“Mruic languages”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Mruic or Mru–Hkongso is a small group of Sino-Tibetan languages consisting of two poorly attested languages, Mru and Anu-Hkongso. Their relationship within Sino-Tibetan is unclear.

Classification

Matisoff (2015)^[2]^[3] classifies Mru as part of the Northeast Indian areal group, a linkage^[4] that includes Tani, Deng (Digaro), "Kuki-Chin–Naga", Meithei, Mikir, and Sal.

On the other hand, Bradley (1997) classifies Mru as part of Lolo-Burmese, based on Löffler's (1966) observations that Mru shares many phonological and lexical resemblances with Lolo-Burmese.^[5]^[6]

The Mru-Hkongso group was first proposed by Peterson & Wright (2009),^[1] who do not consider it to be a subgroup of Lolo-Burmese.

Peterson (2017:205)^[7] notes that Mru and Hkongso do not have any features characteristic of Kuki-Chin languages that have been identified by VanBik (2009),^[8] including lack of the sound change Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s > tʰ, lack of Kuki-Chin-type verb stem alternation, and lack of the singular first person pronoun (1.{{sc2|SG}}) *kaj which is present in most Kuki-Chin languages.

Peterson (2009)^[9] considers Mru-Hkongso to be a separate Tibeto-Burman branch, and notes the following similarities between Mru-Hkongso and Bodo–Garo languages.

Peterson (2009)^[9] considers the similarities with Bodo–Garo to be due to the possible early split of Mruic from a Tibeto-Burman branch that included Bodo–Garo (see also Central Tibeto-Burman languages and Sal languages).

Grammar

Both Mru and Hkongso display SVO (subject-verb-object) order instead of the SOV word order typical of most Tibeto-Burman languages.^[9]^[10]^[11] Bai, Sinitic, and Karenic are the only other Sino-Tibetan language branches with primarily verb-medial (SVO) word order.

References

1. ^¹Peterson, David A. and Jonathan Wright. 2009. Mru-Hkongso: a new Tibeto-Burman grouping. Paper presented at The 42nd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (ICSTLL 42), Chiang Mai.
2. ^Matisoff, James A. 2015. The Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus. Berkeley: University of California. (PDF)
3. ^{{cite book | given=James A. | surname=Matisoff | title=Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction | location=Berkeley | publisher=University of California Press | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-520-09843-5 | url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/19d79619 | page=6 }}
4. ^{{cite journal | surname=DeLancey | given=Scott | title=Morphological Evidence for a Central Branch of Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan) | journal=Cahiers de linguistique – Asie oriental | volume=44 | issue=2 | pages=122–149 | year=2015 | doi=10.1163/19606028-00442p02 }}
5. ^{{cite journal | surname=Löffler | given=Lorenz G. | year=1966 | title=The contribution of Mru to Sino-Tibetan linguistics | journal=Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft | volume=116 | number=1 | pages=118–159 | jstor=43369896 }}
6. ^{{cite book | given=David | surname=Bradley | chapter=Tibeto-Burman languages and classification | chapter-url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/bradley1997tibeto-burman.pdf | pages=1–71 | title=Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas, Papers in South East Asian linguistics | location=Canberra | publisher=Pacific Linguistics | year=1997 }}
7. ^Peterson, David. 2017. "On Kuki-Chin subgrouping." In Picus Sizhi Ding and Jamin Pelkey, eds. Sociohistorical linguistics in Southeast Asia: New horizons for Tibeto-Burman studies in honor of David Bradley, 189-209. Leiden: Brill.
8. ^VanBik, Kenneth. 2009. Proto-Kuki-Chin: A Reconstructed Ancestor of the Kuki-Chin Languages. STEDT Monograph 8. {{ISBN|0-944613-47-0}}.
9. ^¹²Peterson, David A. 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722070911/http://ic.payap.ac.th/sino-tibetan-conference/Conference%20Handbook.pdf?v=1256612245 "Where does Mru fit into Tibeto-Burman?"] Paper presented at The 42nd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (ICSTLL 42), November 2009, Payap University, Chiangmai, Thailand.
10. ^Ebersole, Harold. 1996. The Mru Language: A preliminary grammatical sketch. Ms.
11. ^Jonathan Michael Wright. 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131116213526/http://www.gial.edu/images/theses/Wright_Jonathan-thesis.pdf Hkongso Grammar Sketch]. MA thesis, Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics.