“Mono (software)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Mono is a free and open-source project to create an Ecma standard-compliant .NET Framework-compatible software framework, including a C# compiler and a Common Language Runtime. Originally by Ximian, it was later acquired by Novell, and is now being led by Xamarin, a subsidiary of Microsoft^[4] and the .NET Foundation. The stated purpose of Mono is not only to be able to run Microsoft .NET applications cross-platform, but also to bring better development tools to Linux developers.^[5] Mono can be run on many software systems including Android, most Linux distributions, BSD, macOS, Windows, Solaris, and even some game consoles such as PlayStation 3, Wii, and Xbox 360.

The Mono project has been controversial within the open-source community, as it implements portions of .NET Framework that may be covered by Microsoft patents. Although standardized portions of .NET Framework are covered under Microsoft Open Specification Promise—a covenant stating that Microsoft will not assert its patents against implementations of its specifications under certain conditions—other portions are not, which led to concerns that the Mono project could become the target of patent infringement lawsuits. Following Microsoft's open-sourcing of several core .NET technologies since 2014 and its acquisition of Xamarin in the beginning of 2016, an updated patent promise has been issued for the Mono project ({{section link||Mono and Microsoft's patents}}).

The logo of Mono is a stylized monkey's face, mono being Spanish for monkey.^[6]

History

When Microsoft first announced their .NET Framework in June 2000 it was described as "a new platform based on Internet standards",^[39] and in December of that year the underlying Common Language Infrastructure was published as an open standard, "ECMA-335",^[40] opening up the potential for independent implementations.^[41] Miguel de Icaza of Ximian believed that .NET had the potential to increase programmer productivity and began investigating whether a Linux version was feasible.^[42] Recognizing that their small team could not expect to build and support a full product, they launched the Mono open-source project, on July 19, 2001 at the O'Reilly conference.

After three years' development, Mono 1.0 was released on June 30, 2004.^[43] Mono evolved from its initial focus of a developer platform for Linux desktop applications to supporting a wide range of architectures and operating systems - including embedded systems.^[44]

On May 16, Miguel de Icaza announced in his blog that Mono would continue to be supported by Xamarin, a company he founded after being laid off from Novell. The original Mono team had also moved to the new company. Xamarin planned to keep working on Mono and had planned to rewrite the commercial .NET stacks for iOS and Android from scratch, because Novell still owned MonoTouch and Mono for Android at the time.^[48] After this announcement, the future of the project was questioned, MonoTouch and Mono for Android being in direct competition with the existing commercial offerings now owned by Attachmate, and considering that the Xamarin team would have difficulties proving that they did not use technologies they formerly developed when they were employed by Novell for the same work.^[49] However, in July 2011, Novell, now a subsidiary of Attachmate, and Xamarin, announced that it granted a perpetual license to Xamarin for Mono, MonoTouch and Mono for Android, which officially took stewardship of the project.^[50]^[51]

Current status and roadmap

Mono's current version is 5.4.0 ({{As of|2017|10|lc=on}}). This version provides the core API of the .NET Framework and support for Visual Basic.NET and C# 7.0. LINQ to Objects, XML, and SQL are part of the distribution. Windows Forms 2.0 is also supported, but not actively developed, and as such its support on Mono is incomplete.^[52] Version 4.0 is the first version that incorporates Microsoft original source code that was released by Microsoft as part of the .NET Core project.

Mono's aim is to achieve full support for the features in .NET 4.5 except Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) (which the Mono team do not plan to support due to the amount of work it would need),^[52] Windows Workflow Foundation (WF), limited Windows Communication Foundation (WCF).^[53] Some missing parts of the .NET Framework are under development in an experimental Mono subproject called Olive.^[54]

The Mono project has also created a Visual Basic .NET compiler and a runtime designed for running VB.NET applications. It is currently being developed by Rolf Bjarne Kvinge.

Moonlight

An open-source implementation of Microsoft Silverlight, called Moonlight, has been included since Mono 1.9.^[55] Moonlight 1.0, which supports the Silverlight 1.0 APIs, was released January 20, 2009. Moonlight 2.0 supports Silverlight 2.0 and some features of Silverlight 3.0.^[56] A preview release of Moonlight 3.0 was announced in February 2010 and contains updates to Silverlight 3 support.^[57]

The Moonlight project was abandoned on May 29, 2012.^[58] According to Miguel, two factors sealed the fate of the project: Microsoft added "artificial restrictions" that "made it useless for desktop programming", and the technology had not gained enough traction on the Web.

Mono components

The core components include the C# compiler, the virtual machine for the Common Language Infrastructure and the core class libraries. These components are based on the Ecma-334 and Ecma-335 standards,^[59] allowing Mono to provide a standards compliant, free and open-source CLI virtual machine. Microsoft issued a statement that covers both standards under their Community Promise license.^[60]

The Mono/Linux/GNOME development stack provide tools for application development while using the existing GNOME and free and open-source libraries. These include: Gtk# for graphical user interface (GUI) development, Mozilla libraries for working with the Gecko rendering engine, Unix integration libraries (Mono.Posix), database connectivity libraries, a security stack, and the XML schema language RelaxNG. Gtk# allows Mono applications to integrate into the Gnome desktop as native applications. The database libraries provide connectivity to the object-relational database db4o, Firebird, Microsoft SQL Server (MSSQL), MySQL, Open Database Connectivity (ODBC), Oracle, PostgreSQL, SQLite, and many others. The Mono project tracks developing database components at its website.^[61]

The Microsoft compatibility stack provides a pathway for porting Windows .NET applications to GNU/Linux. This group of components include ADO.NET, ASP.NET, and Windows Forms, among others. As these components are not covered by Ecma standards, some of them remain subject to patent fears and concerns.

Framework architecture

Code Execution Engine

The Mono runtime contains a code execution engine that translates ECMA CIL byte codes into native code and supports a number of processors: ARM, MIPS (in 32-bit mode only), SPARC, PowerPC, S390 (in 64-bit mode), x86, x86-64 and IA-64 for 64-bit modes.

Starting with Mono 2.6, it is possible to configure Mono to use the LLVM as the code generation engine instead of Mono's own code generation engine. This is useful for high performance computing loads and other situations where the execution performance is more important than the startup performance.

Starting with the Mono 2.7 preview, it is no longer necessary to pick one engine over the other at configuration time. The code generation engine can be selected at startup by using the --llvm or --nollvm command line arguments, and it defaults to the fast Mono code generation engine.

Garbage collector

As of Mono 2.8, the Mono runtime ships with two garbage collectors: a generational collector^[63] and the Boehm conservative collector.

The default garbage collector prior to Mono 3.1.1 (the Boehm-Demers-Weiser Conservative Garbage Collector),^[62]^[63] has significant limitations compared to commercial garbage-collected runtimes like the Java Virtual Machine or the .NET framework's runtime. Because the garbage collector could exhibit memory leaks on certain classes of applications, it may not have been suitable for long-running server applications prior to updating to 3.1.1 or later.

Currently SGen treats the stack and registers conservatively and pins any objects that could be referenced by any of these roots. The upcoming version of Mono scans the managed stack precisely, reducing the number of pinned objects.

Class library

The class library provides a comprehensive set of facilities for application development. They are primarily written in C#, but due to the Common Language Specification they can be used by any .NET language. The class library is structured into namespaces, and deployed in shared libraries known as assemblies. Speaking of the .NET framework is primarily referring to this class library.^[64]

Namespaces and assemblies

Namespaces are a mechanism for logically grouping similar classes into a hierarchical structure. This prevents naming conflicts. The structure is implemented using dot-separated words, where the most common top-level namespace is System, such as System.IO and System.Net. There are other top-level namespaces as well, such as Accessibility and Windows. A user can define a namespace by placing elements inside a namespace block.

Assemblies are the physical packaging of the class libraries. These are .dll files, just like (but not to be confused with) Win32 shared libraries. Examples of assemblies are mscorlib.dll, System.dll, System.Data.dll and Accessibility.dll. Namespaces are often distributed among several assemblies and one assembly can be composed of several files.

Common Language Infrastructure and Common Language Specification

The Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) as implemented by the Common Language Runtime (CLR), is implemented by the Mono executable. The runtime compiles and executes .NET applications. The common language infrastructure is defined by the ECMA standard.^[59] To run an application, you must invoke the runtime with the relevant parameters.

The Common Language Specification (CLS) is specified in chapter 6 of ECMA-335 and defines the interface to the CLI, such as conventions like the underlying types for Enum. The Mono compiler generates an image that conforms to the CLS. This is the Common Intermediate Language. The Mono runtime takes this image and runs it. The ECMA standard formally defines a library that conforms to the CLS as a framework.

Managed and unmanaged code

Within a native .NET/Mono application, all code is managed; that is, it is governed by the CLI's style of memory management and thread safety. Other .NET or Mono applications can use legacy code, which is referred to as unmanaged, by using the System.Runtime.InteropServices libraries to create C# bindings. Many libraries which ship with Mono use this feature of the CLI, such as Gtk#.

Mono-specific innovations

Mono has innovated in some areas with new extensions to the core C# and CLI specifications:

In addition, Mono is available on a variety of operating systems and architectures.^[68]

System requirements

Related projects

Several projects extend Mono and allow developers to use it in their development environment. These projects include:

Other implementations

Microsoft has a version of .NET 2.0 now available only for Windows XP, called the Shared Source CLI (Rotor). Microsoft's shared source license may be insufficient for the needs of the community (it explicitly forbids commercial use).

MonoDevelop

MonoDevelop is a free GNOME integrated development environment primarily designed for C# and other .NET languages such as Nemerle, Boo, and Java (via IKVM.NET), although it also supports languages such as C, C++, Python, and Vala. MonoDevelop was originally a port of SharpDevelop to Gtk#, but it has since evolved to meet the needs of Mono developers. The IDE includes class management, built-in help, code completion, Stetic (a GUI designer), project support, and an integrated debugger.

The MonoDoc browser provides access to API documentation and code samples. The documentation browser uses wiki-style content management, allowing developers to edit and improve the documentation.

Xamarin.iOS and Xamarin.Android

Xamarin.iOS and Xamarin.Android, both developed by Xamarin, are implementations of Mono for iPhone and Android-based smartphones. Previously available only for commercial licensing,^[73] after Microsoft's acquisition of Xamarin in 2016, the Mono runtime itself was relicensed under MIT license^[74] and both Xamarin.iOS and Xamarin.Android are being made free and open-source.^[75]

Xamarin.iOS

Xamarin.iOS (previously named MonoTouch) is a proprietary library that allows developers to create C# and .NET based applications that run on the iPhone, iPod and iPad devices. It is based on the Mono framework and developed in conjunction with Novell. Unlike Mono applications, Xamarin.iOS "Apps" are compiled down to machine code targeted specifically at the Apple iPhone and iPad.^[84] This is necessary because the iOS kernel prevents just-in-time compilers from executing on the device.

Xamarin Studio is used as the primary IDE, however additional links to Xcode and the iOS simulator have been written.

From April to early September 2010, the future of MonoTouch was put in doubt as Apple introduced new terms for iPhone developers that apparently prohibits them from developing in languages other than C, C++ and Objective-C, and the use of a middle layer between the iOS platform and iPhone applications. This made the future of MonoTouch, and other technologies such as Unity, uncertain.^[85] Then, in September 2010, Apple rescinded this restriction, stating that they were relaxing the language restrictions that they had put in place earlier that year.^[86]^[87]

Xamarin.Android

Xamarin.Android (formerly known as Mono for Android), initially developed by Novell and continued by Xamarin, is a proprietary^[88] implementation of Mono for Android-based smart-phones.^[89]^[90]^[91] It was first released on April 6, 2011.^[92] Mono for Android was developed to allow developers to more easily write cross-platform applications that will run on all mobile platforms.^[93] In an interview with H-Online, Miguel de Icaza stated, "Our vision is to allow developers to reuse their engine and business logic code across all mobile platforms and swapping out the user interface code for a platform-specific API."^[94]

In August 2010, a Microsoft spokesman, Tom Hanrahan of Microsoft's Open Source Technology Centre, stated, in reference to the lawsuit filed by Oracle against Google over Android's use of Java, that "The type of action Oracle is taking against Google over Java is not going to happen. If a .NET port to Android was through Mono it would fall under the Microsoft Community Promise Agreement."^[95]^[96]

License

Mono is dual licensed by Xamarin, similar to other products such as Qt and the Mozilla Application Suite. Mono's C# compiler and tools are released under the GNU General Public License (GPLv2 only) (starting with version 2.0 of Mono, the Mono C# compiler source code will also be available under the MIT X11 License),^[98] the runtime libraries under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPLv2 only) and the class libraries under the MIT License. These are all free software and open-source licenses and hence Mono is free and open-source software.

The license of the C# compiler was changed from the GPL to the MIT X11 license^[99] to allow the compiler code to be reused in a few instances where the GPL would have prevented such:

On March 18, 2016, Microsoft's acquisition of Xamarin was officially closed.^[100]

On March 31, 2016, Microsoft announced at Microsoft Build that they'll completely re-license Mono under the MIT License even in scenarios where previously a commercial license was necessary,^[101] and Microsoft stated that they won't assert any "applicable patents" against parties that are "using, selling, offering for sale, importing, or distributing Mono."^[102]^[103] It was also announced that Xamarin had contributed the Mono Project to the .NET Foundation.^[102]

Mono and Microsoft's patents

Mono's implementation of those components of the .NET stack not submitted to the ECMA for standardization has been the source of patent violation concerns for much of the life of the project.^[104] In particular, discussion has taken place about whether Microsoft could destroy the Mono project through patent suits.^[105] This discussion is now moot after Microsoft acquired Xamarin,^[106] the primary maintainers of Mono. In June 2009 the Ubuntu Technical Board stated that it saw "no reason to exclude Mono or applications based upon it from the archive, or from the default installation set."^[107]

The base technologies submitted to the ECMA, and therefore also the Unix/GNOME-specific parts, are claimed to be safe due to Microsoft's explicitly placing both ECMA 334 (C#) and ECMA 335 (CLI) standards under the Microsoft Community Promise. The concerns primarily relate to technologies developed by Microsoft on top of the .NET Framework, such as ASP.NET, ADO.NET and Windows Forms (see non-standardized namespaces), i.e. parts composing Mono's Windows compatibility stack. These technologies are today{{When|date=June 2012}} not fully implemented in Mono and not required for developing Mono-applications, they are simply there for developers and users who need full compatibility with the Windows system.

Should patent issues ever arise, the Mono project's stated strategy for dealing with them is as follows:^[108]

Mono is also included in the list of software that the Open Invention Network has sworn to protect.^[109]

On July 6, 2009, Microsoft announced that it was placing their ECMA 334 and ECMA 335 specifications under their Community Promise pledging that they would not assert their patents against anyone implementing, distributing, or using alternative implementations of .NET.^[110] However, their position regarding the non-ECMA components like ASP.NET, ADO.NET, and Windows Forms (which are the bone of contention) remains unclarified.

The Free Software Foundation's Richard Stallman has stated in {{#formatdate:2009-06-25}} that "[...]we should discourage people from writing programs in C#. Therefore, we should not include C# implementations in the default installation of GNU/Linux distributions or in their principal ways of installing GNOME".^[111] In {{#formatdate:2009-07-16}}, Brett Smith (also from the FSF) stated that "Microsoft's patents are much more dangerous: it's the only major software company that has declared itself the enemy of GNU/Linux and stated its intention to attack our community with patents.", "C# represents a unique threat to us" and "The Community Promise does nothing to change any of this".^[112]

In November 2011 at a Ubuntu Developer Summit, developers voted to have the Mono-based Banshee media player removed from Ubuntu's default installation beginning on Ubuntu 12.04; although reported reasonings included performance issues on ARM architecture, blocking issues on its GTK+ 3 version, and it being, in their opinion, "not well maintained", speculation also surfaced that the decision was also influenced by a desire to remove Mono from the base distribution, as the remaining programs dependent on Mono, gbrainy and Tomboy, were also to be removed. Mono developer Joseph Michael Shields defended the performance of Banshee on ARM, and also the claims that Banshee was not well-maintained as being a "directed personal insult" to one of its major contributors.^[114]

On March 31, 2016, Microsoft announced at Microsoft Build (following the previous acquisition of Xamarin^[100]) that they will completely re-license Mono under the MIT license.^[101] Microsoft issued the Patent Promise for Mono stating that they won't assert any "applicable patents" against parties that are "using, selling, offering for sale, importing, or distributing Mono".^[102]^[103] It was also announced that Xamarin had contributed the Mono Project to the .NET Foundation.^[102]

Software developed with Mono

Many programs covering a range of applications have been developed using the Mono application programming interface (API) and C#. Some programs written for the Linux Desktop include Banshee, Beagle, F-Spot, Gbrainy, Docky/GNOME Do, MonoTorrent, Pinta, and Tomboy.

