“Multidisciplinary professional services networks”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Multidisciplinary professional services networks are organizations formed by law, accounting and other professional services firms to offer clients new multidisciplinary approaches solving increasingly complex issues. They are a type of professional services network which operates to provide services to their members. They operate in the same way as accounting firm networks and associations and law firm networks. They do not practice a profession such as law or accounting but provide services to members so they can serve clients needs.Aim is to provide members involved in doing business internationally with access to experienced, tried and tested, reliable, and responsive professional advisers who know their local jurisdiction intimately as well as the intricacies of cross border business.

There are 10 multidisciplinary networks. The largest are: Alliott Group, MSI Global Alliance,^[1] Morison International,^[2] Geneva Group,^[3] International Practice Group,^[4] WSG - World Services Group and Russell Bedford International.^[5] These networks have more than 100 member firms in as many as 90 countries in hundreds of offices. The members employ thousands of professionals.

History

Multidisciplinary networks are not new but found in a number of professions. They became important during the end of the 1990s when the accounting firms began to expand to the legal profession. The history is well documented.^[6]

The American Bar Association Commission on Multidisciplinary Practice refers to five multidisciplinary models.^[7] They are the cooperative, command and control, ancillary practice, network and multidisciplinary partnership models.

Big Six accounting firms – multidisciplinary practices

Having reached their natural limit on growth the Big 4 branched out to become multidisciplinary in legal, technology, and employment services. Since the essential infrastructure was in place, it was thought to be relatively simple to incorporate other services into the existing network. The expansion could easily be financed using revenue from the traditional services. As a network, it was natural to create independent entities in these other professions which themselves could be part of the network. The method and structures varied from firm to firm but the fundamental premise was the sharing of revenue between lawyers and accountants.

The accounting firms were initially very successful in creating these alternative businesses. Soon a number of Big 6 firms had multi-billion dollar technology consulting businesses. Other services were more difficult to bring in-house. Some, like legal services, demanded a different approach because of ethical considerations. The key factor among such different approaches is an internal control system within a firm.

Reaction of the legal profession

The initial to expand to legal services focus was on the United States which represented the largest potential market for these services. In Europe and South America the bar rules were not as developed as in the United States, and therefore did not restrict the sharing of revenues. The basis for this expansion was the law firm network that established under the umbrella of the Big Six.^[9] The issues were sharing profits with accountants and other professionals and the possible conflicts of interest.

When the Big 6 began its expansion to the legal profession, it was met with fierce opposition from law firms and bar associations.^[10] Lawyers saw that the accounting profession would subsume the legal profession with its vast resources.^[11]

Commissions, panels and committees were established by legal and accounting firms to argue their positions. The American Bar Association established committees and taskforces to address the issue, but the problem spread outside of the United States, first to Europe but then to other countries where lawyers were not protected from this new foreign competition.^[12] Government agencies were enlisted. For more than five (5) years the debate escalated.

This movement ended abruptly with the fall of Arthur Andersen as a result of its association with Enron. Sarbanes Oxley followed, which effectively ended this trend of multisdisciplinary networks established by the Big 5.

Enron and Sarbanes–Oxley

There was, however, a fatal flaw in the multidisciplinary network concepts of the Big 6. The raison d’etre of the Big 6 was to audit public companies. Each service which is provided to an audited client contained an inherent conflict of interest. This conflict was illustrated by the perfect storm created by Enron. The additional services that Arthur Anderson was offering created a conflict in their role as the auditor. Multidisciplinary networks by the accounting firms were DOA. The final nail in the coffin was Sarbanes Oxley which meant that the accounting firms had to divest their consulting practices.^[13]

Multidisciplinary networks today

The multidisciplinary network model was not dead but transformed to account for the issues. If the member firms were themselves independent, there was no prohibition on having a multidisciplinary network. This was recognized by the ABA.^[14]

Today there are at least eleven networks. The largest are in the legal and accounting professions. A few of the legal and accounting networks include investment banking. The primary networks are focused on tax, employment, intellectual property, insurance and immigration.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.msiglobal.org/|title=MSI|author=|date=|work=MSIGlobal.org|access-date=16 April 2017}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.morisoninternational.com/|title=Morison KSi - Morison International and KS International have merged to form Morison KSi|author=|date=|work=MorisonInternational.com|access-date=16 April 2017}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ggi.com/|title=Home|author=|date=3 December 2015|work=GGI.com|access-date=16 April 2017}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ipg-online.org/NL/Home.aspx/|title=404|author=|date=|work=IPG-online.org|access-date=16 April 2017}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.russellbedford.com/|title=Russell Bedford global accounting network - CPA firm association - Audit - Tax - Consulting|author=|date=|work=RussellBedford.com|access-date=16 April 2017}}
6. ^Mijares, A H, The SEC’s ban on Legal serves by Audit firms: Amendments to Rule 2.01 of Regulations S-X under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934. 36 U.S. F. L. Rev 209–236 (2001).
7. ^American Bar Association Commission on Multidisciplinary Practices, Final Report, Appendix C, Reporter’s notes, July 2000
8. ^ABA Information Op. 269 (1944)
9. ^These networks had names like the E&Y Legal Network, Andersen Legal Network and Landwell. Only Landwell remains with 6 member firms. Countries in the Landwell network
10. ^Jacobs, “Accounting Firms Covert Forbidden Fruit: Piece of the U.S. Legal Market, Wall Street Journal,” p.B1 (May 31, 2000), Poe, “Multidisciplinary Practice,” Defense Counsel J. 245 (Apr. 2000), Cannon, “The Big Six Moves In” 50 Int’l Fin. L. Rev. 49 (October 1997), “Andersen’s Giant Step Towards World Law” Australian Fin. Rev. 33 (Jan. 1998), Rubenstein, (Accounting Firm Legal Practices Expand Rapidly. How the Big Six Firms Are Practicing Law in Europe: Europe First and then the World?” Corp. Legal Times 1 (Nov 1997).
11. ^In 2011, the UK House of Lords completed an inquiry into the financial crisis, and called for an Office of Fair Trading investigation into the dominance of the Big Four. Adam Jones, Auditors criticized for role in financial crisis, Financial Times, 30 March 2011
12. ^McGarry, S. Multidisciplinary Practices and Partnerships, American Lawyer Media Publishing, 2002
13. ^Corporate and Criminal Fraud Accountability Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-204, 116 Stat. 745 (2002).
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.americanbar.org/groups/professional_responsibility/commission_multidisciplinary_practice.html/|title=Commission on Multidisciplinary Practice - The Center for Professional Responsibility|author=|date=|work=AmericanBar.org|access-date=16 April 2017}}