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词条 Muhammad III of Alamut
释义

  1. Life

  2. See also

  3. References

  4. External links

{{Ismailism|collapsed=1}}ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn Muḥammad III (1211–1255), son of Jalāl al-Dīn Ḥassan III, was the 26th Nizāri Ismāʿilī Imām. He ruled from 1221-55.[1] His reign witnessed the beginnings of the Mongol devastations of Persia and the eastern Muslim world, and he tried unsuccessfully to establish friendly ties with the Mongols and to prevent their destruction of the Nizari Ismaili state, which was already underway.[2]

He was succeeded by his eldest son Rukn al-Din Khurshah in 1255.[2]

Life

He was the only surviving son of Jalaluddin Hasan,[3] whom he succeeded at the age of 9 years old,[4] in 1221.[5] However, upon succession he was initially too young, so Ḥassan III's vizier controlled the state.[6] His mother was a Sunni woman[7] and a daughter of one of the princes of Gilan.[8][7]

Under Muhammad III's reign, the Sunni conformity initiated by his father was gradually and quietly reversed[9] and his community increasingly regarded itself openly as Ismaili Shi'ite.[4][10]

His rule was described as "cruel, imperious, sadistic, alcoholic, and unpredictable."[11]

Muhammad III was murdered in 1255 by Hasan Mazandarani. Mazandarani and three of his children were later executed by the succeeding Imam, Khurshah, as retribution. Muhammad III's murder prevented the need to implement a plan, which was hatched by Nizari leaders (concerned about the Imam's alarming mental deterioration), to replace him with Khurshah.[12][13]

See also

  • List of Ismaili imams
  • Fatimids
  • Isma'ilism
  • Nizari
  • Aga Khan

References

1. ^{{cite book|author1=Meriem Pages|title=The Image of the Assassins in Medieval European Texts|date=2007|publisher=ProQuest|isbn=9780549171683|page=25}}
2. ^{{cite book|author1=Farhad Daftary|title=The Assassin Legends: Myths of the Isma'ilis|date=15 May 1994|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781850437055|page=43|edition=illustrated, reprint}}
3. ^{{cite book|editor1-last=Jestice|editor1-first=Phyllis G.|title=Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia, Volume 1|date=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576073551|page=421|edition=illustrated}}
4. ^{{cite book|editor1-last=Jestice|editor1-first=Phyllis G.|title=Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia, Volume 1|date=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576073551|page=349|edition=illustrated}}
5. ^{{cite book|title=The Muslim Review, Volumes 3-4|date=1928|publisher=University of Minnesota|page=17}}
6. ^{{cite book|author1=W B Bartlett|title=Assassins: The Story of Medieval Islam's Secret Sect|date=1 May 2013|publisher=The History Press|isbn=9780752496146|chapter=Nemesis|quote=Hasan's vizier took control of the government at Alamut till Muhammad should be old enough to take over from him.}}
7. ^{{cite book|author1=James Wasserman|title=The Templars and the Assassins: The Militia of Heaven|date=1 Apr 2001|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=9781594778735|page=123}}
8. ^{{cite book|author1=Delia Cortese|author2=Simonetta Calderini|title=Women and the Fatimids in the World of Islam|date=2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=9780748617333|pages=61-2|edition=illustrated, reprint}}
9. ^{{cite book|author1=Farhad Daftary|title=Historical Dictionary of the Ismailis|date=2012|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810861640|page=liv|edition=illustrated}}
10. ^{{cite book|author1=Daryoush Mohammad Poor|title=Authority Without Territory: The Aga Khan Development Network and the Ismaili Imamate|date=18 Sep 2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781137428806|page=234}}
11. ^{{cite book|author1=James Wasserman|title=The Templars and the Assassins: The Militia of Heaven|date=1 Apr 2001|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=9781594778735|pages=124-5}}
12. ^{{cite book|author1=David Hatcher Childress|title=Pirates and the Lost Templar Fleet: The Secret Naval War Between the Knights Templar and the Vatican|date=2003|publisher=Adventures Unlimited Press|isbn=9781931882187|page=95|edition=illustrated}}
13. ^{{cite book|author1=James Wasserman|title=The Templars and the Assassins: The Militia of Heaven|date=1 Apr 2001|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=9781594778735|page=126}}

External links

  • Alauddin Muhammad (618-653/1221-1255)
{{s-start}}{{s-hou|branch=Clan|name=‘Alā’ ad-Dīn Muḥammad III
of the Ahl al-Bayt|Banu Hashim|1211|C.E|1255|C.E.|Banu Quraish}}{{s-reg|}}{{s-bef|before = Jalālu-d-Dīn Ḥassan III }}{{s-ttl|title = 7th Ruler of Nizārī Ismā'īlī state
and Commander of Alamut Castle|years =1221–1255}}{{s-aft|after = Rukn-ud-Dīn Khurshāh }}{{s-rel|sh}}{{s-bef|before = Jalālu-d-Dīn Ḥassan III }}{{s-ttl|title = Imām ‘Alā’ ad-Dīn Muḥammad III
26th Imām of Nizārī Ismā'īlīs|years =1221–1255}}{{s-aft|after = Rukn-ud-Dīn Khurshāh}}{{s-end}}{{Nizārī}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Ala ad-Din Muhammad 03}}

1 : Nizari imams

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