“Solid fuel”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Wood fuel can refer to several fuels such as firewood, charcoal, wood chips sheets, pellets, and sawdust. The particular form used depends upon factors such as source, quantity, quality and application. In many areas, wood is the most easily available form of fuel, requiring no tools in the case of picking up dead wood, or few tools. Today, burning of wood is the largest use of energy derived from a solid fuel biomass. Wood fuel can be used for cooking and heating, and occasionally for fueling steam engines and steam turbines that generate electricity. Wood may be used indoors in a furnace, stove, or fireplace, or outdoors in a furnace, campfire, or bonfire. As with any fire, burning wood fuel creates numerous by-products, some of which may be useful (heat and steam), and others that are undesirable, irritating or dangerous. There is debate as to whether burning wood can be considered carbon neutral, as technically the wood cannot release more carbon than was sequestered during its growth, although this does not take account of other impacts such as deforestation and rotting has on the carbon footprint.^[5] When harvested in a sustainable fashion wood is usually considered to be a renewable solid fuel.^[6]

Biomass

Although wood is a form of biomass, the term usually refers to other natural plant material that can be burnt for fuel. Common biomass fuels include waste wheat, straw, nut shells and other fibrous material.^[6]

Peat

Peat fuel is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter that can be burnt once sufficiently dried.

Coal

Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. Throughout history, coal has been used as an energy resource, primarily burned for the production of electricity and heat, and is also used for industrial purposes, such as refining metals. Coal is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide, as well as one of the largest worldwide anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide releases. The extraction of coal, its use in energy production and its byproducts are all associated with environmental and health effects including climate change. Variations such as smokeless coal can be formed naturally in the form of anthracite, a metamorphosed type of coal with a very high carbon content that gives off a smokeless flame when set alight.

Coke

Coke is a fuel with few impurities and a high carbon content, usually made from coal. It is the solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. Cokes made from coal are grey, hard, and porous. While coke can be formed naturally, the commonly used form is man-made. The form known as petroleum coke, or pet coke, is derived from oil refinery coker units or other cracking processes.^[6]

Municipal waste

Municipal solid waste commonly known as trash or garbage in the United States and as rubbish in Britain, is a waste type consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public. With the correct technology it can be gasified and converted to a viable fuel source. However, this is technology heavy and can only be used where the waste is known not to contain toxic materials.^[7]

Rocket propellant

Solid rocket propellant consists of a solid oxidizer (such as ammonium nitrate) bound with flakes or powders of energy compounds (such as RDX) plus binders, plasticizers, stabilizers and other additives. Solid propellant is much easier to store and handle than liquid propellant. It also has a higher energy density so it does not require as large of a space for the same amount of stored energy.

Benefits/disadvantages of solid fuel

Solid fuels, compared to liquid fuels or gaseous fuels, are often cheaper, easier to extract, more stable to transport and in many places are more readily available.^[8]^[9] Coal, in particular, is utilized in the generation of 38.1% of the world’s electricity because it is less expensive and more powerful than its liquid and gas counterparts. However, solid fuels are also heavier to transport, require more destructive methods to extract/burn and often have higher carbon, nitrate and sulphate emissions. With the exception of sustainable wood/biomass solid fuel is normally considered non-renewable as it requires thousands of years to form.^[3]

See also

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/solid.html|title=Solid|website=www.astronautix.com|access-date=2017-03-09}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/04/120402162548.htm|title=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/04/120402162548.htm|website=www.sciencedaily.com|access-date=2017-03-09}}
3. ^¹{{Cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/about/faqs/coal/|title=Coal|website=www.iea.org|access-date=2017-03-09}}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Coal_consumption_statistics|title=Coal consumption statistics - Statistics Explained|website=ec.europa.eu|language=en|access-date=2017-03-09}}
5. ^{{Cite journal|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004565359390440G|title=Greenhouse gases from biomass and fossil fuel stoves in developing countries: A Manila pilot study |language=en|access-date=2017-03-09|doi=10.1016/0045-6535(93)90440-G|volume=26|issue=1–4 |journal=Chemosphere|pages=479–505 | last1 = Smith | first1 = K.R.|year=1993 |citeseerx=10.1.1.558.9180 }}
6. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.soliftec.com/solidfuels.htm|title=Solid Fuels|date=9 February 2014|publisher=Solid Fuel Technology Institute|accessdate=22 June 2015}}
7. ^[Wilson and Burgh. (2008). Energizing Our Future: Rational Choices For The 21st Century. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.]
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nwleics.gov.uk/files/documents/guide_to_solid_fuels/solid%255Ffuels%252Epdf.pdf|title=The Guide to Solid Fuels|publisher=Solid Fuel Association|accessdate=22 June 2015}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.coalproducts.co.uk/guide-solid-fuel|title=Guide To Solid Fuel|publisher=Coal Products Ltd.|accessdate=22 June 2015}}

Types of solid fuels

Wood