a-by-industries/|title=M&A by Industries - Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA)|work=Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA)|access-date=2018-02-28|language=en-US}} 7. ^{{cite book |last=Popp |first=Karl Michael |title=Mergers and Acquisitions in the Software Industry - foundations of due diligence |year=2013 |publisher=Books on demand |location=Norderstedt |isbn=978-3-7322-4381-5 |url=http://mergerduediligence.com/ }} 8. ^{{cite book | title = Profit from Software Ecosystems: Business Models, Ecosystems and Partnerships in the Software Industry | year = 2010 | publisher = BOD | location = Norderstedt, Germany | isbn = 3-8391-6983-6 | author = Karl M. Popp and Ralf Meyer}} 9. ^Cusumano M. (2003) Finding Your balance in the Products and Service Debate, Communications of the ACM. Vol. 46:3 10. ^{{cite book | title = Software Ecosystem: Understanding an Indispensable Technology and Industry | year = 2003 | publisher = MIT Press | location = Cambridge, MA, USA | isbn = 0-262-13432-2 | author9 = David G. Messerschmitt and Clemens Szyperski}} External links{{Wiktionary}}
|url = https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.en.html#SoftwareIndustry |title = Software Industry |work = Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing |publisher = Free Software Foundation |date = 2012-11-20 |accessdate = 2013-01-31 }}{{Industries}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Software Industry}} 2 : Software industry|Industries |
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