A number of video games, such as The Sims 3 and Second Life (for their scripting languages), OpenSimulator virtual world server, or games built with the Unity or MonoGame game engines, also make use of Mono.^[117]

See also

References

Citations

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49. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.infoq.com/news/2011/05/Mono-II| title=The Death and Rebirth of Mono| publisher=infoq.com| quote=Even if they aren't supporting it, they do own a product that is in direct competition with Xamarin's future offerings. Without some sort of legal arrangement between Attachmate and Xamarin, the latter would face the daunting prospect of proving that their new development doesn't use any the technology that the old one did. Considering that this is really just a wrapper around the native API, it would be hard to prove you had a clean-room implementation even for a team that wasn't intimately familiar with Attachmate's code.| date=2011-05-17| accessdate=2011-05-29}}
50. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.novell.com/news/press/2011/7/suse-and-xamarin-partner-to-accelerate-innovation-and-support-mono-customers-and-community.html| title=SUSE and Xamarin Partner to Accelerate Innovation and Support Mono Customers and Community| publisher=Novell| quote=The agreement grants Xamarin a broad, perpetual license to all intellectual property covering Mono, MonoTouch, Mono for Android and Mono Tools for Visual Studio. Xamarin will also provide technical support to SUSE customers using Mono-based products, and assume stewardship of the Mono open source community project.| date=2011-07-18| accessdate=2011-07-18}}
51. ^{{cite web| url=http://tirania.org/blog/archive/2011/Jul-18.html| title=Novell/Xamarin Partnership around Mono| last=de Icaza|first=Miguel| date=2011-07-18| accessdate=2011-07-18}}
52. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://tirania.org/blog/archive/2011/Mar-07.html |title=GDC 2011 |date=2011-03-07 |accessdate=2011-03-11 |quote=We have no plans on building WPF. We just do not have the man power to build an implementation in any reasonable time-frame(...)For tools that are mostly OpenGL/DirectX based, use Windows{{Not a typo|.}}Forms, keeping in mind that some bug fixing or work around on their part might be needed as our Windows{{Not a typo|.}}Forms is not actively developed.|last=de Icaza|first=Miguel|authorlink=Miguel de Icaza}}
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mono-project.com/Compatibility|title=Mono compatibility list}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mono-project.com/Mono_Project_Roadmap#Upcoming_Releases |title=Mono Project Roadmap - Mono |publisher=Mono-project.com |date= |accessdate=2013-07-17}}
55. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.mono-project.com/MoonlightRoadmap| title=MoonlightRoadmap| publisher=Mono Team| accessdate=2008-11-08}}
56. ^{{cite web|url=http://tirania.org/blog/archive/2009/Dec-17.html |title=Releasing Moonlight 2, Roadmap to Moonlight 3 and 4 — Miguel de Icaza |publisher=Tirania.org |date=2009-12-17 |accessdate=2013-07-17}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://tirania.org/blog/archive/2010/Feb-03.html |title=Moonlight 3.0 Preview 1 — Miguel de Icaza |publisher=Tirania.org |date=2010-02-03 |accessdate=2013-07-17}}
58. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/microsoft/xamarin-abandons-its-silverlight-for-linux-technology/12797|title=Xamarin abandons its Silverlight for Linux technology}}
59. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-335.htm|title=Ecma-335}}
60. ^{{cite web|url=http://port25.technet.com/archive/2009/07/06/the-ecma-c-and-cli-standards.aspx|title=Technet.com}}
61. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mono-project.com/Database_Access|title=Database Access - Mono}}
62. ^¹²{{cite web|title=Compacting GC|url=http://www.mono-project.com/Compacting_GC| publisher=mono-project.com| accessdate=2008-12-16}}
63. ^{{cite web| title=Advantages and Disadvantages of Conservative Garbage Collection|url=http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Hans_Boehm/gc/issues.html| last=Boehm |first=Hans-J.|publisher=Xerox PARC| accessdate=2008-12-16}}
64. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mono-project.com/.NET_Framework_Architecture|title=.NET Framework Architecture|publisher=official Mono documentation}}
65. ^{{cite web|url=http://tirania.org/blog/archive/2008/Nov-05.html|title=Static Compilation in Mono|last=de Icaza|first=Miguel}}
66. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mono-project.com/Continuations|title=Continuations - Mono}}
67. ^{{cite web|url=http://tirania.org/blog/archive/2008/Sep-29.html|title=Monovation: Assembly Injection into Live Processes|last=de Icaza|first=Miguel}}
68. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mono-project.com/Supported_Platforms|title=Supported Platforms - Mono}}
69. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.infoq.com/news/2012/11/xwt| title=Build Cross Platform Applications with Xwt| last=Narayanaswamy| first=Anand| work=InfoQ| publisher= | date=23 Nov 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415082519/http://www.infoq.com/news/2012/11/xwt | archive-date=2016-04-15|access-date=2016-04-15 }}
70. ^{{cite web | url=https://blog.xamarin.com/the-making-of-xamarin-studio/| title=The Making of Xamarin Studio| last=de Icaza | first=Miguel | work=InfoQ| publisher= | date=22 February 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415084700/https://blog.xamarin.com/the-making-of-xamarin-studio/ | archive-date=2016-04-15|access-date=2016-04-15 }}
71. ^{{cite web | url= https://github.com/mono/xwt/blob/master/README.markdown| title=Xwt Read Me| last= | first= | work=Xwt on GitHub| publisher= | date=15 Jan 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416213029/https://github.com/mono/xwt/blob/master/README.markdown | archive-date=2016-04-16|access-date=2016-04-15 }}
72. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/software/dotgnu/|title=DotGNU Project|accessdate=2 June 2014}}
73. ^{{cite web | url=http://ios.xamarin.com/FAQ#How_is_MonoTouch_Licensed.3f | title=FAQ | publisher=os.xamarin.com | quote= MonoTouch is a commercial product based on the open source Mono project and is licensed on a per-developer basis. | date=2011-08-01}}
74. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.mono-project.com/news/2016/03/31/mono-relicensed-mit/ | title=Mono relicensed MIT | publisher=www.mono-project.com | date=2016-03-31}}
75. ^{{cite web | url=https://blog.xamarin.com/xamarin-for-all/ | title=Xamarin for Everyone | publisher=blog.xamarin.com | quote= we are announcing today our commitment to open source the Xamarin SDKs for Android, iOS, and Mac under the MIT license in the coming months | date=2016-03-31}}
76. ^{{cite web|url=http://tirania.org/blog/archive/2009/Sep-14.html|title=MonoTouch 1.0 goes live.|last=de Icaza|first=Miguel}}
77. ^{{cite web|url=http://monotouch.net/Releases/MonoTouch_2/MonoTouch_2.0.0|title=MonoTouch 2.0.0|publisher=Xamarin}}
78. ^{{cite web|url=http://monotouch.net/Releases/MonoTouch_3/MonoTouch_3.0.0|title=MonoTouch 3.0.0|publisher=Xamarin}}
79. ^{{cite web|url=http://ios.xamarin.com/Releases/MonoTouch_4/MonoTouch_4.0.0|title=MonoTouch 4.0.0|publisher=Xamarin}}
80. ^{{cite web|url=http://ios.xamarin.com/Releases/MonoTouch_5/MonoTouch_5.0|title=MonoTouch 5.0|publisher=Xamarin}}
81. ^{{cite web|url=http://ios.xamarin.com/Releases/MonoTouch_6/MonoTouch_6.0|title=MonoTouch 6.0|publisher=Xamarin}}
82. ^{{cite web|url=http://docs.xamarin.com/releases/ios/xamarin.ios_6/xamarin.ios_6.2|title=Xamarin.iOS 6.2|publisher=Xamarin}}
83. ^{{cite web|url=http://docs.xamarin.com/releases/ios/xamarin.ios_6/xamarin.ios_6.4|title=Xamarin.iOS 6.4|publisher=Xamarin}}
84. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.mono-project.com/newstouch/archive/2010/Apr-09.html | title = MonoTouch and iPhone 4 | quote = "Applications built with MonoTouch are native applications indistinguishable from other native applications."}}
85. ^{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2010/04/apple-takes-aim-at-adobe-or-android.ars|title=Apple takes aim at Adobe… or Android?}}
86. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/09/09statement.html | title = Statement by Apple on App Store Review Guidelines | quote = "Based on their input, today we are making some important changes to our iOS Developer Program license in sections 3.3.1, 3.3.2 and 3.3.9 to relax some restrictions we put in place earlier this year. In particular, we are relaxing all restrictions on the development tools used to create iOS apps, as long as the resulting apps do not download any code. This should give developers the flexibility they want, while preserving the security we need."}}
87. ^{{cite web | url = http://tirania.org/blog/archive/2010/Sep-09.html | title = Great News for MonoTouch Users | quote = "With these new terms, the ambiguity is gone and C# lovers and enthusiasts can go back to using MonoTouch. Developers that like garbage collection and their strongly typed languages can resume their work."}}
88. ^{{cite web|url=http://support.xamarin.com/customer/portal/articles/142090-how-is-mono-for-android-licensed-|title=How is Mono for Android licensed?|publisher=Mono for Android FAQ|date=2011-08-28|accessdate=2012-03-29}}
89. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.networkworld.com/news/2010/031610-novells-mono-project-bringing-net.html |title=Novell's Mono project bringing .Net development to Android |publisher=NetworkWorld}}
90. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.infoworld.com/d/developer-world/novells-mono-project-bringing-net-development-android-778 |title=Novell's Mono project bringing .Net development to Android |publisher=InfoWorld}}
91. ^{{cite web |url=http://techie-buzz.com/mobile-news/monodroid-net-support-android.html |title=MonoDroid: .NET Support Coming to Android |publisher=TechieBuzz}}
92. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Mono-for-Android-brings-C-to-Android-1223483.html|title=Mono for Android brings C# to Android|publisher=Heise Online|date=2011-04-07|accessdate=2011-04-07}}
93. ^{{cite web |url=http://androidcommunity.com/novel-monoc-is-developing-monodroid-20100217/ |title=Novell (Mono/C#) is developing MonoDroid |quote="This will make it easier for developers to make cross platform apps as well as bring some of the existing apps that are made using MonoTouch to Android." |publisher=Android Community}}
94. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Mono-for-Android-957628.html |title=Mono for Android |quote="Our vision is to allow developers to reuse their engine and business logic code across all mobile platforms and swapping out the user interface code for a platform-specific API." |publisher=H-Online}}
95. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.techworld.com.au/article/358564/microsoft_won_t_stop_net_android |title=Microsoft won't stop (Mono) .NET on Android |quote="The type of action Oracle is taking against Google over Java is not going to happen. If a .NET port to Android was through Mono it would fall under the Microsoft Community Promise Agreement." |publisher=TechWorld}}
96. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.developerfusion.com/news/85355/microsoft-says-net-on-android-is-safe-no-litigation-like-oracle/ |title=Microsoft says .NET on Android is safe, no litigation like Oracle |publisher=Developer Fusion}}
97. ^{{cite web |url=http://visualstudiomagazine.com/articles/2012/06/26/xamarin-designer-for-android.aspx |title=Xamarin Designer for Android |quote="On May 14, Xamarin announced Mono for Android 4.2." |publisher=Visual Studio Magazine}}
98. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mono-project.com/news/archive/2008/Apr-08.html |title=Mono C# Compiler Under MIT X11 License |date=2008-04-08 |publisher=Novell Inc}}
99. ^{{cite web|url=http://tirania.org/blog/archive/2008/Apr-16-2.html|title=Mono C# compiler now also MIT X11 licensed|last=de Icaza|first=Miguel}}
100. ^¹{{cite web | url=https://blog.xamarin.com/xamarin-for-all/| title=Xamarin for Everyone| last= | first= | work=Xamarin Blog| publisher= Xamarin| date=31 March 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412072728/https://blog.xamarin.com/xamarin-for-all/ | archive-date=2016-04-12|access-date=2016-04-12 }}
101. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/03/31/xamarin_tools_code_free_and_open_source/|title=Microsoft to make Xamarin tools and code free and open-source.|work=The Register|date=31 March 2016|first=Tim|last=Anderson}}
102. ^¹²³{{cite web|url=http://techreport.com/news/29929/xamarin-now-comes-free-with-visual-studio|title=Xamarin now comes free with Visual Studio.|work=The Tech Report|date=31 March 2016|first=Bruno|last=Ferraira}}
103. ^¹{{cite web| url=https://github.com/mono/mono/blob/master/PATENTS.TXT| title=Microsoft Patent Promise for Mono| last=| first=| work=Mono on GitHub| publisher=Mono Project| date=2016-03-28| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412123513/https://github.com/mono/mono/blob/master/PATENTS.TXT| archive-date=2016-04-12| access-date=2016-04-12| deadurl=yes| df=}}
104. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.zdnetasia.com/will-open-source-get-snagged-in-net-30102692.htm|title=Will open source get snagged in .Net?|last=Babcock|first=Charles|publisher=ZDNet Asia|date=August 7, 2001}}
105. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fsf.org/news/2009-07-mscp-mono|title=Microsoft's Empty Promise|last=Smith|first=Brett|publisher=fsf.org|date=July 16, 2009}}
106. ^https://blog.xamarin.com/a-xamarin-microsoft-future/
107. ^{{cite web |url=https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-devel-announce/2009-June/000584.html |title=Mono Position Statement |quote=It is common practice in the software industry to register patents as protection against litigation, rather than as an intent to litigate. Thus mere existence of a patent, without a claim of infringement, is not sufficient reason to warrant exclusion from the Ubuntu Project. |publisher=Canonical Ltd.}}
108. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mono-project.com/Licensing#Patents|title=Mono FAQ: Licensing | Patents}}
109. ^{{cite web| url = https://lwn.net/Articles/179597/ | title = How Mono got into Fedora | quote = The list of "certain Linux-related applications" is said to exist, though it has not, yet, been posted publicly. But Mono is apparently on that list. So anybody who files patent infringement suits against Mono users, and who is, in turn, making use of technology covered by OIN's patents is setting himself up for a countersuit. Depending on the value of the patents held by OIN, that threat could raise the risk of attacking Mono considerably. | publisher = Linux Weekly News}}
110. ^{{cite web|title=The ECMA C# and CLI Standards|url=http://port25.technet.com/archive/2009/07/06/the-ecma-c-and-cli-standards.aspx|date=2009-07-06|publisher=Port 25|quote="Under the Community Promise, Microsoft provides assurance that it will not assert its Necessary Claims against anyone who makes, uses, sells, offers for sale, imports, or distributes any Covered Implementation under any type of development or distribution model, including open-source licensing models such as the LGPL or GPL."}}
111. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fsf.org/news/dont-depend-on-mono|title=Why free software shouldn't depend on Mono or C#}}
112. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fsf.org/news/2009-07-mscp-mono|title=Microsoft's Empty Promise}}
113. ^{{cite web|title=Fedora is concerned about Mono|url=http://blog.internetnews.com/skerner/2009/06/fedora-is-concerned-about-mono.html| publisher=internetnews.com| date=2009-06-12| quote=We haven't come to a legal conclusion that is pat enough for us to make the decision to take mono out| accessdate=2010-07-04}}
114. ^{{cite web|title='Bansheegeddon' may see Banshee, Mono dropped from Ubuntu default|url=http://www.itworld.com/article/2734148/it-management/-bansheegeddon--may-see-banshee--mono-dropped-from-ubuntu-default.html|website=ITWorld|accessdate=31 August 2015}}
115. ^{{cite web |title=.NET Core is Open Source|url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/dotnet/archive/2014/11/12/net-core-is-open-source.aspx|website=.NET Framework Blog|publisher=Microsoft |accessdate=30 December 2014|date=12 November 2014|first=Immo|last=Landwerth}}
116. ^https://www.hanselman.com/blog/AnnouncingWPFWinFormsAndWinUIAreGoingOpenSource.aspx
117. ^{{cite web|title=Companies using Mono|url=http://www.mono-project.com/docs/about-mono/showcase/companies-using-mono/|website=Mono-project|publisher=Mono-project|accessdate=30 August 2015}}